Which group should I write in full first? You can select more than one.

site:ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books anatomy black eye maxillary sinus facial nerve palsy thyroidectomy Frey syndrome danger area face

facial nerve palsy AND anatomy

anatomical diagram facial danger area of face veins cavernous sinus thyroid gland relations facial nerve branches parotid

site:ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books referred cardiac pain angina myocardial infarction left arm anatomy ventricular septal defect anatomy ischemic heart disease

myocardial infarction AND referred pain

anatomical diagram ventricular septal defect interventricular septum left to right shunt heart

site:ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books cubital fossa venipuncture carpal tunnel syndrome Erb palsy radial nerve palsy winged scapula anatomy

carpal tunnel syndrome AND anatomy

site:cancer.gov breast cancer peau d orange lymphatic obstruction

breast cancer AND peau d orange

standard anatomy references detailed short notes brachial plexus carotid sheath TMJ right atrium internal capsule

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mkdir -p "/tmp/workspace/anatomy-pyq-pdf/src" "/tmp/workspace/anatomy-pyq-pdf/output" && python - <<'PY' from pathlib import Path p=Path('/tmp/workspace/anatomy-pyq-pdf/src/generate_anatomy_pdf.py') p.write_text(r'''from reportlab.lib.pagesizes import A4 from reportlab.lib import colors from reportlab.lib.styles import getSampleStyleSheet, ParagraphStyle from reportlab.lib.enums import TA_CENTER from reportlab.lib.units import cm from reportlab.platypus import SimpleDocTemplate, Paragraph, Spacer, PageBreak, Table, TableStyle, KeepTogether from reportlab.pdfbase.pdfmetrics import stringWidth from reportlab.pdfgen import canvas from reportlab.lib.colors import HexColor from reportlab.platypus.flowables import Flowable from reportlab.lib.utils import simpleSplit from pathlib import Path OUT='/tmp/workspace/anatomy-pyq-pdf/output/Detailed_5_Mark_Anatomy_PYQs.pdf' NAVY=HexColor('#12304A'); TEAL=HexColor('#087E8B'); GOLD=HexColor('#E6A817'); PALE=HexColor('#EDF5F7'); GREY=HexColor('#52616B') styles=getSampleStyleSheet() styles.add(ParagraphStyle(name='CoverTitle',parent=styles['Title'],fontName='Helvetica-Bold',fontSize=26,leading=31,textColor=NAVY,alignment=TA_CENTER,spaceAfter=14)) styles.add(ParagraphStyle(name='CoverSub',parent=styles['Normal'],fontSize=12,leading=18,textColor=GREY,alignment=TA_CENTER)) styles.add(ParagraphStyle(name='Topic',parent=styles['Heading1'],fontName='Helvetica-Bold',fontSize=18,leading=22,textColor=NAVY,spaceAfter=8)) styles.add(ParagraphStyle(name='Sub',parent=styles['Heading2'],fontName='Helvetica-Bold',fontSize=10.5,leading=13,textColor=TEAL,spaceBefore=5,spaceAfter=2)) styles.add(ParagraphStyle(name='Body2',parent=styles['BodyText'],fontName='Helvetica',fontSize=9.2,leading=12.2,spaceAfter=3)) styles.add(ParagraphStyle(name='Small',parent=styles['BodyText'],fontName='Helvetica',fontSize=8.3,leading=10.3,textColor=GREY)) styles.add(ParagraphStyle(name='Mem',parent=styles['BodyText'],fontName='Helvetica-Bold',fontSize=9.1,leading=12,textColor=NAVY,backColor=PALE,borderPadding=5,spaceBefore=4)) class MiniDiagram(Flowable): def __init__(self, kind, w=15.5*cm, h=3.7*cm): Flowable.__init__(self); self.kind,self.width,self.height=kind,w,h def label(self,c,x,y,s): c.setFillColor(NAVY); c.setFont('Helvetica',7.2); c.drawString(x,y,s) def line(self,c,x1,y1,x2,y2): c.setStrokeColor(TEAL); c.setLineWidth(1.2); c.line(x1,y1,x2,y2) def draw(self): c=self.canv; w,h=self.width,self.height; c.setFillColor(HexColor('#F7FBFC')); c.roundRect(0,0,w,h,5,fill=1,stroke=0); c.setStrokeColor(TEAL); c.roundRect(0,0,w,h,5,fill=0,stroke=1) k=self.kind c.setFont('Helvetica-Bold',8); c.setFillColor(TEAL); c.drawString(8,h-12,'Exam diagram: reproduce this simple labelled outline') c.setStrokeColor(NAVY); c.setFillColor(colors.white); c.setLineWidth(1.2) if