from reportlab.lib.pagesizes import A4
from reportlab.lib.styles import getSampleStyleSheet, ParagraphStyle
from reportlab.lib.units import cm, mm
from reportlab.lib.colors import (
    HexColor, white, black, Color
)
from reportlab.platypus import (
    SimpleDocTemplate, Paragraph, Spacer, Table, TableStyle,
    HRFlowable, PageBreak, KeepTogether
)
from reportlab.lib.enums import TA_CENTER, TA_LEFT, TA_JUSTIFY
from reportlab.platypus import Flowable
from reportlab.lib import colors

# ── Colour palette ──────────────────────────────────────────────────
DARK_GREEN   = HexColor("#1a6b3c")   # header / Q-number badges
MID_GREEN    = HexColor("#2d8a52")   # section subheadings
LIGHT_GREEN  = HexColor("#e8f5ee")   # alternating table rows / info boxes
GOLD         = HexColor("#c8931a")   # accent lines, marks badge
DARK_BLUE    = HexColor("#1a3a6b")   # unit tags
LIGHT_BLUE   = HexColor("#eaf0fb")   # unit tag background
TABLE_HEADER = HexColor("#1a6b3c")
TABLE_ALT    = HexColor("#f0f8f3")
BORDER_GREY  = HexColor("#cccccc")
TEXT_DARK    = HexColor("#1a1a1a")
TEXT_MED     = HexColor("#333333")
BG_CREAM     = HexColor("#fffdf5")

# ── Output path ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────
OUTPUT = "/tmp/workspace/nursing-study-guide/RGUHS_Nursing_Study_Guide.pdf"

# ── Page setup ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────
W, H = A4   # 595 x 842 pts
MARGIN = 1.8 * cm

doc = SimpleDocTemplate(
    OUTPUT,
    pagesize=A4,
    leftMargin=MARGIN, rightMargin=MARGIN,
    topMargin=2.2 * cm, bottomMargin=2.0 * cm,
    title="RGUHS B.Sc. Nursing 6th Semester Study Guide",
    author="Nursing Payana",
)

# ── Styles ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
base = getSampleStyleSheet()

def S(name, **kw):
    """Quick style builder."""
    s = ParagraphStyle(name, **kw)
    return s

COVER_TITLE = S("CoverTitle",
    fontSize=26, leading=32, textColor=white,
    fontName="Helvetica-Bold", alignment=TA_CENTER)

COVER_SUB = S("CoverSub",
    fontSize=13, leading=18, textColor=HexColor("#ffd966"),
    fontName="Helvetica-Bold", alignment=TA_CENTER)

COVER_INFO = S("CoverInfo",
    fontSize=10, leading=14, textColor=HexColor("#ddeeff"),
    fontName="Helvetica", alignment=TA_CENTER)

Q_TITLE = S("QTitle",
    fontSize=14, leading=18, textColor=white,
    fontName="Helvetica-Bold", alignment=TA_LEFT)

SECTION_HEAD = S("SectionHead",
    fontSize=11, leading=15, textColor=MID_GREEN,
    fontName="Helvetica-Bold", alignment=TA_LEFT,
    spaceBefore=8, spaceAfter=3)

BODY = S("Body",
    fontSize=9.5, leading=14, textColor=TEXT_DARK,
    fontName="Helvetica", alignment=TA_JUSTIFY,
    spaceBefore=2, spaceAfter=2)

BODY_BOLD = S("BodyBold",
    fontSize=9.5, leading=14, textColor=TEXT_DARK,
    fontName="Helvetica-Bold", spaceBefore=2, spaceAfter=2)

BULLET = S("Bullet",
    fontSize=9.5, leading=14, textColor=TEXT_DARK,
    fontName="Helvetica",
    leftIndent=14, firstLineIndent=-10,
    spaceBefore=1, spaceAfter=1)

DEF_BOX = S("DefBox",
    fontSize=9.5, leading=14, textColor=DARK_BLUE,
    fontName="Helvetica-BoldOblique",
    leftIndent=10, rightIndent=10,
    spaceBefore=3, spaceAfter=3)

TIP = S("Tip",
    fontSize=9, leading=13, textColor=HexColor("#7a4800"),
    fontName="Helvetica-Oblique", alignment=TA_LEFT)

FOOTER_STYLE = S("Footer",
    fontSize=7.5, leading=10, textColor=HexColor("#888888"),
    fontName="Helvetica", alignment=TA_CENTER)

# ── Helpers ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

def spacer(h=0.2):
    return Spacer(1, h * cm)

def hr(color=BORDER_GREY, thickness=0.5):
    return HRFlowable(width="100%", thickness=thickness,
                      color=color, spaceAfter=4, spaceBefore=4)

def bullet(text):
    return Paragraph(f"\u2022  {text}", BULLET)

def section(text):
    return Paragraph(text, SECTION_HEAD)

def body(text):
    return Paragraph(text, BODY)

def bold_body(text):
    return Paragraph(text, BODY_BOLD)

def def_box(text):
    """Italicised definition in a light green box."""
    tbl = Table([[Paragraph(text, DEF_BOX)]], colWidths=[W - 2*MARGIN - 0.4*cm])
    tbl.setStyle(TableStyle([
        ("BACKGROUND", (0,0), (-1,-1), LIGHT_GREEN),
        ("BOX",        (0,0), (-1,-1), 0.8, MID_GREEN),
        ("LEFTPADDING",  (0,0), (-1,-1), 8),
        ("RIGHTPADDING", (0,0), (-1,-1), 8),
        ("TOPPADDING",   (0,0), (-1,-1), 6),
        ("BOTTOMPADDING",(0,0), (-1,-1), 6),
    ]))
    return tbl

def info_box(text, bg=LIGHT_BLUE, border=DARK_BLUE):
    tbl = Table([[Paragraph(text, BODY)]], colWidths=[W - 2*MARGIN - 0.4*cm])
    tbl.setStyle(TableStyle([
        ("BACKGROUND", (0,0), (-1,-1), bg),
        ("BOX",        (0,0), (-1,-1), 0.8, border),
        ("LEFTPADDING",  (0,0), (-1,-1), 8),
        ("RIGHTPADDING", (0,0), (-1,-1), 8),
        ("TOPPADDING",   (0,0), (-1,-1), 6),
        ("BOTTOMPADDING",(0,0), (-1,-1), 6),
    ]))
    return tbl

def two_col_table(headers, rows, col_ratios=None):
    usable = W - 2*MARGIN - 0.4*cm
    if col_ratios:
        col_w = [usable * r for r in col_ratios]
    else:
        col_w = [usable * 0.35, usable * 0.65]
    data = [[Paragraph(f"<b>{h}</b>", S("TH", fontSize=9, leading=12,
              textColor=white, fontName="Helvetica-Bold")) for h in headers]]
    for i, row in enumerate(rows):
        data.append([Paragraph(str(c), S(f"TD{i}", fontSize=9, leading=13,
                      textColor=TEXT_DARK, fontName="Helvetica")) for c in row])
    tbl = Table(data, colWidths=col_w, repeatRows=1)
    style = [
        ("BACKGROUND",   (0,0), (-1,0),  TABLE_HEADER),
        ("ALIGN",        (0,0), (-1,-1), "LEFT"),
        ("VALIGN",       (0,0), (-1,-1), "TOP"),
        ("ROWBACKGROUNDS",(0,1),(-1,-1), [white, TABLE_ALT]),
        ("BOX",          (0,0), (-1,-1), 0.5, BORDER_GREY),
        ("INNERGRID",    (0,0), (-1,-1), 0.3, BORDER_GREY),
        ("LEFTPADDING",  (0,0), (-1,-1), 6),
        ("RIGHTPADDING", (0,0), (-1,-1), 6),
        ("TOPPADDING",   (0,0), (-1,-1), 4),
        ("BOTTOMPADDING",(0,0), (-1,-1), 4),
    ]
    tbl.setStyle(TableStyle(style))
    return tbl

def q_header(qno, title, unit):
    """Green banner with Q number, title, and unit badge."""
    usable = W - 2*MARGIN - 0.4*cm
    left = Paragraph(f"<b>{qno}</b>  {title}", Q_TITLE)
    right = Paragraph(f"<b>{unit}</b>", S("Unit",
        fontSize=9, leading=12, textColor=DARK_BLUE,
        fontName="Helvetica-Bold", alignment=TA_CENTER))
    right_cell = Table([[right]], colWidths=[2.0*cm])
    right_cell.setStyle(TableStyle([
        ("BACKGROUND", (0,0), (-1,-1), HexColor("#ffd966")),
        ("BOX",        (0,0), (-1,-1), 0, GOLD),
        ("LEFTPADDING",  (0,0), (-1,-1), 4),
        ("RIGHTPADDING", (0,0), (-1,-1), 4),
        ("TOPPADDING",   (0,0), (-1,-1), 4),
        ("BOTTOMPADDING",(0,0), (-1,-1), 4),
        ("VALIGN",     (0,0), (-1,-1), "MIDDLE"),
    ]))
    hdr = Table([[left, right_cell]],
                colWidths=[usable - 2.6*cm, 2.6*cm])
    hdr.setStyle(TableStyle([
        ("BACKGROUND", (0,0), (0,0), DARK_GREEN),
        ("BACKGROUND", (1,0), (1,0), GOLD),
        ("LEFTPADDING",  (0,0), (-1,-1), 10),
        ("RIGHTPADDING", (0,0), (-1,-1), 6),
        ("TOPPADDING",   (0,0), (-1,-1), 8),
        ("BOTTOMPADDING",(0,0), (-1,-1), 8),
        ("VALIGN",     (0,0), (-1,-1), "MIDDLE"),
    ]))
    return hdr

# ── Page events (header/footer) ──────────────────────────────────────
def on_page(canvas, doc):
    canvas.saveState()
    # top rule
    canvas.setStrokeColor(DARK_GREEN)
    canvas.setLineWidth(2)
    canvas.line(MARGIN, H - 1.4*cm, W - MARGIN, H - 1.4*cm)
    # running header
    canvas.setFont("Helvetica-Bold", 8)
    canvas.setFillColor(DARK_GREEN)
    canvas.drawString(MARGIN, H - 1.1*cm,
        "RGUHS B.Sc. Nursing 6th Semester  |  Management of Nursing Services & Education")
    canvas.setFont("Helvetica", 7.5)
    canvas.setFillColor(HexColor("#888888"))
    canvas.drawRightString(W - MARGIN, H - 1.1*cm, f"Page {doc.page}")
    # footer rule
    canvas.setStrokeColor(GOLD)
    canvas.setLineWidth(1.2)
    canvas.line(MARGIN, 1.4*cm, W - MARGIN, 1.4*cm)
    canvas.setFont("Helvetica", 7.5)
    canvas.setFillColor(HexColor("#888888"))
    canvas.drawCentredString(W/2, 0.9*cm,
        "Q.P. Code 1792  |  Exam Date: 17 July 2026  |  Prepared by Nursing Payana  |  @nursing_payana")
    canvas.restoreState()

def on_first_page(canvas, doc):
    # cover page - solid green background
    canvas.saveState()
    canvas.setFillColor(DARK_GREEN)
    canvas.rect(0, 0, W, H, fill=1, stroke=0)
    # gold decorative strip at top
    canvas.setFillColor(GOLD)
    canvas.rect(0, H - 2.2*cm, W, 2.2*cm, fill=1, stroke=0)
    # gold strip at bottom
    canvas.rect(0, 0, W, 1.8*cm, fill=1, stroke=0)
    canvas.restoreState()

# ── Content builder ──────────────────────────────────────────────────
story = []

# ══════════════════════════════════════════════
# COVER PAGE
# ══════════════════════════════════════════════
story.append(Spacer(1, 3.5*cm))
story.append(Paragraph("EXPECTED SHORT ANSWERS", COVER_TITLE))
story.append(Spacer(1, 0.4*cm))
story.append(Paragraph("Study Guide", S("SG",
    fontSize=18, leading=22, textColor=HexColor("#ffd966"),
    fontName="Helvetica-Bold", alignment=TA_CENTER)))
story.append(Spacer(1, 0.8*cm))

# divider line
cover_hr = Table([[""]], colWidths=[10*cm])
cover_hr.setStyle(TableStyle([
    ("LINEBELOW", (0,0), (-1,-1), 1.5, GOLD),
    ("TOPPADDING", (0,0), (-1,-1), 0),
    ("BOTTOMPADDING", (0,0), (-1,-1), 0),
]))
story.append(cover_hr)
story.append(Spacer(1, 0.8*cm))

story.append(Paragraph("Management of Nursing Services &amp; Education", COVER_SUB))
story.append(Spacer(1, 0.5*cm))
story.append(Paragraph("RGUHS B.Sc. Nursing 6th Semester", COVER_INFO))
story.append(Spacer(1, 0.3*cm))
story.append(Paragraph("Q.P. Code: 1792  |  Exam Date: 17 July 2026", COVER_INFO))
story.append(Spacer(1, 3.5*cm))

# info cards row
card_data = [
    ["10\nQuestions", "2 Marks\nEach", "20 Marks\nTotal", "All\nCompulsory"],
]
card_tbl = Table(card_data, colWidths=[3.2*cm]*4)
card_tbl.setStyle(TableStyle([
    ("BACKGROUND",     (0,0), (-1,-1), HexColor("#2d8a52")),
    ("TEXTCOLOR",      (0,0), (-1,-1), white),
    ("FONTNAME",       (0,0), (-1,-1), "Helvetica-Bold"),
    ("FONTSIZE",       (0,0), (-1,-1), 10),
    ("ALIGN",          (0,0), (-1,-1), "CENTER"),
    ("VALIGN",         (0,0), (-1,-1), "MIDDLE"),
    ("ROWHEIGHT",      (0,0), (-1,-1), 1.5*cm),
    ("BOX",            (0,0), (-1,-1), 1, GOLD),
    ("INNERGRID",      (0,0), (-1,-1), 0.5, GOLD),
    ("LEFTPADDING",    (0,0), (-1,-1), 4),
    ("RIGHTPADDING",   (0,0), (-1,-1), 4),
]))
story.append(card_tbl)
story.append(Spacer(1, 4*cm))
story.append(Paragraph("Prepared by  @nursing_payana", S("NP",
    fontSize=11, textColor=HexColor("#ffd966"),
    fontName="Helvetica-Bold", alignment=TA_CENTER)))
story.append(Spacer(1, 0.4*cm))
story.append(Paragraph("All the best! Study smart, revise thoroughly, and write clearly.",
    S("Motto", fontSize=9.5, textColor=HexColor("#cceecc"),
    fontName="Helvetica-Oblique", alignment=TA_CENTER)))

story.append(PageBreak())