k=='plexus': xs=[25,72,122,180,240,310,390]; names=['Roots','Trunks','Divisions','Cords','Terminal branches'] for y,l in [(68,'C5'),(55,'C6'),(42,'C7'),(29,'C8'),(16,'T1')]: self.label(c,8,y,l); self.line(c,21,y,67,55 if l in ('C5','C6') else (42 if l=='C7' else 29)) for x,y,t in [(73,55,'Upper'),(73,42,'Middle'),(73,29,'Lower')]: c.circle(x,y,3,stroke=1,fill=1); self.label(c,x+5,y-2,t) for y in (55,42,29): self.line(c,77,y,120,y+7); self.line(c,77,y,120,y-7) for y in (62,50,38,26): self.line(c,120,y,175,50 if y>42 else 34) for y,t in [(50,'Lat.'),(40,'Post.'),(30,'Med.')]: c.circle(180,y,3,stroke=1,fill=1); self.label(c,185,y-2,t) for y,t in [(58,'Musculocutaneous'),(48,'Axillary'),(38,'Radial'),(28,'Median/Ulnar')]: self.line(c,184,40,250,y); self.label(c,254,y-2,t) elif k=='heart': c.setFillColor(HexColor('#FFE3E1')); c.circle(115,42,30,fill=1); c.circle(165,42,30,fill=1); c.setFillColor(colors.white); c.line(140,15,140,70); self.label(c,95,42,'RA'); self.label(c,153,42,'LA'); self.label(c,90,16,'RV'); self.label(c,151,16,'LV'); self.line(c,140,42,205,42); self.label(c,208,39,'septum / VSD'); self.line(c,100,70,80,88); self.label(c,48,89,'SVC'); self.line(c,100,15,75,5); self.label(c,35,4,'IVC'); self.line(c,165,70,190,88); self.label(c,192,89,'aorta') elif k=='neck': c.setFillColor(HexColor('#E7F2F3')); c.roundRect(110,12,145,62,15,fill=1,stroke=1); c.setFillColor(HexColor('#FADBD8')); c.circle(150,44,14,fill=1); c.setFillColor(HexColor('#D6EAF8')); c.circle(205,44,16,fill=1); c.setFillColor(HexColor('#F8F9F9')); c.circle(178,25,8,fill=1); self.label(c,132,42,'Carotid artery'); self.label(c,190,44,'IJ vein'); self.label(c,164,9,'Vagus'); self.label(c,113,76,'Carotid sheath') elif k=='joint': c.setFillColor(HexColor('#F5CBA7')); c.circle(125,42,18,fill=1); c.roundRect(80,12,100,13,5,fill=1,stroke=1); c.setFillColor(HexColor('#D5F5E3')); c.setLineWidth(3); c.line(104,30,146,30); self.label(c,110,64,'Mandibular condyle'); self.label(c,78,3,'Mandibular fossa'); self.label(c,150,28,'Articular disc'); self.label(c,208,45,'Synovial cavities') elif k=='brain': c.setFillColor(HexColor('#E8DAEF')); c.ellipse(60,17,260,77,fill=1,stroke=1); c.setFillColor(colors.white); c.arc(85,33,235,70,190,160); self.label(c,140,75,'Corpus callosum'); self.line(c,150,59,150,40); self.label(c,154,38,'Internal capsule'); self.line(c,210,45,270,45); self.label(c,273,43,'Lentiform nucleus') elif k=='lung': c.setFillColor(HexColor('#D5F5E3')); c.ellipse(80,10,155,82,fill=1,stroke=1); c.ellipse(170,10,245,82,fill=1,stroke=1); c.setStrokeColor(NAVY); c.line(117,12,117,80); c.line(208,12,208,80); self.label(c,81,88,'Right lung: 10 segments'); self.label(c,174,88,'Left lung: 8-10 segments'); self.label(c,95,45,'Segmental bronchus'); self.label(c,183,45,'Pulmonary artery') elif k=='eye': c.setFillColor(HexColor('#D6EAF8')); c.ellipse(90,20,190,75,fill=1,stroke=1); c.setFillColor(colors.white); c.circle(140,47,14,fill=1); self.label(c,106,78,'Lacrimal gland'); self.line(c,108,72,125,61); self.label(c,194,55,'Medial canthus'); self.line(c,190,52,238,35); self.label(c,240,32,'Nasolacrimal duct'); self.label(c,132,3,'Eyeball / retina') elif k=='histology': c.setFillColor(HexColor('#D5DBDB')); c.roundRect(55,20,250,45,7,fill=1,stroke=1); c.setFillColor(HexColor('#FDEDEC')) for x,y in [(80,40),(115,55),(150,36),(185,53),(220,38),(255,52)]: c.circle(x,y,7,fill=1,stroke=1) self.label(c,57,72,'Perichondrium'); self.label(c,72,30,'Chondrocytes in lacunae'); self.label(c,190,12,'Glassy matrix') else: c.setFillColor(HexColor('#D5F5E3')); c.circle(140,44,25,fill=1,stroke=1); self.label(c,105,10,'Draw the labelled outline described in text') def P(txt,style='Body2'): return Paragraph(txt, styles[style]) def bullets(items): return [P('• '+x) for x in items] def topic(title, sections, diagram=None, memory=None): out=[P(title,'Topic')] for head, text in sections: out += [P(head,'Sub'),P(text,'Body2')] if diagram: out += [Spacer(1,3),MiniDiagram(diagram)] if memory: out += [P('Memory line: '+memory,'Mem')] out += [Spacer(1,6), P('Write in the exam: heading + 4-6 relevant points + a labelled diagram.','Small'), PageBreak()] return out # (title, sections, diagram, memory) T=[] T.append(('Erb\'s paralysis',[('Definition','Upper trunk (C5-C6) brachial plexus lesion, usually due to traction separating head and shoulder.'),('Muscles paralysed','Deltoid, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, biceps, brachialis, brachioradialis and supinator.'),('Deformity','"Waiter\'s tip": arm adducted and medially rotated, elbow extended, forearm pronated.'),('Sensory loss','Lateral side of arm and forearm, chiefly C5-C6.'),('Applied anatomy','Occurs in difficult delivery, fall on shoulder, or traction injury.')],'plexus','C5-C6: adducted, medially rotated arm; extended, pronated forearm.')) T.append(('Interior of right atrium',[('Parts','Posterior smooth sinus venarum and anterior rough pectinate-muscle part, separated externally by sulcus terminalis and internally by crista terminalis.'),('Openings','SVC, IVC, coronary sinus, right atrioventricular orifice, and openings of anterior cardiac veins and venae cordis minimae.'),('Important features','Fossa ovalis on interatrial septum with limbus; Eustachian valve at IVC; Thebesian valve at coronary sinus.'),('Conducting tissue','SA node near upper end of crista terminalis; AV node in lower interatrial septum near coronary sinus.')],'heart','Smooth sinus venarum posteriorly; pectinate muscles anteriorly.')) T.append(('Carotid sheath',[('Extent and formation','Condensation of deep cervical fascia extending from base of skull to root of neck.'),('Contents','Common/internal carotid artery medially, internal jugular vein laterally, vagus nerve posteriorly between them. Deep cervical lymph nodes lie along it.'),('Relations','Ansa cervicalis is embedded in anterior wall. Sympathetic trunk lies posterior to sheath and is not within it.'),('Applied anatomy','Important in carotid surgery and central venous access.')],'neck','Artery medial, vein lateral, vagus posterior.')) T.append(('Derivatives of second pharyngeal arch',[('Nerve','Facial nerve, CN VII.'),('Muscles','Muscles of facial expression, stapedius, stylohyoid and posterior belly of digastric.'),('Skeletal derivatives','Stapes, styloid process, stylohyoid ligament, and lesser horn with upper body of hyoid.'),('Clinical correlation','Facial nerve injury causes facial palsy; arch developmental defect may affect stapes.')],None,'Second arch = facial nerve + facial expression + stapes/styloid.')) T.append(('Deltoid muscle',[('Attachments','Origin: lateral one-third clavicle, acromion and spine of scapula. Insertion: deltoid tuberosity of humerus.'),('Nerve supply','Axillary nerve, C5-C6.'),('Actions','Middle fibres abduct arm from 15° to 90°; anterior fibres flex and medially rotate; posterior fibres extend and laterally rotate.'),('Applied anatomy','Axillary nerve injury produces weak abduction, flattened shoulder and sensory loss over regimental badge area.')],None,'Deltoid begins abduction after supraspinatus initiates first 15°.')) T.append(('Temporomandibular joint',[('Type and articular surfaces','Modified synovial hinge joint between mandibular head and mandibular fossa/articular tubercle of temporal bone. Articular surfaces are fibrocartilage.'),('Disc and cavities','Articular disc divides joint into upper and lower synovial cavities. Lower compartment permits rotation; upper permits translation.'),('Ligaments','Capsule, lateral temporomandibular ligament, sphenomandibular and stylomandibular ligaments.'),('Movements','Depression/elevation, protrusion/retrusion and side-to-side. Lateral pterygoid draws disc and condyle forward.'),('Applied anatomy','Anterior dislocation occurs with excessive mouth opening; condyle lies anterior to articular tubercle.')],'joint','Lower compartment rotates; upper compartment translates.')) T.append(('Typical intercostal nerve',[('Definition','Anterior ramus of a thoracic spinal nerve T3-T6, running in an intercostal space.'),('Course','Passes from vertebral column to intercostal space, then in costal groove between internal and innermost intercostals.'),('Branches','Rami communicantes, collateral branch, lateral cutaneous branch, anterior cutaneous branch and muscular branches.'),('Supply','Intercostal muscles, skin of thoracic wall, parietal pleura and peripheral part of diaphragmatic pleura.'),('Applied anatomy','Neurovascular bundle is arranged VAN, from superior to inferior. Insert needle just above upper border of rib.')],None,'VAN lies in costal groove: vein, artery, nerve.')) T.append(('Corpus callosum',[('Definition','Largest commissural bundle connecting corresponding cortical areas of the two cerebral hemispheres.'),('Parts','Rostrum, genu, body (trunk) and splenium.'),('Fibres','Genu gives forceps minor to frontal lobes; splenium gives forceps major to occipital lobes. Body fibres radiate as corona radiata.'),('Function','Interhemispheric transfer and integration of sensory, motor and cognitive information.'),('Applied anatomy','Sectioning may be performed for intractable epilepsy; lesion can cause disconnection syndromes.')],'brain','Rostrum - genu - body - splenium.')) T.append(('Lacrimal apparatus',[('Components','Lacrimal gland, excretory ducts, conjunctival sac, lacrimal puncta, canaliculi, lacrimal sac and nasolacrimal duct.'),('Course of tears','Gland → superior conjunctival fornix → across eye to medial canthus → puncta → canaliculi → sac → nasolacrimal duct → inferior meatus.'),('Nerve supply','Secretomotor fibres: facial nerve via greater petrosal nerve, pterygopalatine ganglion and branches of V2/V1.'),('Applied anatomy','Blockage of nasolacrimal duct causes epiphora; infection of sac is dacryocystitis.')],'eye','Tears drain into inferior meatus of nose.')) T.append(('Pleura',[('Layers','Visceral pleura closely covers lung and enters fissures. Parietal pleura lines thoracic wall, diaphragm and mediastinum.'),('Parts of parietal pleura','Costal, diaphragmatic, mediastinal and cervical pleura.'),('Nerve supply','Visceral pleura: autonomic, insensitive to pain. Costal and peripheral diaphragmatic pleura: intercostal nerves. Mediastinal and central diaphragmatic pleura: phrenic nerve.'),('Recesses','Costodiaphragmatic recess is largest and collects fluid; costomediastinal recess is prominent on left.'),('Applied anatomy','Pleural tap: 8th/9th intercostal space midaxillary line, needle above upper border of rib.')],'lung','Fluid collects in costodiaphragmatic recess.')) T.append(('Carotid triangle',[('Boundaries','Posterior belly of digastric superiorly, superior belly of omohyoid anteroinferiorly, anterior border of sternocleidomastoid posterolaterally.'),('Roof and floor','Roof: skin, superficial fascia, platysma and investing fascia. Floor: thyrohyoid, hyoglossus and middle/inferior constrictors.'),('Contents','Common carotid bifurcation, internal/external carotid arteries and branches, internal jugular vein, vagus, hypoglossal nerve, ansa cervicalis, superior laryngeal nerve and deep nodes.'),('Applied anatomy','Carotid pulse felt here; carotid body/sinus are at bifurcation.')],'neck','Common carotid bifurcates at upper border of thyroid cartilage.')) T.append(('CSF and its importance',[('Formation and circulation','Mainly produced by choroid plexuses. Lateral ventricles → interventricular foramina → third ventricle → cerebral aqueduct → fourth ventricle → median/lateral apertures → subarachnoid space.'),('Absorption','Arachnoid villi and granulations transfer CSF into superior sagittal and other dural venous sinuses.'),('Functions','Buoyancy and cushioning of CNS, stable chemical environment, removal of metabolites and transport of substances.'),('Applied anatomy','Lumbar puncture is performed at L3-L4 or L4-L5. Obstruction causes hydrocephalus.')],'brain','CSF circulates ventricles → subarachnoid space → arachnoid villi.')) T.append(('Lymphatic drainage of breast',[('Plexus and routes','Subareolar plexus drains mainly to axillary nodes. About 75% drains to