# ══════════════════════════════════════════════
# QUICK REFERENCE TABLE
# ══════════════════════════════════════════════
story.append(section("QUICK REFERENCE - All 10 Questions at a Glance"))
story.append(spacer(0.15))
ref_rows = [
    ["Q13", "Define Management", "Unit II", "Koontz & O'Donnell", "POSDCORB functions"],
    ["Q14", "Vision & Mission Statement", "Unit III", "-", "Vision=Future; Mission=Present"],
    ["Q15", "Define Gantt Chart", "Unit III", "Henry L. Gantt (1917)", "X=Time, Y=Activities"],
    ["Q16", "Span of Control", "Unit IV", "Graicunas (1933)", "Ideal: 5-8 subordinates"],
    ["Q17", "Define Staffing", "Unit V", "ANA", "Right person, right job, right time"],
    ["Q18", "MBO", "Unit II", "Peter Drucker (1954)", "Joint goal-setting, SMART goals"],
    ["Q19", "Assertive Communication", "Unit IX", "-", '"I" statements; respect self & others'],
    ["Q20", "Define Nursing Audit", "Unit VII", "Phaneuf (1972)", "Retro/Concurrent/Prospective"],
    ["Q21", "Nursing Informatics", "Unit XI", "ANA (2008)", "DIKW model; EHR, CDSS"],
    ["Q22", "Leadership / Autocratic Leader", "Unit XII", "George R. Terry", "Centralised authority"],
]
usable = W - 2*MARGIN - 0.4*cm
ref_tbl = Table(
    [[Paragraph(f"<b>{h}</b>", S("RH", fontSize=8, textColor=white, fontName="Helvetica-Bold"))
      for h in ["Q.No", "Topic", "Unit", "Key Scholar", "Key Point"]]] +
    [[Paragraph(str(c), S(f"RC{i}", fontSize=8, leading=11, textColor=TEXT_DARK,
       fontName="Helvetica")) for c in row] for i, row in enumerate(ref_rows)],
    colWidths=[usable*0.07, usable*0.23, usable*0.10, usable*0.22, usable*0.38],
    repeatRows=1
)
ref_tbl.setStyle(TableStyle([
    ("BACKGROUND",    (0,0), (-1,0), TABLE_HEADER),
    ("ROWBACKGROUNDS",(0,1),(-1,-1), [white, TABLE_ALT]),
    ("BOX",           (0,0), (-1,-1), 0.5, BORDER_GREY),
    ("INNERGRID",     (0,0), (-1,-1), 0.3, BORDER_GREY),
    ("ALIGN",         (0,0), (-1,-1), "LEFT"),
    ("VALIGN",        (0,0), (-1,-1), "TOP"),
    ("LEFTPADDING",   (0,0), (-1,-1), 5),
    ("RIGHTPADDING",  (0,0), (-1,-1), 5),
    ("TOPPADDING",    (0,0), (-1,-1), 4),
    ("BOTTOMPADDING", (0,0), (-1,-1), 4),
]))
story.append(ref_tbl)
story.append(spacer(0.3))
story.append(hr(GOLD, 1.5))
story.append(PageBreak())

# ══════════════════════════════════════════════
# Q13 - MANAGEMENT
# ══════════════════════════════════════════════
story.append(q_header("Q13", "Define Management", "Unit II"))
story.append(spacer(0.2))
story.append(def_box(
    '"Management is the art of getting things done through and with people in '
    'formally organized groups." — Koontz & O\'Donnell'))
story.append(spacer(0.15))
story.append(body(
    "Management is the process of <b>planning, organizing, staffing, directing, and controlling</b> "
    "resources (human, financial, material) to achieve organizational goals effectively and efficiently."))
story.append(spacer(0.15))
story.append(section("Other Important Definitions"))
story.append(two_col_table(["Scholar", "Definition"], [
    ["Mary Parker Follett", "\"Management is the art of getting things done through others.\""],
    ["F.W. Taylor", "\"Management is the art of knowing what you want to do and then seeing that it is done in the best and cheapest way.\""],
    ["Henri Fayol", "\"To manage is to forecast, to plan, to organize, to command, to coordinate, and to control.\""],
]))
story.append(spacer(0.2))
story.append(section("Functions of Management - POSDCORB (Luther Gulick)"))
story.append(two_col_table(["Letter", "Function"], [
    ["P", "Planning - Setting goals and deciding how to achieve them"],
    ["O", "Organizing - Arranging resources and tasks"],
    ["S", "Staffing - Recruiting and placing right personnel"],
    ["D", "Directing - Leading and guiding staff"],
    ["Co", "Coordinating - Harmonizing activities"],
    ["R", "Reporting - Keeping records and communicating"],
    ["B", "Budgeting - Financial planning and control"],
], col_ratios=[0.08, 0.92]))
story.append(spacer(0.2))
story.append(section("Characteristics of Management"))
for pt in [
    "<b>Goal-oriented</b> - Directed toward achieving specific organizational objectives",
    "<b>Universal</b> - Applied in all types of organizations (hospital, industry, school)",
    "<b>Continuous process</b> - Ongoing, never-ending cycle of activities",
    "<b>Dynamic</b> - Adapts to changing environments and situations",
    "<b>Multidisciplinary</b> - Draws from psychology, sociology, economics, and other fields",
    "<b>Group activity</b> - Involves coordinating groups of people toward common goals",
]:
    story.append(bullet(pt))
story.append(spacer(0.2))
story.append(section("Levels of Management in Nursing"))
story.append(two_col_table(["Level", "Examples in Nursing"], [
    ["Top Management", "Director of Nursing, Chief Nursing Officer (CNO), Principal"],
    ["Middle Management", "Nursing Supervisors, Ward In-charges, HODs"],
    ["Lower/First-Line Management", "Staff Nurses, Team Leaders, Head Nurses"],
]))
story.append(PageBreak())

# ══════════════════════════════════════════════
# Q14 - VISION AND MISSION
# ══════════════════════════════════════════════
story.append(q_header("Q14", "Vision and Mission Statement", "Unit III"))
story.append(spacer(0.2))
story.append(section("Vision Statement"))
story.append(def_box(
    "A <b>Vision Statement</b> is a forward-looking declaration that describes the long-term "
    "aspirations of an organization - what it aims to <i>become</i> in the future."))
story.append(spacer(0.15))
story.append(body("<b>Example:</b> \"To be the leading center of excellence in nursing education and patient-centered healthcare.\""))
story.append(spacer(0.2))
story.append(section("Mission Statement"))
story.append(def_box(
    "A <b>Mission Statement</b> is a concise statement describing the organization's current "
    "purpose, core values, and methods. It answers: <b>Who are we? What do we do? For whom?</b>"))
story.append(spacer(0.15))
story.append(body("<b>Example:</b> \"To provide safe, compassionate, evidence-based nursing care to all patients, through skilled nursing professionals.\""))
story.append(spacer(0.2))
story.append(section("Differences Between Vision and Mission"))
story.append(two_col_table(["Feature", "Vision vs Mission"], [
    ["Focus", "Vision = Future  |  Mission = Present"],
    ["Question", "Vision = Where are we going?  |  Mission = What do we do?"],
    ["Timeframe", "Vision = Long-term (5-20 yrs)  |  Mission = Short to medium-term"],
    ["Nature", "Vision = Inspirational  |  Mission = Practical / Operational"],
    ["Length", "Vision = 1-2 lines  |  Mission = 2-5 lines"],
]))
story.append(spacer(0.2))
story.append(section("Characteristics"))
for pt in [
    "<b>Vision:</b> Broad, inspirational, motivates staff, outlines ideal future state",
    "<b>Mission:</b> Specific, clear, defines target population, reflects organizational values",
    "Both guide policy, resource allocation, and strategic planning",
    "Both are essential for organizational direction and staff alignment",
]:
    story.append(bullet(pt))
story.append(spacer(0.2))
story.append(section("Importance in Nursing Administration"))
for pt in [
    "Provides direction and purpose for planning activities",
    "Aligns team efforts toward common organizational goals",
    "Forms the basis for policy and procedure development",
    "Guides resource allocation decisions",
]:
    story.append(bullet(pt))
story.append(PageBreak())

# ══════════════════════════════════════════════
# Q15 - GANTT CHART
# ══════════════════════════════════════════════
story.append(q_header("Q15", "Define Gantt Chart", "Unit III"))
story.append(spacer(0.2))
story.append(def_box(
    "A <b>Gantt Chart</b> is a horizontal bar chart developed by <b>Henry L. Gantt in 1917</b> "
    "that visually represents a project schedule, showing the start and finish dates of tasks "
    "plotted against a time scale. It is used in <b>planning, scheduling, and controlling</b> work activities."))
story.append(spacer(0.2))
story.append(section("Structure"))
story.append(two_col_table(["Axis / Element", "Description"], [
    ["Horizontal Axis (X)", "Time - days, weeks, or months"],
    ["Vertical Axis (Y)", "Activities or tasks to be completed"],
    ["Bars", "Duration of each activity (length = duration)"],
    ["Progress Fill", "Shaded portion shows % task completed"],
    ["Milestones", "Key checkpoints marked with diamonds or triangles"],
]))
story.append(spacer(0.2))
story.append(section("Features of a Gantt Chart"))
for pt in [
    "Simple, visual, and easy to understand at a glance",
    "Shows sequence and overlap of multiple activities",
    "Helps track actual progress vs. planned schedule",
    "Identifies critical tasks and potential delays early",
    "Suitable for both short-term and long-term planning",
]:
    story.append(bullet(pt))
story.append(spacer(0.2))
story.append(section("Advantages vs Disadvantages"))
story.append(two_col_table(["Advantages", "Disadvantages"], [
    ["Easy visualization of project timeline", "Does not show task dependencies"],
    ["Helps identify delays early", "Complex for large multi-team projects"],
    ["Improves team communication", "Requires frequent updating"],
    ["Aids in resource planning", "Does not show resource utilization directly"],
]))
story.append(spacer(0.2))
story.append(section("Nursing Applications"))
for pt in [
    "Staff duty/shift scheduling in wards",
    "Patient care project planning (infection control programs)",
    "Hospital renovation and construction scheduling",
    "Training and staff development program planning",
    "Monitoring progress of quality improvement initiatives",
]:
    story.append(bullet(pt))
story.append(PageBreak())

# ══════════════════════════════════════════════
# Q16 - SPAN OF CONTROL
# ══════════════════════════════════════════════
story.append(q_header("Q16", "Span of Control", "Unit IV"))
story.append(spacer(0.2))
story.append(def_box(
    "<b>Span of Control</b> (also called Span of Management or Span of Supervision) refers to the "
    "number of subordinates a manager can effectively and efficiently supervise, direct, and control "
    "at one time. First formally analyzed by <b>V.A. Graicunas (1933)</b>."))
story.append(spacer(0.2))
story.append(section("Types of Span of Control"))
story.append(two_col_table(["Type", "Details"], [
    ["Narrow Span", "3-5 subordinates | Close supervision | Tall organizational hierarchy"],
    ["Wide Span", "10-15+ subordinates | Less supervision | Flat organizational hierarchy"],
    ["Ideal Span (General)", "5-8 subordinates | Balance of supervision and autonomy"],
    ["Ideal Span (Nursing)", "4-6 subordinates | High-risk settings require narrower span"],
]))
story.append(spacer(0.2))
story.append(section("Factors Affecting Span of Control"))
story.append(two_col_table(["Allows WIDER Span", "Requires NARROWER Span"], [
    ["Well-trained, experienced staff", "Newly recruited / unskilled staff"],
    ["Routine, repetitive tasks", "Complex, non-routine, high-risk tasks"],
    ["Staff working in close proximity", "Staff geographically scattered"],
    ["Effective communication systems", "Frequent need for guidance & support"],
    ["Minimal decision-making by staff", "ICU, NICU, high-dependency areas"],
]))
story.append(spacer(0.2))
story.append(section("Importance in Nursing"))
for pt in [
    "Ensures each nurse receives adequate supervision and support",
    "Prevents manager overload and decision fatigue",
    "Maintains quality and safety of patient care",
    "Defines organizational hierarchy and accountability clearly",
    "<b>ICU ratio:</b> 1 nurse : 2 patients (narrow span for complex care)",
    "<b>General ward ratio:</b> 1 nurse : 6 patients (wider span for routine care)",
]:
    story.append(bullet(pt))
story.append(PageBreak())