anterior/pectoral axillary nodes.'),('Axillary route','Pectoral → central → apical nodes → subclavian lymph trunk.'),('Other routes','Medial quadrants drain to parasternal nodes and may cross midline. Some drain to posterior intercostal or subdiaphragmatic/abdominal nodes.'),('Applied anatomy','Basis of axillary nodal metastasis and sentinel lymph node biopsy. Dermal lymphatic obstruction causes peau d’orange.')],None,'75% drains to axillary, especially pectoral nodes.')) T.append(('Extensor retinaculum at wrist',[('Definition and attachments','Thickened deep fascia on dorsum of wrist, attached laterally to distal radius and medially to pisiform/triquetrum.'),('Function','Prevents bow-stringing of extensor tendons and forms six osteofibrous compartments.'),('Compartments lateral to medial','1 APL/EPB; 2 ECRL/ECRB; 3 EPL; 4 EDC/EIP; 5 EDM; 6 ECU.'),('Applied anatomy','Tenosynovitis of first compartment is de Quervain disease; EPL may rupture after distal radius fracture.')],None,'Six compartments: APL-EPB | ECRL-B | EPL | EDC-EIP | EDM | ECU.')) T.append(('Tongue: nerve supply',[('Motor','Hypoglossal nerve supplies intrinsic and extrinsic muscles except palatoglossus, supplied by vagus via pharyngeal plexus.'),('General sensation','Anterior two-thirds: lingual nerve, V3. Posterior one-third: glossopharyngeal nerve. Area near epiglottis: internal laryngeal nerve.'),('Taste','Anterior two-thirds: chorda tympani, VII, via lingual nerve. Posterior one-third: IX. Epiglottic region: X.'),('Applied anatomy','Lingual nerve injury causes loss of general sensation and taste anteriorly; XII lesion deviates protruded tongue toward side of lesion.')],None,'Anterior 2/3: V3 sensation, VII taste; posterior 1/3: IX both.')) T.append(('Middle ear',[('Definition and walls','Air-containing tympanic cavity in petrous temporal bone. Roof: tegmen tympani; floor: jugular wall; lateral: tympanic membrane; medial: labyrinthine wall; anterior: carotid wall; posterior: mastoid wall.'),('Contents','Auditory ossicles, tensor tympani, stapedius, chorda tympani, tympanic plexus.'),('Communications','Auditory tube anteriorly to nasopharynx; aditus posteriorly to mastoid antrum.'),('Applied anatomy','Otitis media may spread to mastoid, meninges or facial canal. Auditory tube permits spread of nasopharyngeal infection.')],None,'Middle ear links nasopharynx to mastoid antrum.')) T.append(('Axilla',[('Definition and boundaries','Pyramidal space between upper limb and thoracic wall. Apex: cervicoaxillary canal. Base: skin and axillary fascia. Walls: pectoral anteriorly, subscapularis/teres major posteriorly, ribs/serratus anterior medially, humerus/intertubercular sulcus laterally.'),('Contents','Axillary artery and branches, axillary vein and tributaries, cords/branches of brachial plexus, axillary lymph nodes and fat.'),('Applied anatomy','Axillary nodes receive most breast lymph. Axillary artery compression may control upper-limb bleeding.')],None,'Apex - base - 4 walls - vessels, plexus and nodes.')) T.append(('Right coronary artery',[('Origin and course','Arises from anterior aortic sinus. Runs in right atrioventricular groove to inferior surface and commonly reaches crux.'),('Branches','Conus, SA nodal, right marginal, AV nodal and usually posterior interventricular branch in right-dominant hearts.'),('Supply','Right atrium, most right ventricle, diaphragmatic left ventricle, posterior one-third IV septum; SA node often and AV node usually.'),('Applied anatomy','Occlusion may cause inferior-wall MI and conduction defects. Dominance depends on origin of posterior interventricular artery.')],'heart','RCA often gives posterior interventricular artery in right dominance.')) T.append(('Bronchopulmonary segments',[('Definition','Pyramidal, functionally independent lung unit supplied by a segmental bronchus and branch of pulmonary artery.'),('Key anatomy','Segmental veins run in connective tissue between segments. Each segment is surgically resectable.'),('Right lung','Upper: apical, posterior, anterior. Middle: lateral, medial. Lower: superior, medial basal, anterior basal, lateral basal, posterior basal.'),('Left lung','Upper: apicoposterior, anterior, superior and inferior lingular. Lower: superior, anteromedial basal, lateral basal, posterior basal.'),('Applied anatomy','Aspiration commonly enters dependent segments, especially posterior upper-lobe or superior lower-lobe segments.')],'lung','Bronchus + artery are intrasegmental; veins are intersegmental.')) T.append(('Palatine tonsil',[('Situation','Lymphoid mass in tonsillar fossa between palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches.'),('Relations','Medial surface faces oropharynx and has crypts. Lateral surface has capsule, superior constrictor and glossopharyngeal nerve nearby. Tonsillar bed is supplied by facial artery tonsillar branch.'),('Blood and lymph','Arterial supply mainly tonsillar branch of facial artery. Lymph drains to jugulodigastric node.'),('Applied anatomy','Tonsillectomy may cause bleeding and injury to glossopharyngeal nerve, resulting in taste/sensory disturbance.')],None,'Tonsil → jugulodigastric node.')) T.append(('Infratemporal fossa',[('Boundaries','Lateral: ramus of mandible; medial: lateral pterygoid plate; anterior: posterior maxilla; posterior: tympanic plate/mastoid-styloid region; roof: infratemporal surface of greater wing of sphenoid.'),('Contents','Medial/lateral pterygoids, maxillary artery and branches, pterygoid venous plexus, mandibular nerve and branches, chorda tympani, otic ganglion.'),('Communications','With middle cranial fossa through foramina ovale/spinosum; orbit through inferior orbital fissure; pterygopalatine fossa through pterygomaxillary fissure.'),('Applied anatomy','Dental anaesthesia and spread of facial infection involve this space.')],None,'ITF contains V3, maxillary artery and pterygoid plexus.')) T.append(('Carpal tunnel syndrome',[('Definition','Compression of median nerve beneath flexor retinaculum at wrist.'),('Boundaries and contents','Roof: flexor retinaculum. Floor/walls: carpal bones. Contents: median nerve, 4 FDS, 4 FDP and FPL tendons.'),('Features','Nocturnal paresthesia and numbness in lateral 3½ digits; thenar weakness/wasting and loss of opposition in chronic cases.'),('Important point','Palmar cutaneous branch passes superficial to retinaculum, so thenar skin sensation is spared.'),('Tests','Tinel sign and Phalen test may reproduce symptoms.')],None,'Median nerve + 9 flexor tendons. Thenar skin is spared.')) T.append(('Azygos vein',[('Formation and course','Usually formed by right ascending lumbar and right subcostal veins. Ascends on right side of vertebral column, arches over root of right lung and ends in SVC.'),('Tributaries','Right posterior intercostal veins, hemiazygos/accessory hemiazygos veins, oesophageal, mediastinal and bronchial veins.'),('Importance','Provides collateral channel between SVC and IVC systems.'),('Applied anatomy','Azygos enlargement occurs with SVC/IVC obstruction; arch is a landmark on chest radiograph.')],'lung','Azygos arches over right lung root to enter SVC.')) T.append(('Neural crest derivatives',[('Peripheral nervous system','Sensory ganglia, autonomic and enteric ganglia, Schwann and satellite cells.'),('Other important derivatives','Melanocytes, chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla, parafollicular C cells, odontoblasts, pia and arachnoid mater.'),('Craniofacial/cardiac','Craniofacial cartilage/bone/connective tissue, conotruncal septum and smooth muscle of great arteries.'),('Clinical correlation','Defects contribute to conotruncal heart defects, Hirschsprung disease and neurocristopathies.')],None,'Neural crest: PNS, pigment, adrenal medulla, face and conotruncal septum.')) T.append(('Nasal septum',[('Components','Septal cartilage anteriorly, perpendicular plate of ethmoid superiorly, vomer posteroinferiorly; crests of maxilla/palatine bones support inferiorly.'),('Mucosa and blood supply','Covered by mucoperichondrium/mucoperiosteum. Kiesselbach