# ══════════════════════════════════════════════
# Q17 - STAFFING
# ══════════════════════════════════════════════
story.append(q_header("Q17", "Define Staffing", "Unit V"))
story.append(spacer(0.2))
story.append(def_box(
    "<b>ANA Definition:</b> \"Staffing is a managerial function that involves filling and keeping "
    "filled positions in the organization structure.\""))
story.append(spacer(0.1))
story.append(body(
    "<b>Staffing</b> is the process of <b>recruiting, selecting, placing, orienting, training, "
    "evaluating, promoting, and retaining</b> qualified personnel to ensure the right person is "
    "in the right job at the right time."))
story.append(spacer(0.2))
story.append(section("The Staffing Process"))
steps = [
    ["Step 1", "Manpower Planning", "Assess current and future nursing staffing needs"],
    ["Step 2", "Recruitment", "Attract qualified candidates (advertisements, campus drives)"],
    ["Step 3", "Selection", "Written test, interview, skill assessment, credential verification"],
    ["Step 4", "Placement & Appointment", "Assign nurse to appropriate unit based on skills"],
    ["Step 5", "Orientation / Induction", "Introduce new staff to workplace, policies, and team"],
    ["Step 6", "Training & Development", "Skill development, in-service education, workshops"],
    ["Step 7", "Performance Appraisal", "Regular evaluation against standards and KPIs"],
    ["Step 8", "Promotion / Transfer", "Career growth based on performance and need"],
    ["Step 9", "Retention", "Keep qualified staff satisfied through incentives and support"],
]
usable = W - 2*MARGIN - 0.4*cm
tbl_steps = Table(
    [[Paragraph(f"<b>{h}</b>", S("SH", fontSize=8, textColor=white, fontName="Helvetica-Bold"))
      for h in ["Step", "Component", "Description"]]] +
    [[Paragraph(str(c), S(f"SC{i}", fontSize=8.5, leading=12, textColor=TEXT_DARK,
       fontName="Helvetica")) for c in row] for i, row in enumerate(steps)],
    colWidths=[usable*0.10, usable*0.28, usable*0.62],
    repeatRows=1
)
tbl_steps.setStyle(TableStyle([
    ("BACKGROUND",    (0,0), (-1,0), TABLE_HEADER),
    ("ROWBACKGROUNDS",(0,1),(-1,-1), [white, TABLE_ALT]),
    ("BOX",           (0,0), (-1,-1), 0.5, BORDER_GREY),
    ("INNERGRID",     (0,0), (-1,-1), 0.3, BORDER_GREY),
    ("ALIGN",         (0,0), (-1,-1), "LEFT"),
    ("VALIGN",        (0,0), (-1,-1), "TOP"),
    ("LEFTPADDING",   (0,0), (-1,-1), 5),
    ("RIGHTPADDING",  (0,0), (-1,-1), 5),
    ("TOPPADDING",    (0,0), (-1,-1), 4),
    ("BOTTOMPADDING", (0,0), (-1,-1), 4),
]))
story.append(tbl_steps)
story.append(spacer(0.2))
story.append(section("Indian Nursing Staffing Standards (INC / MOHFW)"))
story.append(two_col_table(["Area", "Staffing Norm"], [
    ["General Ward (Day shift)", "1 nurse : 6 patients"],
    ["General Ward (Night shift)", "1 nurse : 10 patients"],
    ["ICU / CCU", "1 nurse : 2 patients"],
    ["Operation Theatre", "1 nurse : 1 operating table"],
    ["OPD", "1 nurse : 100 patients/day"],
    ["Maternity Ward", "1 nurse : 3 patients"],
]))
story.append(spacer(0.2))
story.append(section("Principles of Staffing"))
for pt in [
    "<b>Right person for the right job</b> - Match qualifications and skills to job requirements",
    "<b>Adequate number</b> - Neither overstaffing (costly) nor understaffing (unsafe)",
    "<b>Continuous process</b> - Ongoing, not a one-time activity",
    "<b>Equity</b> - Fair, transparent, and unbiased selection process",
    "<b>Scientific basis</b> - Evidence-based staffing norms and patient acuity systems",
]:
    story.append(bullet(pt))
story.append(PageBreak())

# ══════════════════════════════════════════════
# Q18 - MBO
# ══════════════════════════════════════════════
story.append(q_header("Q18", "MBO - Management by Objectives", "Unit II"))
story.append(spacer(0.2))
story.append(def_box(
    "<b>MBO</b> is a management approach introduced by <b>Peter F. Drucker (1954)</b> in his "
    "book <i>\"The Practice of Management\"</i>, in which managers and subordinates jointly "
    "identify common goals, define areas of responsibility in terms of expected results, and "
    "use these measures to guide operations and assess performance."))
story.append(spacer(0.15))
story.append(def_box(
    "<b>George Odiorne:</b> \"MBO is a process whereby the superior and subordinate jointly "
    "identify common goals, define areas of responsibility in terms of expected results, and "
    "use these measures to guide the unit and assess individual contributions.\""))
story.append(spacer(0.2))
story.append(section("Key Principles of MBO"))
story.append(two_col_table(["Principle", "Meaning"], [
    ["Participation", "Both manager and employee set goals TOGETHER"],
    ["Specificity", "Goals must be clear, precise, and measurable"],
    ["Time-bound", "Every goal must have a specific deadline"],
    ["Feedback", "Regular progress reviews and two-way communication"],
    ["Reward", "Achievement is recognized and rewarded formally"],
]))
story.append(spacer(0.2))
story.append(section("SMART Goals in MBO"))
story.append(two_col_table(["Letter", "Meaning"], [
    ["S - Specific", "Clear and well-defined, not vague"],
    ["M - Measurable", "Quantifiable so progress can be tracked"],
    ["A - Achievable", "Realistic and attainable given available resources"],
    ["R - Relevant", "Aligned with organizational priorities"],
    ["T - Time-bound", "Has a specific start and end deadline"],
], col_ratios=[0.25, 0.75]))
story.append(spacer(0.2))
story.append(section("The MBO Cycle (Steps)"))
mbo_steps = [
    "Set Organizational Goals (Hospital/Nursing Department level)",
    "Set Departmental Goals (Ward/Unit level)",
    "Set Individual Employee Goals (jointly with each nurse)",
    "Develop Action Plans (strategies to achieve each goal)",
    "Monitor Progress (regular review meetings)",
    "Performance Evaluation (measure results against set goals)",
    "Provide Feedback and Corrective Action",
    "Repeat Cycle (next period)",
]
for i, s in enumerate(mbo_steps, 1):
    story.append(bullet(f"<b>Step {i}:</b> {s}"))
story.append(spacer(0.2))
story.append(section("MBO in Nursing - Practical Example"))
story.append(info_box(
    "<b>Example Goal:</b> \"Reduce medication administration errors in the ward by 20% "
    "within 3 months through weekly barcode scanning audits and double-check protocol.\"<br/>"
    "This goal is Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, and Time-bound (SMART)."))
story.append(PageBreak())

# ══════════════════════════════════════════════
# Q19 - ASSERTIVE COMMUNICATION
# ══════════════════════════════════════════════
story.append(q_header("Q19", "Assertive Communication", "Unit IX"))
story.append(spacer(0.2))
story.append(def_box(
    "<b>Assertive Communication</b> is a communication style in which a person clearly, "
    "confidently, and respectfully expresses their thoughts, feelings, needs, opinions, and "
    "rights, while simultaneously acknowledging and respecting the rights and feelings of others. "
    "It is the middle ground between <b>passive</b> and <b>aggressive</b> communication."))
story.append(spacer(0.2))
story.append(section("Four Communication Styles Compared"))
story.append(two_col_table(["Style", "Description & Nursing Example"], [
    ["Passive", "Avoids conflict; doesn't express needs | Silently accepts an unfair assignment"],
    ["Aggressive", "Expresses needs in a hostile, demanding manner | Shouts at a colleague"],
    ["ASSERTIVE", "Directly and respectfully expresses needs | Calmly raises a safety concern"],
    ["Passive-Aggressive", "Indirect hostility; appears cooperative but resistant | Agrees then ignores"],
]))
story.append(spacer(0.2))
story.append(section("Characteristics of Assertive Communication"))
story.append(two_col_table(["Aspect", "Description"], [
    ["Verbal", 'Uses "I" statements: "I feel...", "I need...", "I think..."'],
    ["Non-verbal", "Direct eye contact, relaxed posture, calm and firm voice tone"],
    ["Emotional", "Calm and composed, not reactive or emotionally driven"],
    ["Approach", "Honest, direct, and confident in expressing boundaries"],
    ["Attitude", "Respects both own rights and others' rights equally"],
]))
story.append(spacer(0.2))
story.append(section("Techniques of Assertive Communication"))
story.append(two_col_table(["Technique", "Description"], [
    ['"I" Statements', '"I feel concerned when... because..."'],
    ["Broken Record", "Calmly repeating your point without becoming defensive"],
    ["Fogging", "Acknowledging criticism without necessarily agreeing with it"],
    ["DESC Script", "Describe - Express - Specify - Consequences"],
    ["Negative Enquiry", "Asking for clarification about a criticism to understand it better"],
]))
story.append(spacer(0.2))
story.append(section("Benefits in Nursing Practice"))
for pt in [
    "Improves patient safety - nurses feel empowered to speak up about errors",
    "Builds strong therapeutic nurse-patient relationships",
    "Reduces workplace conflict and interpersonal tension",
    "Enhances communication within the interdisciplinary healthcare team",
    "Improves nurse self-esteem, job satisfaction, and reduces burnout",
]:
    story.append(bullet(pt))
story.append(PageBreak())

# ══════════════════════════════════════════════
# Q20 - NURSING AUDIT
# ══════════════════════════════════════════════
story.append(q_header("Q20", "Define Nursing Audit", "Unit VII"))
story.append(spacer(0.2))
story.append(def_box(
    "<b>Phaneuf (1972):</b> \"A nursing audit is a method of evaluating nursing care through "
    "appraisal of the nursing process as it is reflected in the patient care records.\""))
story.append(spacer(0.1))
story.append(body(
    "A <b>Nursing Audit</b> is a systematic, ongoing, official examination and review of nursing "
    "care records and practices to evaluate the <b>quality, completeness, and appropriateness</b> "
    "of nursing care provided to patients, based on pre-established standards."))
story.append(spacer(0.2))
story.append(section("Types of Nursing Audit"))
story.append(two_col_table(["Type", "Timing & Method"], [
    ["Retrospective Audit", "After patient discharge | Review of closed charts and medical records"],
    ["Concurrent Audit", "During patient's hospital stay | Observation, interview, open records review"],
    ["Prospective Audit", "Before care is given | Pre-assessment and care planning review"],
]))
story.append(spacer(0.2))
story.append(section("Phaneuf's Audit Tool - 7 Functions Evaluated"))
for i, fn in enumerate([
    "Application and execution of physician's orders",
    "Observation of symptoms and reactions",
    "Supervision of the patient",
    "Supervision of those participating in care",
    "Reporting and recording",
    "Application and execution of nursing procedures and techniques",
    "Promotion of physical and emotional health through nursing action",
], 1):
    story.append(bullet(f"<b>Function {i}:</b> {fn}"))
story.append(spacer(0.2))
story.append(section("The Audit Cycle"))
story.append(two_col_table(["Step", "Action"], [
    ["1. Set Standards", "Define expected nursing care standards and criteria"],
    ["2. Observe Practice", "Collect data through records, observation, interviews"],
    ["3. Compare", "Compare actual practice against set standards"],
    ["4. Identify Gaps", "Note deficiencies and areas requiring improvement"],
    ["5. Implement Changes", "Introduce corrective measures, training, guidelines"],
    ["6. Re-Audit", "Repeat the cycle to verify improvement (close the loop)"],
]))
story.append(spacer(0.2))
story.append(section("Purpose of Nursing Audit"))
for pt in [
    "Evaluate and ensure quality of nursing care delivery",
    "Identify gaps in clinical nursing practice",
    "Ensure professional accountability of nurses",
    "Provide legal protection and documentation",
    "Identify training, education, and resource needs",
    "Maintain professional standards and NABH accreditation requirements",
]:
    story.append(bullet(pt))
story.append(PageBreak())

# ══════════════════════════════════════════════
# Q21 - NURSING INFORMATICS
# ══════════════════════════════════════════════
story.append(q_header("Q21", "Nursing Informatics", "Unit XI"))
story.append(spacer(0.2))
story.append(def_box(
    "<b>ANA (2008):</b> \"Nursing Informatics is the specialty that integrates nursing science "
    "with multiple information and analytical sciences to identify, define, manage, and communicate "
    "data, information, knowledge, and wisdom in nursing practice.\""))
story.append(spacer(0.1))
story.append(info_box(
    "<b>Key Fact:</b> Nursing Informatics was formally recognized as a nursing specialty by the "
    "<b>American Nurses Association (ANA) in 1992.</b> It integrates three core sciences: "
    "<b>Nursing Science + Computer Science + Information Science.</b>",
    bg=HexColor("#fff8e1"), border=GOLD))
story.append(spacer(0.2))
story.append(section("The DIKW Model (Data-Information-Knowledge-Wisdom)"))
story.append(two_col_table(["Level", "Description & Nursing Example"], [
    ["DATA", "Raw, unprocessed facts | Example: Temperature = 38.5°C"],
    ["INFORMATION", "Processed data with meaning | Example: Patient has fever"],
    ["KNOWLEDGE", "Pattern recognition from information | Example: Fever + neutropenia = possible sepsis"],
    ["WISDOM", "Clinical judgment and action | Example: Start antibiotics, notify physician, isolate patient"],
], col_ratios=[0.20, 0.80]))
story.append(spacer(0.2))
story.append(section("Applications of Nursing Informatics"))
story.append(two_col_table(["Area", "Application"], [
    ["Documentation", "Electronic Nursing Notes, e-MAR (Electronic Medication Administration Record)"],
    ["Patient Monitoring", "Bedside monitors, telemetry systems, remote patient monitoring"],
    ["Clinical Decision Support", "Drug allergy alerts, dosage calculators, clinical guidelines"],
    ["Communication", "CPOE (Computerized Physician Order Entry), SBAR via EMR"],
    ["Education", "e-Learning platforms, online nursing courses, simulation tools"],
    ["Administration", "Staff scheduling software, inventory management, billing systems"],
    ["Research", "Clinical databases, statistical analysis, evidence-based practice tools"],
]))
story.append(spacer(0.2))
story.append(section("Advantages of Nursing Informatics"))
for pt in [
    "Reduces medication errors through allergy and interaction alerts",
    "Improves documentation accuracy and legibility (no handwriting errors)",
    "Saves nursing time - less paperwork, more time for patient care",
    "Enhances communication and coordination within the healthcare team",
    "Supports continuity of care through accessible, shareable records",
    "Enables evidence-based practice through real-time data access",
]:
    story.append(bullet(pt))
story.append(PageBreak())