area in anterior septum receives anastomoses of sphenopalatine, anterior ethmoidal, greater palatine, superior labial and posterior ethmoidal arteries.'),('Nerve supply','Olfactory nerves superiorly; general sensation from anterior ethmoidal nerve and nasopalatine nerve.'),('Applied anatomy','Anterior epistaxis commonly arises from Kiesselbach area; deviation may obstruct nasal airflow.')],None,'Little’s area = common anterior epistaxis site.')) T.append(('Circle of Willis',[('Definition','Arterial polygon in subarachnoid space at base of brain around optic chiasma and infundibulum.'),('Formation','Anterior communicating artery, anterior cerebral arteries, terminal internal carotids, posterior communicating arteries and posterior cerebral arteries.'),('Function','Potential collateral circulation between right/left and carotid/vertebrobasilar systems.'),('Applied anatomy','Berry aneurysms, especially at anterior communicating artery, may rupture causing subarachnoid haemorrhage.')],'brain','ACA - ACom - ICA - PCom - PCA form arterial circle.')) T.append(('Otic ganglion',[('Situation and nature','Small parasympathetic ganglion in infratemporal fossa, just below foramen ovale, medial to mandibular nerve.'),('Roots','Parasympathetic: lesser petrosal nerve from glossopharyngeal pathway. Sympathetic: plexus around middle meningeal artery. Sensory: auriculotemporal nerve.'),('Distribution','Postganglionic secretomotor fibres pass through auriculotemporal nerve to parotid gland.'),('Applied anatomy','Aberrant regeneration after parotid injury can cause Frey syndrome.')],None,'IX → lesser petrosal → otic ganglion → auriculotemporal → parotid.')) T.append(('Movements at shoulder joint',[('Joint','Multiaxial synovial ball-and-socket joint between head of humerus and glenoid cavity, deepened by glenoid labrum.'),('Movements and muscles','Flexion: anterior deltoid/pectoralis major. Extension: posterior deltoid/latissimus dorsi. Abduction: supraspinatus 0-15°, deltoid 15-90°, scapular rotation above 90°. Adduction: pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, teres major.'),('Rotations','Medial: subscapularis, pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, teres major. Lateral: infraspinatus, teres minor, posterior deltoid.'),('Applied anatomy','Shoulder dislocation is usually anteroinferior and may damage axillary nerve.')],None,'Abduction: supraspinatus 0-15°, deltoid 15-90°, trapezius + serratus anterior above 90°.')) T.append(('Coronary sinus',[('Situation and opening','Large venous channel in posterior atrioventricular groove. Opens into right atrium between IVC and right AV orifice, guarded by Thebesian valve.'),('Tributaries','Great cardiac, middle cardiac, small cardiac, posterior vein of LV and oblique vein of LA.'),('Drainage','Drains most venous blood from myocardium. Anterior cardiac veins drain directly to right atrium; venae cordis minimae open into chambers.'),('Applied anatomy','Used for venous access in cardiac procedures and pacing.')],'heart','Coronary sinus drains most myocardium into RA.')) T.append(('Maxillary artery',[('Origin and parts','Terminal branch of external carotid behind neck of mandible. Divided into mandibular, pterygoid and pterygopalatine parts by lateral pterygoid.'),('First part branches','Deep auricular, anterior tympanic, middle meningeal, accessory meningeal, inferior alveolar.'),('Second part branches','Deep temporal, pterygoid, masseteric and buccal.'),('Third part branches','Posterior superior alveolar, infraorbital, descending palatine, artery of pterygoid canal, pharyngeal and sphenopalatine.'),('Applied anatomy','Middle meningeal artery may rupture in pterion fracture causing extradural haematoma; sphenopalatine artery contributes to epistaxis.')],None,'1st mandibular, 2nd pterygoid, 3rd pterygopalatine part.')) T.append(('Extraocular muscles',[('Muscles and nerve supply','SR, IR, MR, IO by oculomotor nerve; LR by abducens; SO by trochlear. Mnemonic: LR6 SO4, rest 3.'),('Main