# ══════════════════════════════════════════════
# Q22 - LEADERSHIP / AUTOCRATIC LEADER
# ══════════════════════════════════════════════
story.append(q_header("Q22", "Define Leadership / Autocratic Leader", "Unit XII"))
story.append(spacer(0.2))
story.append(section("PART A: Leadership"))
story.append(def_box(
    "<b>George R. Terry:</b> \"Leadership is the activity of influencing people to strive "
    "willingly for group objectives.\""))
story.append(spacer(0.1))
story.append(body(
    "<b>Leadership</b> is the ability to <b>influence, inspire, guide, motivate, and direct</b> "
    "individuals or groups toward the achievement of common organizational goals through effective "
    "use of authority, communication, and interpersonal skills."))
story.append(spacer(0.2))
story.append(section("Types of Leadership Styles"))
story.append(two_col_table(["Style", "Key Characteristics"], [
    ["Autocratic (Authoritarian)", "Leader decides alone; full authority; no staff input; one-way communication"],
    ["Democratic (Participative)", "Staff involved in decisions; two-way communication; high morale"],
    ["Laissez-faire (Free Rein)", "Staff have full freedom; minimal leader interference; creative teams"],
    ["Transformational", "Inspires change, innovation, and vision; motivates beyond self-interest"],
    ["Transactional", "Based on reward and punishment; maintains current systems"],
    ["Servant Leadership", "Leader serves the team's needs; focuses on staff well-being"],
]))
story.append(spacer(0.2))
story.append(section("PART B: Autocratic Leader"))
story.append(def_box(
    "An <b>Autocratic Leader</b> is one who retains full authority and control, makes all "
    "decisions independently without seeking input or participation from subordinates, and "
    "expects strict, unquestioning compliance with commands. Also called: "
    "<b>Authoritarian or Directive Leadership.</b>"))
story.append(spacer(0.2))
story.append(section("Characteristics of an Autocratic Leader"))
for pt in [
    "<b>Centralized authority</b> - All power and decision-making retained by the leader",
    "<b>One-way communication</b> - Top-down only; no feedback or suggestions sought from staff",
    "<b>No delegation</b> - Authority and responsibility not shared with subordinates",
    "<b>Strict obedience</b> - Expects full compliance with orders and rules",
    "<b>Reward and punishment</b> - Uses these as primary control mechanisms",
    "<b>Quick decisions</b> - Unilateral decisions made rapidly without consultation",
    "<b>Minimal trust</b> - Does not trust subordinates' judgment or capabilities",
]:
    story.append(bullet(pt))
story.append(spacer(0.2))
story.append(section("Advantages vs Disadvantages"))
story.append(two_col_table(["Advantages", "Disadvantages"], [
    ["Quick decisions in emergencies", "Reduces staff morale and job satisfaction"],
    ["Clear chain of command", "Suppresses creativity and innovation"],
    ["Effective with unskilled staff", "Creates dependency on the leader"],
    ["Consistent, uniform outcomes", "High staff turnover and absenteeism"],
    ["Essential in crisis situations", "Inappropriate for highly skilled professionals"],
]))
story.append(spacer(0.2))
story.append(section("When Autocratic Style is Appropriate in Nursing"))
for pt in [
    "<b>Emergencies</b> - Cardiac arrest, mass casualty events, code blue situations",
    "<b>New or untrained staff</b> - Require close guidance and direct instruction",
    "<b>Crisis management</b> - Infection outbreaks, natural disasters, pandemic response",
    "<b>High-risk procedures</b> - Where absolute protocol compliance is mandatory (sterile technique)",
]:
    story.append(bullet(pt))
story.append(spacer(0.2))
story.append(section("Leadership vs Management"))
story.append(two_col_table(["Feature", "Leadership vs Management"], [
    ["Focus", "Leadership = People  |  Management = Tasks and systems"],
    ["Authority", "Leadership = Informal (personal influence)  |  Management = Formal (position)"],
    ["Goal", "Leadership = Inspire and create change  |  Management = Maintain stability"],
    ["Source", "Leadership = Personal qualities  |  Management = Organizational position"],
]))
story.append(PageBreak())

# ══════════════════════════════════════════════
# EXAM TIPS PAGE
# ══════════════════════════════════════════════
story.append(section("EXAM WRITING TIPS FOR RGUHS"))
story.append(spacer(0.15))
story.append(info_box(
    "<b>Time Management Strategy (3 Hours = 180 Minutes):</b><br/>"
    "Reading time: 10 min  |  2 Long Essays x 25 min = 50 min  |  "
    "7 Short Essays x 10 min = 70 min  |  10 Short Answers x 3 min = 30 min  |  Buffer: 20 min",
    bg=HexColor("#fff8e1"), border=GOLD))
story.append(spacer(0.2))
tips = [
    ("<b>Write the definition first in every answer</b>",
     "Earns you the first mark immediately, even if you run out of time for the rest."),
    ("<b>Add a table or diagram wherever possible</b>",
     "Gantt chart structure, MBO cycle, DIKW pyramid - these score extra marks."),
    ("<b>Quote at least one author/scholar per answer</b>",
     "Koontz, Phaneuf, Drucker, ANA - shows depth of knowledge to the examiner."),
    ("<b>Write 5-6 key points for a 2-mark question</b>",
     "Do not over-write. Quality and clarity over quantity."),
    ("<b>Underline key terms and headings</b>",
     "Makes your answer stand out and easy to evaluate quickly."),
    ("<b>Attempt ALL 10 questions - they are compulsory</b>",
     "Even partial answers earn marks. Never leave any question blank."),
    ("<b>Start with Long Essays</b>",
     "Tackle the heavy questions first when your mind is fresh."),
    ("<b>Draw diagrams: POSDC cycle, hierarchy chart, PDCA</b>",
     "Visual answers demonstrate conceptual understanding."),
]
tip_data = [[Paragraph(t, BODY_BOLD), Paragraph(d, BODY)] for t, d in tips]
tip_tbl = Table(tip_data, colWidths=[usable*0.38, usable*0.62])
tip_tbl.setStyle(TableStyle([
    ("ROWBACKGROUNDS", (0,0), (-1,-1), [white, TABLE_ALT]),
    ("BOX",           (0,0), (-1,-1), 0.5, BORDER_GREY),
    ("INNERGRID",     (0,0), (-1,-1), 0.3, BORDER_GREY),
    ("ALIGN",         (0,0), (-1,-1), "LEFT"),
    ("VALIGN",        (0,0), (-1,-1), "TOP"),
    ("LEFTPADDING",   (0,0), (-1,-1), 7),
    ("RIGHTPADDING",  (0,0), (-1,-1), 7),
    ("TOPPADDING",    (0,0), (-1,-1), 5),
    ("BOTTOMPADDING", (0,0), (-1,-1), 5),
]))
story.append(tip_tbl)
story.append(spacer(0.5))
story.append(hr(GOLD, 2))
story.append(spacer(0.3))
story.append(Paragraph(
    "All the best for your RGUHS B.Sc. Nursing 6th Semester Exam on 17 July 2026!",
    S("GoodLuck", fontSize=13, leading=18, textColor=DARK_GREEN,
      fontName="Helvetica-Bold", alignment=TA_CENTER)))
story.append(spacer(0.2))
story.append(Paragraph(
    "Study smart, revise thoroughly, and write clearly.",
    S("Motto2", fontSize=10, leading=14, textColor=TEXT_MED,
      fontName="Helvetica-Oblique", alignment=TA_CENTER)))
story.append(spacer(0.2))
story.append(Paragraph(
    "Prepared by @nursing_payana  |  Q.P. Code 1792",
    S("Byline", fontSize=9, leading=12, textColor=HexColor("#888888"),
      fontName="Helvetica", alignment=TA_CENTER)))

# ── Build ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
doc.build(story,
          onFirstPage=on_first_page,
          onLaterPages=on_page)
print(f"PDF created: {OUTPUT}")

"""
RGUHS B.Sc. Nursing 6th Semester — Blueprint & Expected Questions
17 July 2026 | Management of Nursing Services & Education
Comprehensive PDF Study Guide — All 12 Answers
"""

from reportlab.lib.pagesizes import A4
from reportlab.lib.units import cm
from reportlab.lib.colors import HexColor, white, black
from reportlab.lib.enums import TA_CENTER, TA_LEFT, TA_JUSTIFY
from reportlab.lib.styles import ParagraphStyle
from reportlab.platypus import (
    SimpleDocTemplate, Paragraph, Spacer, Table, TableStyle,
    HRFlowable, PageBreak, KeepTogether
)

# ── Palette ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
DARK_RED    = HexColor("#8B0000")
MID_RED     = HexColor("#c0392b")
LIGHT_RED   = HexColor("#fdf2f2")
DARK_GREEN  = HexColor("#155724")
MID_GREEN   = HexColor("#27ae60")
LIGHT_GREEN = HexColor("#eafaf1")
GOLD        = HexColor("#d4a017")
DARK_BLUE   = HexColor("#1a3a6b")
LIGHT_BLUE  = HexColor("#eaf0fb")
DARK_NAVY   = HexColor("#0d1b2a")
TABLE_HDR   = HexColor("#8B0000")
TABLE_ALT   = HexColor("#fff5f5")
BORDER_GREY = HexColor("#cccccc")
TEXT_DARK   = HexColor("#1a1a1a")
BG_CREAM    = HexColor("#fffdf5")

W, H   = A4
MARGIN = 1.7 * cm
USABLE = W - 2 * MARGIN - 0.4 * cm
OUTPUT = "/tmp/workspace/nursing-blueprint/RGUHS_Blueprint_AllAnswers.pdf"

doc = SimpleDocTemplate(
    OUTPUT, pagesize=A4,
    leftMargin=MARGIN, rightMargin=MARGIN,
    topMargin=2.3*cm, bottomMargin=2.0*cm,
    title="RGUHS Nursing Blueprint — All 12 Answers",
    author="Nursing Payana",
)

# ── Style helpers ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────
def S(name, **kw):
    return ParagraphStyle(name, **kw)

COVER_H1 = S("CH1", fontSize=28, leading=34, textColor=white,
             fontName="Helvetica-Bold", alignment=TA_CENTER)
COVER_H2 = S("CH2", fontSize=15, leading=20, textColor=HexColor("#ffd966"),
             fontName="Helvetica-Bold", alignment=TA_CENTER)
COVER_SUB= S("CSB", fontSize=10, leading=14, textColor=HexColor("#ddeeff"),
             fontName="Helvetica", alignment=TA_CENTER)

SEC_HEAD = S("SH", fontSize=12, leading=16, textColor=DARK_RED,
             fontName="Helvetica-Bold", spaceBefore=10, spaceAfter=3)
SUB_HEAD = S("SubH", fontSize=10.5, leading=14, textColor=DARK_GREEN,
             fontName="Helvetica-Bold", spaceBefore=7, spaceAfter=2)
BODY     = S("Body", fontSize=9.5, leading=14, textColor=TEXT_DARK,
             fontName="Helvetica", alignment=TA_JUSTIFY, spaceBefore=2, spaceAfter=2)
BODY_B   = S("BodyB", fontSize=9.5, leading=14, textColor=TEXT_DARK,
             fontName="Helvetica-Bold", spaceBefore=2, spaceAfter=2)
BULLET   = S("Blt", fontSize=9.5, leading=14, textColor=TEXT_DARK,
             fontName="Helvetica", leftIndent=14, firstLineIndent=-10,
             spaceBefore=1, spaceAfter=1)
DEF_ST   = S("Def", fontSize=9.5, leading=14, textColor=DARK_BLUE,
             fontName="Helvetica-BoldOblique", leftIndent=8, rightIndent=8)
ITALIC   = S("Ital", fontSize=9, leading=13, textColor=HexColor("#444444"),
             fontName="Helvetica-Oblique")
TH_S     = S("THS", fontSize=8.5, leading=11, textColor=white,
             fontName="Helvetica-Bold")
TD_S     = S("TDS", fontSize=8.5, leading=12, textColor=TEXT_DARK,
             fontName="Helvetica")
MARKS_S  = S("MKS", fontSize=9, leading=12, textColor=DARK_NAVY,
             fontName="Helvetica-Bold", alignment=TA_CENTER)

def sp(h=0.2):   return Spacer(1, h*cm)
def hr(c=BORDER_GREY, t=0.5): return HRFlowable(width="100%", thickness=t, color=c,
                                                  spaceAfter=3, spaceBefore=3)
def blt(text):   return Paragraph(f"\u2022  {text}", BULLET)
def body(text):  return Paragraph(text, BODY)
def sub(text):   return Paragraph(text, SUB_HEAD)
def sec(text):   return Paragraph(text, SEC_HEAD)

def def_box(text, bg=LIGHT_BLUE, border=DARK_BLUE):
    t = Table([[Paragraph(text, DEF_ST)]], colWidths=[USABLE])
    t.setStyle(TableStyle([
        ("BACKGROUND",(0,0),(-1,-1), bg),
        ("BOX",(0,0),(-1,-1),0.8, border),
        ("LEFTPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1),8),("RIGHTPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1),8),
        ("TOPPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1),6),("BOTTOMPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1),6),
    ]))
    return t

def info_box(text, bg=LIGHT_GREEN, border=DARK_GREEN):
    t = Table([[Paragraph(text, BODY)]], colWidths=[USABLE])
    t.setStyle(TableStyle([
        ("BACKGROUND",(0,0),(-1,-1), bg),
        ("BOX",(0,0),(-1,-1),0.8, border),
        ("LEFTPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1),8),("RIGHTPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1),8),
        ("TOPPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1),5),("BOTTOMPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1),5),
    ]))
    return t

def tbl(headers, rows, ratios=None):
    if ratios:
        cw = [USABLE * r for r in ratios]
    else:
        n = len(headers)
        cw = [USABLE / n] * n
    data = [[Paragraph(h, TH_S) for h in headers]]
    for i, row in enumerate(rows):
        data.append([Paragraph(str(c),
            S(f"td{i}{j}", fontSize=8.5, leading=12, textColor=TEXT_DARK,
              fontName="Helvetica")) for j, c in enumerate(row)])
    t = Table(data, colWidths=cw, repeatRows=1)
    t.setStyle(TableStyle([
        ("BACKGROUND",(0,0),(-1,0), TABLE_HDR),
        ("ROWBACKGROUNDS",(0,1),(-1,-1),[white, TABLE_ALT]),
        ("BOX",(0,0),(-1,-1),0.5, BORDER_GREY),
        ("INNERGRID",(0,0),(-1,-1),0.3, BORDER_GREY),
        ("ALIGN",(0,0),(-1,-1),"LEFT"),
        ("VALIGN",(0,0),(-1,-1),"TOP"),
        ("LEFTPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1),5),("RIGHTPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1),5),
        ("TOPPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1),4),("BOTTOMPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1),4),
    ]))
    return t

def q_banner(qno, title, unit, marks, color=DARK_RED):
    """Full-width question header banner."""
    left  = Paragraph(f"<b>{qno}</b>  {title}", S("QB", fontSize=13, leading=17,
                       textColor=white, fontName="Helvetica-Bold"))
    right = Paragraph(f"<b>{unit}</b><br/>{marks}", S("QR", fontSize=8.5, leading=11,
                       textColor=DARK_NAVY, fontName="Helvetica-Bold", alignment=TA_CENTER))
    right_cell = Table([[right]], colWidths=[2.6*cm])
    right_cell.setStyle(TableStyle([
        ("BACKGROUND",(0,0),(-1,-1), HexColor("#ffd966")),
        ("LEFTPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1),4),("RIGHTPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1),4),
        ("TOPPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1),5),("BOTTOMPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1),5),
        ("VALIGN",(0,0),(-1,-1),"MIDDLE"),
    ]))
    banner = Table([[left, right_cell]], colWidths=[USABLE-2.8*cm, 2.8*cm])
    banner.setStyle(TableStyle([
        ("BACKGROUND",(0,0),(0,0), color),
        ("BACKGROUND",(1,0),(1,0), HexColor("#ffd966")),
        ("LEFTPADDING",(0,0),(0,0),10),("RIGHTPADDING",(0,0),(0,0),6),
        ("TOPPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1),8),("BOTTOMPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1),8),
        ("VALIGN",(0,0),(-1,-1),"MIDDLE"),
    ]))
    return banner

# ── Page events ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
def on_page(canvas, doc):
    canvas.saveState()
    canvas.setStrokeColor(DARK_RED)
    canvas.setLineWidth(1.8)
    canvas.line(MARGIN, H-1.45*cm, W-MARGIN, H-1.45*cm)
    canvas.setFont("Helvetica-Bold", 7.5)
    canvas.setFillColor(DARK_RED)
    canvas.drawString(MARGIN, H-1.1*cm,
        "RGUHS B.Sc. Nursing 6th Semester  |  Management of Nursing Services & Education  |  17 July 2026")
    canvas.setFont("Helvetica", 7.5)
    canvas.setFillColor(HexColor("#888888"))
    canvas.drawRightString(W-MARGIN, H-1.1*cm, f"Page {doc.page}")
    canvas.setStrokeColor(GOLD)
    canvas.setLineWidth(1.2)
    canvas.line(MARGIN, 1.45*cm, W-MARGIN, 1.45*cm)
    canvas.setFont("Helvetica", 7.5)
    canvas.setFillColor(HexColor("#888888"))
    canvas.drawCentredString(W/2, 0.9*cm,
        "Q.P. Code 1792  |  Prepared by @nursing_payana  |  Learn • Lead • Inspire")
    canvas.restoreState()

def on_first(canvas, doc):
    canvas.saveState()
    canvas.setFillColor(DARK_NAVY)
    canvas.rect(0,0,W,H,fill=1,stroke=0)
    canvas.setFillColor(DARK_RED)
    canvas.rect(0, H-2.5*cm, W, 2.5*cm, fill=1, stroke=0)
    canvas.rect(0, 0, W, 2.0*cm, fill=1, stroke=0)
    canvas.restoreState()

# ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
story = []

# ── COVER ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
story += [
    sp(3.8),
    Paragraph("BLUEPRINT &amp; EXPECTED QUESTIONS", COVER_H1),
    sp(0.3),
    Paragraph("Complete Answer Guide", COVER_H2),
    sp(0.8),
    Paragraph("Management of Nursing Services &amp; Education", S("CU",fontSize=13,leading=18,
        textColor=HexColor("#ffd966"),fontName="Helvetica-Bold",alignment=TA_CENTER)),
    sp(0.4),
    Paragraph("RGUHS B.Sc. Nursing — 6th Semester", COVER_SUB),
    Paragraph("Q.P. Code: 1792  |  Exam Date: 17 July 2026", COVER_SUB),
    sp(1.5),
]
card_d = [["3 Long Essays\n10 Marks Each","9 Short Essays\n5 Marks Each","10 Short Answers\n2 Marks Each","Total\n55 Marks"]]
ct = Table(card_d, colWidths=[3.2*cm]*4)
ct.setStyle(TableStyle([
    ("BACKGROUND",(0,0),(-1,-1),HexColor("#c0392b")),
    ("TEXTCOLOR",(0,0),(-1,-1),white),("FONTNAME",(0,0),(-1,-1),"Helvetica-Bold"),
    ("FONTSIZE",(0,0),(-1,-1),9),("ALIGN",(0,0),(-1,-1),"CENTER"),
    ("VALIGN",(0,0),(-1,-1),"MIDDLE"),("ROWHEIGHT",(0,0),(-1,-1),1.6*cm),
    ("BOX",(0,0),(-1,-1),1.2,GOLD),("INNERGRID",(0,0),(-1,-1),0.5,GOLD),
]))
story += [ct, sp(4.0),
    Paragraph("Prepared by  @nursing_payana", S("NP",fontSize=12,textColor=HexColor("#ffd966"),
        fontName="Helvetica-Bold",alignment=TA_CENTER)),
    sp(0.3),
    Paragraph("All the best! Study smart, revise thoroughly, and write clearly.",
        S("M2",fontSize=9.5,textColor=HexColor("#aaccaa"),fontName="Helvetica-Oblique",alignment=TA_CENTER)),
    PageBreak(),
]

# ── INDEX TABLE ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
story.append(sec("COMPLETE QUESTION INDEX"))
story.append(sp(0.15))
idx_rows = [
    ["Q1","LONG ESSAY","Define Budget. Types, principles, process, budget proposal format.","Unit III/X","10"],
    ["Q2","LONG ESSAY","Functions of management — role of Nurse Manager. POSDC with examples.","Unit II","10"],
    ["Q3","LONG ESSAY","Define Leadership. Theories and styles with merits and demerits.","Unit XII","10"],
    ["Q4","SHORT ESSAY","Define Delegation. Elements and scope of delegation.","Unit IV","5"],
    ["Q5","SHORT ESSAY","Types and principles of financial management in nursing.","Unit X","5"],
    ["Q6","SHORT ESSAY","Staffing process in a nursing department.","Unit V","5"],
    ["Q7","SHORT ESSAY","Quality Assurance — concept, PDCA, types of audit.","Unit VII","5"],
    ["Q8","SHORT ESSAY","Motivation theories — Maslow / Herzberg. Nursing application.","Unit IX","5"],
    ["Q9","SHORT ESSAY","Types of organizational structure with merits and demerits.","Unit IV","5"],
    ["Q10","SHORT ESSAY","Collective bargaining in nursing — process and role of TNAI.","Unit IX","5"],
    ["Q11","SHORT ESSAY","Supervision — definition, principles and techniques.","Unit VI","5"],
    ["Q12","SHORT ESSAY","Recent trends and issues in nursing service and management.","Unit I","5"],
]
story.append(tbl(["Q.No","Type","Question","Unit","Marks"], idx_rows,
                 ratios=[0.07,0.13,0.50,0.13,0.07]))
story += [sp(0.4), hr(GOLD,1.5), PageBreak()]

# ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
# SECTION DIVIDER helper
def section_divider(title, subtitle):
    t = Table([[Paragraph(title, S("SD",fontSize=16,leading=20,textColor=white,
                fontName="Helvetica-Bold",alignment=TA_CENTER)),
                Paragraph(subtitle, S("SS",fontSize=9,leading=12,textColor=HexColor("#ffd966"),
                fontName="Helvetica-Bold",alignment=TA_CENTER))]], colWidths=[USABLE])
    t.setStyle(TableStyle([
        ("BACKGROUND",(0,0),(-1,-1),DARK_RED),
        ("BOX",(0,0),(-1,-1),2,GOLD),
        ("LEFTPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1),10),("TOPPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1),10),
        ("BOTTOMPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1),10),
    ]))
    return t

story += [section_divider("SECTION A: LONG ESSAYS",
    "Answer Any 2 of 3  |  10 Marks Each  |  Write minimum 4-5 pages per answer"), sp(0.3)]

# ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
# Q1 — BUDGET
# ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
story.append(q_banner("Q1","Define Budget. Explain types, principles and process of budgeting for a nursing department. Include a budget proposal format.","Unit III/X","10 Marks"))
story += [sp(0.2),
    def_box("<b>Finkler & Kovner:</b> \"A budget is a plan that expresses in financial terms the "
            "activities of an organization for a specified period of time.\""),
    sp(0.1),
    body("<b>Budget</b> is a formal written financial plan expressed in monetary terms that estimates "
         "anticipated revenues and expenditures for a specific future period (usually one fiscal year) "
         "to achieve organizational goals."),
    sp(0.2), sub("TYPES OF BUDGET"),
    tbl(["Type","Description","Nursing Example"],[
        ["Operating Budget","Day-to-day expenses for running the department","Staff salaries, drugs, supplies, utilities"],
        ["Capital Budget","Long-term investment in equipment/infrastructure","Purchase of new ventilators, ward renovation"],
        ["Personnel Budget","Cost of all nursing staff","Salaries, allowances, overtime, PF/ESI"],
        ["Revenue Budget","Projected income from nursing services","OPD charges, procedure fees, insurance"],
        ["Zero-Based Budget","Every expense justified from zero each year","Each line item re-evaluated irrespective of past"],
        ["Incremental Budget","Previous year's budget + % increase","10% increase over last year's allocation"],
        ["Fixed Budget","Set at one level regardless of activity","Fixed allocation regardless of patient census"],
        ["Flexible Budget","Adjusts based on actual workload/activity","More staff allocated when census rises"],
        ["Cash Budget","Plans actual cash inflow and outflow","Monthly cash flow for nursing unit"],
        ["Programme Budget","Budget for specific programmes","Infection control, staff training budget"],
    ], ratios=[0.22,0.38,0.40]),
    sp(0.2), sub("PRINCIPLES OF BUDGETING"),
]
for p in [
    "<b>Comprehensiveness</b> — Budget covers ALL aspects of the department without exception",
    "<b>Accuracy</b> — Estimates should be realistic, evidence-based, and verifiable",
    "<b>Flexibility</b> — Should allow adjustments when circumstances change",
    "<b>Participation</b> — All levels of nursing staff involved in preparation (bottom-up approach)",
    "<b>Transparency</b> — All financial information shared openly with stakeholders",
    "<b>Accountability</b> — Each budget holder responsible for their allocation",
    "<b>Periodicity</b> — Prepared for a defined time period (usually April–March in India)",
    "<b>Balance</b> — Revenue should equal or exceed expenditure",
    "<b>Economy</b> — Maximum output from minimum cost; reduce waste",
    "<b>Unity</b> — Single unified budget for the department",
]:
    story.append(blt(p))
story += [sp(0.2), sub("BUDGETING PROCESS (7 STEPS)"),
    tbl(["Step","Activity","Key Actions"],[
        ["1","Setting Objectives","Define departmental goals; link budget to hospital strategic plan"],
        ["2","Data Collection","Review previous expenditure; project patient census & workload"],
        ["3","Prepare Estimates","Estimate personnel (60-70%), supplies, equipment, overhead costs"],
        ["4","Review & Approval","Submit to Finance Committee; negotiate; get top management sign-off"],
        ["5","Implementation","Allocate funds; communicate spending limits; start monthly tracking"],
        ["6","Monitoring & Control","Monthly variance reports; identify overspending; take corrective action"],
        ["7","Evaluation","Annual review; audit all expenditures; lessons feed into next cycle"],
    ], ratios=[0.07,0.22,0.71]),
    sp(0.2), sub("BUDGET PROPOSAL FORMAT FOR A NURSING DEPARTMENT"),
    info_box(
        "<b>ANNUAL BUDGET PROPOSAL — NURSING DEPARTMENT</b><br/>"
        "Hospital: _______________  |  Dept: Nursing Services  |  Period: April 2026 – March 2027<br/>"
        "Prepared by: Director of Nursing / CNO  |  Date: _______________<br/><br/>"
        "<b>SECTION 1 — EXECUTIVE SUMMARY:</b> Departmental objectives, total request, key priorities<br/><br/>"
        "<b>SECTION 2 — PERSONNEL BUDGET:</b><br/>"
        "Staff Nurses (40) @₹25,000/mo = ₹1,20,00,000 | Senior Nurses (10) @₹35,000 = ₹42,00,000<br/>"
        "Nursing Aides (20) @₹15,000 = ₹36,00,000 | Allowances/Benefits = ₹25,00,000<br/>"
        "<b>Total Personnel: ₹2,23,00,000</b><br/><br/>"
        "<b>SECTION 3 — SUPPLY & MATERIAL BUDGET:</b><br/>"
        "Medical Consumables = ₹30,00,000 | Medications (ward stock) = ₹15,00,000<br/>"
        "Linen & Uniforms = ₹5,00,000 | Stationery = ₹2,00,000  <b>| Total: ₹52,00,000</b><br/><br/>"
        "<b>SECTION 4 — CAPITAL EXPENDITURE:</b><br/>"
        "New Equipment = ₹20,00,000 | Furniture = ₹5,00,000 | IT/Software = ₹3,00,000<br/>"
        "<b>Total Capital: ₹28,00,000</b><br/><br/>"
        "<b>SECTION 5 — TRAINING & DEVELOPMENT:</b> In-service programs, conferences = ₹4,00,000<br/><br/>"
        "<b>GRAND TOTAL BUDGET REQUESTED: ₹3,07,00,000</b><br/><br/>"
        "Signature: ___________  Date: ___________  |  Approved by: ___________  Date: ___________"),
    sp(0.2), sub("IMPORTANCE OF BUDGETING IN NURSING"),
]
for p in [
    "Ensures optimal allocation of limited human, material, and financial resources",
    "Prevents waste and financial mismanagement; promotes cost-conscious culture",
    "Provides financial accountability and transparency to stakeholders",
    "Supports evidence-based staffing and resource planning decisions",
    "Enables forecasting and planning for future growth and departmental needs",
]:
    story.append(blt(p))
story.append(PageBreak())

# ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
# Q2 — FUNCTIONS OF MANAGEMENT / POSDC
# ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
story.append(q_banner("Q2","Explain the functions of management with special reference to the role of Nurse Manager (POSDC with examples)","Unit II","10 Marks"))
story += [sp(0.2),
    def_box("<b>Koontz & O'Donnell:</b> \"Management is the art of getting things done through and "
            "with people in formally organized groups.\""),
    sp(0.1),
    body("<b>Management</b> is the process of planning, organizing, staffing, directing, and "
         "controlling resources to achieve organizational goals effectively and efficiently. "
         "Luther Gulick summarized the functions as <b>POSDCORB</b>."),
    sp(0.2), sub("1. PLANNING — 'Thinking before Doing'"),
    body("<b>Definition:</b> Planning is deciding in advance WHAT is to be done, HOW, WHEN, and WHO is to do it."),
]
for p in [
    "Prepares weekly/monthly <b>duty rosters</b> ensuring 24-hour ward coverage",
    "Plans <b>patient care assignments</b> based on patient acuity and nurse skill level",
    "Develops <b>infection control action plans</b> and emergency response protocols",
    "Plans annual <b>in-service education programs</b> for staff development",
    "Formulates <b>annual staffing and budget plans</b> with projected patient census data",
]:
    story.append(blt(f"<b>Nurse Manager:</b> {p}"))
story += [sp(0.1),
    info_box("<b>Example:</b> Nurse Manager plans deployment of 5 nurses for festival holidays to ensure "
             "continuous 24-hour coverage of a 30-bed medical ward without overtime costs."),
    sp(0.2), sub("2. ORGANIZING — 'Arranging Resources'"),
    body("<b>Definition:</b> Organizing is the process of arranging resources and tasks to achieve objectives by "
         "creating organizational structure, delegating authority, and coordinating activities."),
]
for p in [
    "Creates <b>ward organizational chart</b> defining clear hierarchy and accountability",
    "Assigns duties to nurses based on <b>qualifications, skills, and experience</b>",
    "Establishes <b>nursing care delivery systems</b> (team nursing, primary nursing, total patient care)",
    "Coordinates with pharmacy, lab, radiology, and allied departments",
    "Sets up <b>charge nurse</b> system for off-duty hours",
]:
    story.append(blt(f"<b>Nurse Manager:</b> {p}"))
story += [sp(0.1),
    info_box("<b>Example:</b> Nurse Manager organizes the ICU into two teams — Team A for beds 1-6 "
             "and Team B for beds 7-12 — each led by a senior nurse with clear accountability."),
    sp(0.2), sub("3. STAFFING — 'Right Person, Right Job, Right Time'"),
    body("<b>Definition:</b> Staffing is the managerial function of recruiting, selecting, placing, "
         "training, and retaining qualified personnel to fill organizational positions."),
]
for p in [
    "Assesses <b>staffing needs</b> using patient census, acuity scores, and workload data",
    "Participates in <b>recruitment and selection</b> interviews for new nursing staff",
    "Conducts <b>orientation and preceptorship</b> programs for newly joined nurses",
    "Plans <b>continuing education</b>, in-service training, and skill development",
    "Manages <b>absenteeism, leave schedules, and rotation</b> across units",
]:
    story.append(blt(f"<b>Nurse Manager:</b> {p}"))
story += [sp(0.1),
    info_box("<b>Example:</b> Nurse Manager identifies a shortage of two nurses during holidays and "
             "arranges cross-coverage from the surgical ward to maintain safe staffing."),
    sp(0.2), sub("4. DIRECTING — 'Getting Things Done Through People'"),
    body("<b>Definition:</b> Directing is the process of guiding, motivating, leading, and supervising "
         "subordinates to achieve organizational goals. It involves communication, motivation, and leadership."),
]
for p in [
    "Conducts <b>daily morning briefings</b> and bedside ward rounds with nursing team",
    "Motivates staff through <b>recognition programs</b> (Nurse of the Month, verbal appreciation)",
    "Provides <b>clear written and verbal instructions</b> on patient care protocols",
    "Counsels underperforming nurses <b>constructively</b> using progressive discipline",
    "Resolves <b>interpersonal conflicts</b> within the nursing team promptly and fairly",
]:
    story.append(blt(f"<b>Nurse Manager:</b> {p}"))
story += [sp(0.1),
    info_box("<b>Example:</b> After a medication error, Nurse Manager holds a constructive debrief, "
             "counsels the nurse, reinforces the double-check protocol, and motivates through "
             "support rather than punishment — preserving team morale."),
    sp(0.2), sub("5. CONTROLLING — 'Measuring and Correcting'"),
    body("<b>Definition:</b> Controlling is the process of measuring actual performance against set "
         "standards, identifying deviations, and taking corrective action."),
    sp(0.1),
    tbl(["Steps in Controlling","Nursing Application"],[
        ["1. Establish performance standards","Set infection rate, fall rate, medication error rate benchmarks"],
        ["2. Measure actual performance","Collect data through incident reports, audits, patient satisfaction surveys"],
        ["3. Compare actual vs standard","Monthly variance analysis — identify gaps"],
        ["4. Identify deviations","Determine root causes of gaps (staffing, training, equipment)"],
        ["5. Take corrective action","Implement protocols, training, or structural changes"],
    ], ratios=[0.38,0.62]),
    sp(0.1),
    info_box("<b>Example:</b> Nurse Manager reviews monthly incident reports, notes a 20% rise in "
             "patient falls, and immediately implements hourly rounding, bed alarms, and fall risk "
             "signage as targeted corrective actions."),
    sp(0.2), sub("SUMMARY — POSDC ROLE OF NURSE MANAGER"),
    tbl(["Function","Key Tool","Nursing Example"],[
        ["Planning","Duty roster, care plans","Festival holiday coverage schedule"],
        ["Organizing","Ward structure, team allocation","ICU team A/B assignment"],
        ["Staffing","Recruitment, training, rotation","Cross-coverage arrangement"],
        ["Directing","Briefings, counseling, motivation","Post-error supportive debrief"],
        ["Controlling","Audits, incident reports, appraisal","Fall rate corrective action plan"],
    ], ratios=[0.18,0.27,0.55]),
    PageBreak(),
]

# ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
# Q3 — LEADERSHIP
# ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
story.append(q_banner("Q3","Define Leadership. Explain theories and styles of leadership with their merits and demerits.","Unit XII","10 Marks"))
story += [sp(0.2),
    def_box("<b>George R. Terry:</b> \"Leadership is the activity of influencing people to strive "
            "willingly for group objectives.\"<br/>"
            "<b>Koontz & O'Donnell:</b> \"Leadership is the ability of a manager to induce "
            "subordinates to work with confidence and zeal.\""),
    sp(0.1),
    body("<b>Leadership</b> is the ability to influence, inspire, guide, motivate, and direct "
         "individuals or groups toward the achievement of common organizational goals through "
         "effective use of authority, communication, and interpersonal skills."),
    sp(0.2), sub("THEORIES OF LEADERSHIP"),
    tbl(["Theory","Proponent","Core Idea","Limitation"],[
        ["Great Man/Trait Theory","Stogdill (1948)","Leaders are born; possess innate traits (intelligence, courage, charisma)","No universal traits predict leadership; ignores environment"],
        ["Behavioural Theory — Iowa Studies","Lewin, Lippitt & White (1939)","Identified Autocratic, Democratic, Laissez-faire styles based on leader behaviour","Ignores situational context"],
        ["Managerial Grid","Blake & Mouton (1964)","5 styles based on concern for people (Y) vs concern for production (X); Team (9,9) is ideal","Oversimplifies complex situations"],
        ["Situational Theory","Hersey & Blanchard (1969)","Best style depends on follower maturity: Telling/Selling/Participating/Delegating","Follower maturity difficult to assess objectively"],
        ["Contingency Theory","Fiedler (1967)","Leader effectiveness depends on task structure, leader-member relations, position power","Leader style is fixed; cannot adapt"],
        ["Transformational Theory","Burns (1978), Bass (1985)","Leader inspires followers to exceed expectations through vision, values, and charisma","Requires highly charismatic personality"],
        ["Transactional Theory","Bass (1985)","Leadership based on reward and punishment; maintains current systems","Does not inspire change or growth"],
        ["Servant Leadership","Greenleaf (1970)","Leader serves the team's needs first; builds trust and loyalty","May be perceived as weak; slow in crises"],
    ], ratios=[0.22,0.18,0.38,0.22]),
    sp(0.2), sub("STYLES OF LEADERSHIP"),
    sp(0.1), body("<b>1. Autocratic (Authoritarian) Leadership</b>"),
    body("Leader makes all decisions unilaterally without consulting subordinates. "
         "Full authority centralized; one-way communication; strict obedience expected."),
    tbl(["Merits","Demerits"],[
        ["Quick decisions in emergencies","Reduces staff morale and job satisfaction"],
        ["Clear chain of command and accountability","Suppresses creativity and innovation"],
        ["Effective with unskilled or new staff","Creates fear-based work culture"],
        ["Consistent, uniform outcomes","High staff turnover and absenteeism"],
        ["Best in crisis: cardiac arrest, disaster","Not suitable for experienced professionals"],
    ]),
    sp(0.1), body("<b>2. Democratic (Participative) Leadership</b>"),
    body("Leader involves staff in decision-making. Two-way communication; staff feel valued. "
         "Most common effective style in nursing management."),
    tbl(["Merits","Demerits"],[
        ["High staff morale and job satisfaction","Slower decision-making process"],
        ["Promotes creativity and innovation","May confuse authority boundaries"],
        ["Develops staff independence and ownership","Not suitable in emergencies"],
        ["Reduces conflicts; builds team cohesion","Time-consuming for routine decisions"],
        ["Best for: QI projects, policy development","'Too many cooks' risk"],
    ]),
    sp(0.1), body("<b>3. Laissez-faire (Free Rein) Leadership</b>"),
    body("Leader gives complete freedom to staff. Minimal interference. Leader provides resources "
         "and answers questions but does not direct."),
    tbl(["Merits","Demerits"],[
        ["Maximum staff autonomy and freedom","Can lead to chaos without structure"],
        ["Promotes creativity and self-direction","Low productivity without guidance"],
        ["Best for highly skilled expert teams","No accountability or direction"],
        ["Encourages professional independence","Group may disintegrate without cohesion"],
    ]),
    sp(0.1), body("<b>4. Transformational Leadership</b>"),
    body("Leader inspires followers to exceed their own expectations through vision, "
         "values, and charisma. Best for organizational change and culture building."),
    tbl(["Merits","Demerits"],[
        ["Inspires high performance and commitment","Requires charismatic personality"],
        ["Builds strong organizational culture","Can overwhelm some staff"],
        ["Creates future nurse leaders","May neglect short-term operational needs"],
        ["Reduces burnout and staff turnover","High emotional demands on leader"],
    ]),
    sp(0.2), sub("COMPARISON OF LEADERSHIP STYLES"),
    tbl(["Feature","Autocratic","Democratic","Laissez-faire"],[
        ["Decision-making","Leader alone","Group participation","Individuals freely"],
        ["Communication","One-way (top-down)","Two-way","Free-flow, minimal"],
        ["Staff involvement","None","High","Complete freedom"],
        ["Morale","Low (fear-based)","High (valued)","Variable"],
        ["Creativity","Suppressed","Encouraged","Maximized"],
        ["Best situation","Emergency/crisis","Routine planning","Expert/research teams"],
    ], ratios=[0.22,0.20,0.20,0.20]),
    sp(0.2),
    info_box("<b>Leadership in Nursing Context:</b><br/>"
             "CNO = Transformational/Strategic leadership<br/>"
             "Ward In-charge/Nurse Manager = Democratic/Situational leadership<br/>"
             "Emergency Nurse = Autocratic (in crisis), Democratic (in planning)<br/>"
             "Nurse Educator = Coaching/Participative leadership"),
    PageBreak(),
]

# ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
story += [section_divider("SECTION B: SHORT ESSAYS",
    "Answer Any 7 of 9  |  5 Marks Each  |  Write minimum 1.5-2 pages per answer"), sp(0.3)]

# ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
# Q4 — DELEGATION
# ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
story.append(q_banner("Q4","Define Delegation. Explain the elements and scope of delegation.","Unit IV","5 Marks",DARK_GREEN))
story += [sp(0.2),
    def_box("<b>Koontz & O'Donnell:</b> \"Delegation is the entrustment of responsibility and "
            "authority to another and the creation of accountability for performance.\"",
            bg=LIGHT_GREEN, border=DARK_GREEN),
    sp(0.1),
    body("<b>Delegation</b> is the process by which a manager assigns specific duties, responsibilities, "
         "and the necessary authority to a subordinate to carry out designated tasks, while retaining "
         "ultimate accountability for outcomes."),
    sp(0.2), sub("ELEMENTS OF DELEGATION (The Delegation Triangle)"),
    tbl(["Element","Definition","Key Rule"],[
        ["RESPONSIBILITY","Duty/obligation assigned to perform a specific task","Can be delegated to subordinate"],
        ["AUTHORITY","Right and power to make decisions, give commands, use resources","Must EQUAL responsibility (Principle of Parity)"],
        ["ACCOUNTABILITY","Obligation to report back and answer for outcomes","CANNOT be fully delegated — manager retains ultimate accountability"],
    ], ratios=[0.20,0.42,0.38]),
    sp(0.2), sub("SCOPE OF DELEGATION IN NURSING"),
    tbl(["CAN Be Delegated","CANNOT Be Delegated"],[
        ["Vital signs monitoring (to nursing aides)","Initial nursing assessment (requires RN)"],
        ["Patient hygiene, feeding, ambulation assistance","Nursing diagnosis and care planning"],
        ["Routine documentation of completed care","Patient education requiring professional judgment"],
        ["Medication administration (to licensed nurse only)","IV medication to unlicensed personnel"],
        ["Ward stock checking and inventory","Professional legal accountability"],
    ]),
    sp(0.2), sub("PRINCIPLES OF DELEGATION"),
]
for p in [
    "<b>Principle of Parity</b> — Authority must equal responsibility; don't assign task without resources",
    "<b>Absolute Accountability</b> — Manager retains final accountability; it cannot be delegated",
    "<b>Scalar Principle</b> — Clear chain of authority from Director to Staff Nurse",
    "<b>Unity of Command</b> — Each nurse reports to only one supervisor",
    "<b>Principle of Exception</b> — Routine matters delegated; exceptional matters retained by manager",
]:
    story.append(blt(p))
story += [sp(0.2), sub("PROCESS OF DELEGATION"),
    tbl(["Step","Action"],[
        ["1. Identify","Assess which tasks can be safely and legally delegated"],
        ["2. Select","Choose the right person (right skill, knowledge, and willingness)"],
        ["3. Assign","Give clear instructions with expected outcomes and timeline"],
        ["4. Grant Authority","Provide the power and resources needed to complete the task"],
        ["5. Support","Remain available to answer questions and provide guidance"],
        ["6. Evaluate","Review outcomes, give feedback, and recognize good performance"],
    ], ratios=[0.12,0.88]),
    PageBreak(),
]

# ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
# Q5 — FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT
# ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
story.append(q_banner("Q5","Types and Principles of Financial Management in Nursing.","Unit X","5 Marks",DARK_GREEN))
story += [sp(0.2),
    def_box("<b>Definition:</b> Financial management in nursing is the systematic planning, organizing, "
            "directing, and controlling of financial resources of a nursing department to achieve "
            "organizational goals with maximum efficiency and minimum cost.",
            bg=LIGHT_GREEN, border=DARK_GREEN),
    sp(0.2), sub("TYPES OF FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT IN NURSING"),
    tbl(["Type","Description","Nursing Application"],[
        ["Budget Management","Planning, implementing, and monitoring the annual budget","Operating, capital, and personnel budgets"],
        ["Cost Management","Reducing unnecessary expenses without compromising care quality","Cost per patient day, cost containment strategies"],
        ["Revenue Management","Managing income from nursing services","Procedure charges, insurance claim management"],
        ["Payroll Management","Managing staff salaries, allowances, OT, PF/ESI","Compliance with labour laws and service conditions"],
        ["Inventory Management","Managing consumables, drugs, linen, equipment","Preventing wastage and pilferage of nursing supplies"],
        ["Capital Resource Management","Planning long-term equipment investment","Equipment procurement, depreciation accounting"],
    ], ratios=[0.22,0.40,0.38]),
    sp(0.2), sub("PRINCIPLES OF FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT"),
    tbl(["Principle","Meaning"],[
        ["Accountability","Nurse managers are accountable for their allocated budget"],
        ["Transparency","Financial information shared openly with all stakeholders"],
        ["Economy","Maximum output from minimum input; avoid all forms of waste"],
        ["Efficiency","Optimal use of all available financial resources"],
        ["Equity","Fair distribution of resources across all nursing units"],
        ["Sustainability","Financial decisions must be long-term viable"],
        ["Participation","All nursing levels involved in financial planning process"],
        ["Accuracy","Financial data must be precise and evidence-based"],
    ]),
    sp(0.2), sub("ROLE OF NURSE MANAGER IN FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT"),
]
for p in [
    "Prepares and monitors departmental budget; reports variances to administration",
    "Controls nursing supply inventory; reduces wastage of consumables",
    "Justifies staffing costs through workload data and patient acuity scores",
    "Participates in cost-benefit analysis of new programs and equipment",
    "Educates staff on cost-conscious practice (reducing unnecessary supply waste)",
]:
    story.append(blt(p))
story.append(PageBreak())

# ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
# Q6 — STAFFING PROCESS
# ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
story.append(q_banner("Q6","Explain the Staffing Process in a Nursing Department.","Unit V","5 Marks",DARK_GREEN))
story += [sp(0.2),
    def_box("<b>ANA:</b> \"Staffing is a managerial function that involves filling and keeping filled "
            "positions in the organization structure.\"<br/>"
            "It ensures the <b>right person</b> is in the <b>right job</b> at the <b>right time.</b>",
            bg=LIGHT_GREEN, border=DARK_GREEN),
    sp(0.2), sub("THE STAFFING PROCESS — 9 STEPS"),
    tbl(["Step","Component","Key Activities"],[
        ["1","Manpower Planning","Assess current workforce; forecast needs; identify vacancies; apply INC norms"],
        ["2","Recruitment","Internal (promotion, transfer) or external (ads, campus); prepare JD"],
        ["3","Selection","Written exam, skill assessment, interview, credential verification, medical fitness"],
        ["4","Placement & Appointment","Issue appointment letter; assign to appropriate unit; joining formalities"],
        ["5","Orientation/Induction","Hospital tour, policies overview, preceptorship with experienced nurse (1-4 weeks)"],
        ["6","Training & Development","In-service education, skill labs, BLS/ACLS, specialty workshops"],
        ["7","Performance Appraisal","Annual evaluation; KPI-based; 360-degree feedback; identify promotion readiness"],
        ["8","Promotion/Transfer","Merit-based career advancement; transfer for administrative or personal need"],
        ["9","Retention","Competitive salary, safe environment, recognition, flexible scheduling"],
    ], ratios=[0.07,0.20,0.73]),
    sp(0.2), sub("INDIAN NURSING STAFFING STANDARDS (INC / MOHFW)"),
    tbl(["Area","Day Shift","Night Shift"],[
        ["General Ward","1 nurse : 6 patients","1 nurse : 10 patients"],
        ["ICU / CCU","1 nurse : 2 patients","1 nurse : 2 patients"],
        ["Operation Theatre","1 nurse : 1 operating table","As per schedule"],
        ["OPD","1 nurse : 100 patients/day","—"],
        ["Maternity Ward","1 nurse : 3 patients","1 nurse : 5 patients"],
        ["NICU","1 nurse : 2 babies","1 nurse : 3 babies"],
    ], ratios=[0.40,0.30,0.30]),
    sp(0.2), sub("METHODS OF STAFFING"),
    tbl(["Method","Basis"],[
        ["Patient Classification System","Based on patient acuity/dependency level (critical, intermediate, self-care)"],
        ["Bed Ratio Method","Fixed ratio of nurses to beds regardless of patient acuity"],
        ["Workload Analysis","Based on actual nursing hours of care required per patient per day"],
        ["Activity Sampling","Time-motion studies of actual nursing activities performed"],
    ]),
    PageBreak(),
]

# ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
# Q7 — QUALITY ASSURANCE
# ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
story.append(q_banner("Q7","Quality Assurance in Nursing — Concept, PDCA, Types of Audit.","Unit VII","5 Marks",DARK_GREEN))
story += [sp(0.2),
    def_box("<b>WHO:</b> \"Quality assurance is a systematic process of checking to see whether a "
            "product or service being developed meets specified requirements.\"<br/>"
            "<b>QA</b> in nursing ensures patients receive safe, effective, patient-centered care "
            "that meets pre-established standards (Donabedian's Structure–Process–Outcome Model, 1966).",
            bg=LIGHT_GREEN, border=DARK_GREEN),
    sp(0.2), sub("DONABEDIAN'S THREE DIMENSIONS OF QUALITY"),
    tbl(["Dimension","Definition","Nursing Example"],[
        ["Structure (Inputs)","Resources, environment, staff qualifications","Nurse-to-patient ratio, ICU equipment"],
        ["Process (How care is given)","Nursing assessments, procedures, documentation","Following hand hygiene protocol"],
        ["Outcome (Results)","Patient recovery, satisfaction, safety indicators","Fall rate, infection rate, readmission rate"],
    ]),
    sp(0.2), sub("PDCA CYCLE (Deming's Quality Improvement Cycle)"),
    tbl(["Phase","Action","Nursing Example"],[
        ["P — PLAN","Identify problem; set improvement goals; plan intervention","High medication error rate identified; plan double-check protocol"],
        ["D — DO","Implement the planned intervention on a small/pilot scale","Implement protocol in one ward for one month"],
        ["C — CHECK","Measure and evaluate results against target goals","Compare medication error rates before and after"],
        ["A — ACT","Standardize successful changes hospital-wide; restart if unsuccessful","Roll out protocol to all wards; add to SOP manual"],
    ]),
    sp(0.1),
    info_box("<b>Key Point:</b> PDCA is a <b>continuous cycle</b> — after ACT, the cycle restarts "
             "with a new PLAN. This ensures ongoing quality improvement, not a one-time fix."),
    sp(0.2), sub("TYPES OF NURSING AUDIT"),
    tbl(["Type","Timing","Method","Purpose"],[
        ["Retrospective","After patient discharge","Review of closed medical records","Evaluate completed episodes of care"],
        ["Concurrent","During hospital stay","Direct observation + open record review","Monitor and correct ongoing care quality"],
        ["Prospective","Before care delivery","Pre-assessment, care plan review","Prevent problems before they occur"],
        ["Peer Audit","Any time","Review by professional colleagues","Collegial accountability and learning"],
        ["Process Audit","During care","Review of care delivery steps","Assess adherence to protocols/SOPs"],
        ["Outcome Audit","Post-care","Measurement of patient outcomes","Assess effectiveness of nursing care"],
    ], ratios=[0.20,0.17,0.30,0.33]),
    sp(0.2),
    info_box("<b>Phaneuf's Audit Tool — 7 Functions Evaluated:</b> (1) Application of physician's orders, "
             "(2) Observation of symptoms/reactions, (3) Supervision of patient, "
             "(4) Supervision of those participating in care, (5) Reporting and recording, "
             "(6) Application of nursing procedures, (7) Promotion of physical and emotional health"),
    PageBreak(),
]

# ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
# Q8 — MOTIVATION THEORIES
# ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
story.append(q_banner("Q8","Motivation Theories and Their Application in Nursing (Maslow/Herzberg).","Unit IX","5 Marks",DARK_GREEN))
story += [sp(0.2),
    def_box("<b>Motivation</b> is the internal or external drive that initiates, guides, and sustains "
            "goal-directed behavior. In nursing management, it stimulates staff to perform to their "
            "highest potential for quality patient care.",
            bg=LIGHT_GREEN, border=DARK_GREEN),
    sp(0.2), sub("1. MASLOW'S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS (Abraham Maslow, 1943)"),
    body("Maslow proposed that human needs are arranged in a <b>five-level hierarchy pyramid</b>. "
         "Lower-level needs must be satisfied before higher-level needs become motivating."),
    sp(0.1),
    tbl(["Level (High→Low)","Need Category","How Nurse Manager Meets It"],[
        ["5 (Highest)","Self-Actualization — reaching full potential","Research opportunities, leadership roles, advanced education"],
        ["4","Esteem — recognition, achievement, status","'Nurse of the Month', public appreciation, promotion"],
        ["3","Social/Love — belonging, friendship, teamwork","Team-building activities, open communication, supportive culture"],
        ["2","Safety — job security, safe workplace","Adequate PPE, safe nurse-to-patient ratios, job security"],
        ["1 (Lowest)","Physiological — salary, rest, food","Fair salary, proper rest breaks, adequate canteen facilities"],
    ], ratios=[0.13,0.30,0.57]),
    sp(0.2), sub("2. HERZBERG'S TWO-FACTOR THEORY (Frederick Herzberg, 1959)"),
    body("Also called <b>Motivation-Hygiene Theory</b>. Herzberg found that factors causing "
         "job satisfaction are different from those causing dissatisfaction."),
    sp(0.1),
    tbl(["HYGIENE FACTORS (Dissatisfiers)","MOTIVATORS (Satisfiers)"],[
        ["Their ABSENCE causes dissatisfaction","Their PRESENCE creates true motivation"],
        ["Work conditions and environment","Achievement and sense of accomplishment"],
        ["Salary and financial benefits","Recognition from supervisors and peers"],
        ["Job security and stability","Meaningful, interesting work itself"],
        ["Interpersonal relationships","Responsibility and autonomy"],
        ["Hospital policy and administration","Advancement and career promotion"],
        ["Quality of supervision","Personal and professional growth"],
    ]),
    sp(0.1),
    info_box("<b>Key Insight:</b> Improving hygiene factors PREVENTS dissatisfaction but does NOT "
             "motivate. To truly motivate nurses, the Nurse Manager must actively provide MOTIVATORS "
             "(recognition, challenging assignments, promotion opportunities)."),
    sp(0.2), sub("COMPARISON & OTHER THEORIES"),
    tbl(["Theory","Proponent","Key Concept","Nursing Application"],[
        ["Hierarchy of Needs","Maslow (1943)","5-level human needs pyramid","Provide salary, safety, then recognition"],
        ["Two-Factor Theory","Herzberg (1959)","Hygiene vs Motivator factors","Fix work environment + give recognition"],
        ["Theory X and Y","McGregor","X: staff dislike work; Y: self-motivated","Use Theory Y assumptions in nursing mgmt"],
        ["Expectancy Theory","Vroom","Motivation = Expectancy × Valence","Show nurses their efforts lead to rewards"],
        ["Achievement Theory","McClelland","Need for achievement, affiliation, power","Assign challenging goals to high achievers"],
    ], ratios=[0.22,0.18,0.30,0.30]),
    PageBreak(),
]

# ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
# Q9 — ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
# ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
story.append(q_banner("Q9","Types of Organizational Structure with Merits and Demerits.","Unit IV","5 Marks",DARK_GREEN))
story += [sp(0.2),
    def_box("<b>Organizational Structure</b> is the formal system of authority, accountability, "
            "communication, and task allocation that defines how activities are coordinated and "
            "controlled to achieve organizational goals.",
            bg=LIGHT_GREEN, border=DARK_GREEN),
    sp(0.2), sub("1. LINE ORGANIZATION (Military / Scalar)"),
    body("Simplest and oldest form. Direct chain of command from top to bottom. "
         "Authority flows vertically: <b>Director of Nursing → Supervisor → In-charge → Staff Nurse</b>."),
    tbl(["Merits","Demerits"],[
        ["Simple, clear authority and accountability","Overburdens top management"],
        ["Quick decisions without consultation","No specialization possible"],
        ["Easy to understand by all levels","Rigid; inflexible to change"],
        ["Clear disciplinary procedures","Not suitable for large complex organizations"],
    ]),
    sp(0.15), sub("2. LINE AND STAFF ORGANIZATION (Most common in hospitals)"),
    body("Line officers have authority; Staff officers provide expert advice/support. "
         "Example: <b>Nursing Director (line) + Quality Nurse / Nurse Educator (staff/advisory)</b>."),
    tbl(["Merits","Demerits"],[
        ["Expert specialist advice available","Conflict between line and staff officers"],
        ["Better, well-informed decisions","Slower decision-making process"],
        ["Specialization possible","Higher cost — more specialized personnel needed"],
        ["Flexibility in large organizations","Staff may undermine line authority"],
    ]),
    sp(0.15), sub("3. FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION (F.W. Taylor)"),
    body("Divided by specialty/function. Each department has a specialist in charge. "
         "Example: <b>Separate supervisors for Medicine, Surgery, OB, Paediatrics wards</b>."),
    tbl(["Merits","Demerits"],[
        ["High degree of specialization","Unity of command is violated"],
        ["Expert supervision in each area","Coordination difficulties between functions"],
        ["Efficient use of specialized expertise","Confusion over authority boundaries"],
    ]),
    sp(0.15), sub("4. COMMITTEE ORGANIZATION"),
    body("Group of people collectively responsible for decisions and recommendations. "
         "Example: <b>Nursing Audit Committee, Hospital Infection Control Committee, Ethics Committee</b>."),
    tbl(["Merits","Demerits"],[
        ["Group decisions = better quality outcomes","Time-consuming; slow decision-making"],
        ["Diverse perspectives considered","Diffusion of individual responsibility"],
        ["Promotes democratic participation","Risk of 'groupthink' — conformity over quality"],
    ]),
    sp(0.15), sub("5. MATRIX ORGANIZATION"),
    body("Combines functional and project structures. Nurses report to both functional supervisor "
         "AND project/programme leader simultaneously."),
    tbl(["Merits","Demerits"],[
        ["Flexible; adapts to project needs","Dual authority causes confusion and stress"],
        ["Efficient cross-functional resource use","Power struggles between managers"],
        ["Promotes interdisciplinary collaboration","Requires highly skilled, adaptable staff"],
    ]),
    PageBreak(),
]

# ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
# Q10 — COLLECTIVE BARGAINING / TNAI
# ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
story.append(q_banner("Q10","Collective Bargaining in Nursing — Process and Role of TNAI.","Unit IX","5 Marks",DARK_GREEN))
story += [sp(0.2),
    def_box("<b>ILO Definition:</b> \"Collective bargaining is a process of negotiation between "
            "employers and the organized workers' representatives to determine working conditions "
            "and terms of employment.\"",
            bg=LIGHT_GREEN, border=DARK_GREEN),
    sp(0.1),
    body("<b>Collective Bargaining</b> is the process of negotiation between nurses (through a union "
         "or professional body) and employer to reach mutually acceptable agreements on wages, "
         "working conditions, hours, benefits, and other employment terms."),
    sp(0.2), sub("PROCESS OF COLLECTIVE BARGAINING (7 STEPS)"),
    tbl(["Step","Activity","Description"],[
        ["1","Recognition of Bargaining Agent","Nurses form/join a union; employer recognizes TNAI/FTNAI as representative"],
        ["2","Preparation","Both parties gather data: salary surveys, workload stats, demands list"],
        ["3","Negotiation","Both parties meet at bargaining table; exchange proposals and counter-proposals"],
        ["4","Agreement or Impasse","If agreed: draft written contract. If impasse: mediation/arbitration by third party"],
        ["5","Ratification","Agreement voted on and ratified by union members"],
        ["6","Implementation","Agreement implemented; grievance procedures established for violations"],
        ["7","Renewal","Contract expires; process restarts (usually every 2-3 years)"],
    ], ratios=[0.07,0.25,0.68]),
    sp(0.2), sub("ISSUES COVERED BY COLLECTIVE BARGAINING IN NURSING"),
]
for p in [
    "Salaries, allowances, annual increments, and overtime pay",
    "Duty hours, shift patterns, minimum rest periods between shifts",
    "Safe nurse-to-patient staffing ratios in all clinical areas",
    "Safe workplace, PPE provision, and infection control standards",
    "Maternity/paternity leave, medical benefits, and insurance",
    "Job security, disciplinary procedures, and grievance mechanisms",
]:
    story.append(blt(p))
story += [sp(0.2), sub("ROLE OF TNAI (Trained Nurses Association of India)"),
    info_box("<b>TNAI:</b> Founded 1908 | HQ: New Delhi | Publication: Nursing Journal of India (since 1910) | "
             "Member of ICN (International Council of Nurses) | 2+ lakh members across India"),
    sp(0.1),
    tbl(["Role","Description"],[
        ["Advocacy","Represents nurses' interests at national policy-making level"],
        ["Collective Bargaining","Acts as negotiating agent for nurses in employer disputes"],
        ["Professional Standards","Sets ethical and professional standards for nursing practice"],
        ["Legislation","Advocates for favourable nursing legislation and policy reforms"],
        ["Education","Conducts workshops, seminars, and professional development programs"],
        ["Research","Promotes nursing research and evidence-based practice"],
        ["International Liaison","Represents India at ICN (International Council of Nurses)"],
        ["Grievance Redressal","Assists nurses in resolving workplace disputes and injustices"],
        ["Unity","Promotes solidarity and professional identity among nurses nationwide"],
    ]),
    PageBreak(),
]

# ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
# Q11 — SUPERVISION
# ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
story.append(q_banner("Q11","Supervision — Definition, Principles and Techniques.","Unit VI","5 Marks",DARK_GREEN))
story += [sp(0.2),
    def_box("<b>Definition:</b> Supervision is the process of overseeing, guiding, and evaluating the "
            "work of subordinates to ensure that tasks are performed according to established standards "
            "and procedures, while simultaneously developing the skills and competencies of staff.",
            bg=LIGHT_GREEN, border=DARK_GREEN),
    sp(0.2), sub("PURPOSES OF SUPERVISION"),
]
for p in [
    "Ensure quality, safety, and continuity of patient care",
    "Guide and develop clinical competence of nursing staff",
    "Monitor compliance with hospital policies, SOPs, and care standards",
    "Identify and correct deviations from standards promptly",
    "Motivate and support nursing staff toward professional growth",
    "Provide constructive feedback for performance improvement",
]:
    story.append(blt(p))
story += [sp(0.2), sub("PRINCIPLES OF SUPERVISION"),
    tbl(["Principle","Meaning"],[
        ["Democratic Principle","Supervision should be collaborative and respectful, not authoritarian"],
        ["Objective Principle","Must have clear, measurable goals based on patient care standards"],
        ["Cooperative Principle","Supervisor and nurse work together toward quality care"],
        ["Scientific Principle","Based on evidence, data, and objective observation"],
        ["Constructive Principle","Focuses on improvement and learning, NOT punishment"],
        ["Continuous Principle","Ongoing process, not a one-time or occasional activity"],
        ["Leadership Principle","Supervisor must lead by example in clinical practice"],
        ["Evaluation Principle","Regular assessment of staff performance against set standards"],
        ["Record-keeping Principle","All supervision activities must be documented"],
    ]),
    sp(0.2), sub("TECHNIQUES OF SUPERVISION"),
    tbl(["Technique","Description"],[
        ["Direct Observation","Watching nurses perform procedures, wound care, medication administration"],
        ["Ward Rounds","Regular inspection of ward cleanliness, patient comfort, safety, documentation"],
        ["Nursing Rounds","Visiting each patient to personally assess the quality of nursing care"],
        ["Case Conferences","Group discussion of complex or challenging patient care cases"],
        ["Bedside Teaching","Demonstrating correct clinical techniques at the patient's bedside"],
        ["Record Review","Checking nursing notes, care plans, medication records for accuracy"],
        ["Spot Checks","Unannounced visits to assess everyday routine nursing practices"],
        ["Shift Handover Attendance","Observing SBAR handover for completeness and clinical accuracy"],
        ["Patient Interview","Directly asking patients about their experience of nursing care"],
        ["Incident Report Review","Analyzing errors and near-misses for systemic learning and prevention"],
        ["Performance Appraisal","Formal periodic evaluation of staff against established KPIs"],
    ]),
    PageBreak(),
]

# ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
# Q12 — RECENT TRENDS AND ISSUES
# ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
story.append(q_banner("Q12","Recent Trends and Issues in Nursing Service and Management.","Unit I","5 Marks",DARK_GREEN))
story += [sp(0.2),
    def_box("Nursing service and management are evolving in response to technological advances, "
            "changing patient needs, healthcare reforms, and global health challenges. "
            "Understanding current trends and issues is essential for modern, effective nursing practice.",
            bg=LIGHT_GREEN, border=DARK_GREEN),
    sp(0.2), sub("RECENT TRENDS IN NURSING SERVICE"),
    tbl(["Trend","Description","Nursing Impact"],[
        ["Evidence-Based Practice (EBP)","Integration of best research evidence with clinical expertise","Cochrane reviews guide wound care, infection protocols"],
        ["Nursing Informatics & Digital Health","EHR, e-MAR, AI clinical decision support, telenursing","Reduces errors; improves documentation and communication"],
        ["Patient-Centered Care","Patients involved in care decisions; shared decision-making","Improved satisfaction, compliance, and outcomes"],
        ["Quality & Safety Culture","NABH accreditation; WHO Safe Surgery Checklist; zero-harm","Reduced adverse events; improved accountability"],
        ["Advanced Nursing Practice","NP/CNS roles; nurse-led clinics for diabetes, hypertension","Task-shifting; improved access to primary care"],
        ["Community & Primary Health Nursing","Home health nursing; school nursing; occupational nursing","Early detection; reduced hospital readmissions"],
        ["Interprofessional Collaboration","SBAR communication; MDT ward rounds; collaborative protocols","Better team coordination and patient safety"],
        ["Telehealth & Telenursing","Remote patient monitoring; video consultations","Rural access; chronic disease management at home"],
    ], ratios=[0.25,0.38,0.37]),
    sp(0.2), sub("CURRENT ISSUES IN NURSING MANAGEMENT"),
    tbl(["Issue","Description","Proposed Solutions"],[
        ["Nursing Shortage","Global deficit; high workloads; brain drain to abroad","Increase nursing seats; improve salaries; retain talent"],
        ["Nurse Burnout & Mental Health","Long shifts, emotional labor, post-COVID PTSD, compassion fatigue","Wellness programs; EAP; adequate staffing"],
        ["Workplace Violence","Physical/verbal abuse from patients and families; especially in ER","Zero-tolerance policy; legal protection; training"],
        ["Inadequate Compensation","Low salary vs high skill/responsibility; public vs private disparity","Revised pay scales; performance-linked incentives"],
        ["Competency Gaps","Technology advances outpacing education; theory-practice gap","Regular in-service training; simulation labs"],
        ["Ethical & Legal Issues","Data privacy (EHR security); informed consent; end-of-life dilemmas","Clear policies; ethics committees; legal literacy"],
        ["COVID-19 & Pandemic Preparedness","Exposed PPE gaps; staffing crisis; mental health impact","Pandemic preparedness plans; stockpile protocols"],
        ["Nursing Leadership Gap","Underrepresentation of nurses in governance and policy-making","Leadership development programs; nurse executives"],
    ], ratios=[0.22,0.40,0.38]),
    sp(0.2),
    info_box("<b>Key Conclusion:</b> Nursing service management must proactively embrace digital "
             "transformation, evidence-based practice, and quality cultures while simultaneously "
             "addressing fundamental workforce issues — adequate staffing, safe workplaces, fair "
             "compensation, and strong nursing leadership at all levels."),
    PageBreak(),
]

# ── EXAM TIPS FINAL PAGE ─────────────────────────────────────────────────
story.append(sec("EXAM WRITING STRATEGY — RGUHS 17 JULY 2026"))
story.append(sp(0.15))
story.append(tbl(["Time Management (3 Hours = 180 Minutes)","Time Allocation"],[
    ["Reading time","10 minutes"],
    ["2 Long Essays (Q1/Q2/Q3) × 25 min each","50 minutes"],
    ["7 Short Essays (Q4-Q12) × 10 min each","70 minutes"],
    ["10 Short Answers (Q13-Q22) × 3 min each","30 minutes"],
    ["Buffer/Review time","20 minutes"],
    ["TOTAL","180 minutes"],
], ratios=[0.70,0.30]))
story.append(sp(0.2))
story.append(sub("WRITING TIPS"))
tips = [
    ("<b>Definition FIRST in every answer</b>","Earns you 1 mark immediately even if you run short of time"),
    ("<b>Quote at least one author per answer</b>","Koontz, Phaneuf, Maslow, Herzberg, Drucker — shows depth"),
    ("<b>Draw diagrams wherever possible</b>","POSDC cycle, Maslow pyramid, PDCA wheel, delegation triangle"),
    ("<b>Use tables for comparisons</b>","Merits vs demerits, Vision vs Mission, Maslow vs Herzberg"),
    ("<b>Underline key terms and headings</b>","Makes answers easy to evaluate; demonstrates organization"),
    ("<b>Long Essays: 4-5 pages minimum</b>","Use subheadings, numbered points, practical nursing examples"),
    ("<b>Short Essays: 1.5-2 pages</b>","Definition + 5-6 key points + table + conclusion"),
    ("<b>Attempt ALL questions in each section</b>","Short Answers are ALL compulsory — never leave blank"),
    ("<b>Start with Long Essays</b>","Tackle heavy questions first when your mind is fresh"),
    ("<b>Use SMART, POSDC, PDCA acronyms</b>","Shows systematic knowledge and impresses evaluators"),
]
story.append(tbl(["Tip","Reason"],[list(t) for t in tips], ratios=[0.40,0.60]))
story += [sp(0.5), hr(GOLD,2.5), sp(0.3),
    Paragraph("All the best for your RGUHS B.Sc. Nursing 6th Semester Exam — 17 July 2026!",
        S("GL",fontSize=14,leading=18,textColor=DARK_RED,fontName="Helvetica-Bold",alignment=TA_CENTER)),
    sp(0.3),
    Paragraph("Study smart. Revise thoroughly. Write clearly.",
        S("M3",fontSize=11,leading=15,textColor=DARK_GREEN,fontName="Helvetica-Bold",alignment=TA_CENTER)),
    sp(0.2),
    Paragraph("Prepared by @nursing_payana  |  Q.P. Code 1792  |  Learn • Lead • Inspire",
        S("By",fontSize=9,leading=12,textColor=HexColor("#888888"),fontName="Helvetica",alignment=TA_CENTER)),
]

# ── BUILD ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
doc.build(story, onFirstPage=on_first, onLaterPages=on_page)
print(f"✓ PDF saved: {OUTPUT}")