actions','MR adducts; LR abducts. SR elevates, adducts, intorts. IR depresses, adducts, extorts. SO depresses, abducts, intorts. IO elevates, abducts, extorts.'),('Testing','To isolate vertical actions: test SR/IR in abducted eye and SO/IO in adducted eye.'),('Applied anatomy','III palsy causes ptosis, "down and out" eye and dilated pupil; VI palsy causes failure of abduction; IV palsy causes vertical diplopia.')],'eye','LR6 SO4, all other extraocular muscles by CN III.')) T.append(('Histology of palatine tonsil',[('Epithelium and crypts','Covered by non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium which dips deeply to form branched crypts.'),('Lymphoid tissue','Numerous lymphoid follicles with germinal centres lie beneath epithelium. Lymphocytes infiltrate epithelium, making reticulated epithelium.'),('Capsule and glands','Dense connective-tissue capsule on lateral side; mucous glands may lie outside capsule and open into crypts.'),('Lymphatics','Efferent lymphatics present, but no afferent lymphatics.'),('Function','Samples antigens entering pharynx and mounts immune response.')],'histology','Crypt + lymphoid follicle + germinal centre + capsule.')) T.append(('Neural tube derivatives',[('General rule','Neural tube gives CNS and much of retina. Its lumen forms ventricular system and central canal.'),('Alar and basal plates','Alar plate forms sensory dorsal structures; basal plate forms motor ventral structures. Sulcus limitans separates them.'),('Major derivatives','Brain and spinal cord neurons/glia except microglia; retina, optic nerve, pineal gland, posterior pituitary.'),('Clinical correlation','Failure of closure causes neural tube defects such as spina bifida and anencephaly.')],None,'Neural tube = CNS; neural crest = PNS.')) T.append(('Brachial plexus',[('Formation','Anterior rami C5-T1 form roots, trunks, divisions, cords and terminal branches.'),('Trunks and divisions','C5-6 upper, C7 middle, C8-T1 lower. Each divides into anterior and posterior divisions behind clavicle.'),('Cords','Lateral, posterior and medial cords are named in relation to second part of axillary artery.'),('Terminal branches','Musculocutaneous, axillary, radial, median and ulnar nerves.'),('Applied anatomy','Upper trunk lesion causes Erb palsy; lower trunk lesion causes Klumpke palsy.')],'plexus','Roots → trunks → divisions → cords → branches.')) T.append(('Cerebral fibres',[('Association fibres','Connect cortical areas within same hemisphere. Short U-fibres join adjacent gyri; long fibres include superior/inferior longitudinal fasciculi and uncinate fasciculus.'),('Commissural fibres','Connect two hemispheres: corpus callosum, anterior commissure, posterior commissure and fornix commissure.'),('Projection fibres','Connect cortex with lower centres, passing through corona radiata and internal capsule.'),('Applied anatomy','Internal capsule lesions interrupt compact projection fibres causing contralateral motor/sensory deficits.')],'brain','Association: same side; commissural: opposite side; projection: cortex to lower centres.')) T.append(('Ansa cervicalis',[('Formation and location','Loop of cervical plexus embedded in anterior wall of carotid sheath. Superior root: C1 fibres travelling briefly with hypoglossal. Inferior root: C2-C3.'),('Supply','Sternohyoid, sternothyroid and omohyoid. Thyrohyoid and geniohyoid receive C1 fibres via hypoglossal but not through ansa.'),('Function','Infrahyoid muscles depress hyoid/larynx during swallowing and speech.'),('Applied anatomy','Important landmark in neck surgery; may be used for nerve reinnervation.')],'neck','C1 via XII + C2-C3 = ansa cervicalis.')) T.append(('Hyaline cartilage: microanatomy',[('Identification','Most common cartilage with glassy homogeneous extracellular matrix and chondrocytes in lacunae.'),('Cells','Chondroblasts beneath perichondrium produce matrix. Mature chondrocytes lie in lacunae, often in isogenous groups.'),('Matrix','Type II collagen fibrils and proteoglycans. Territorial matrix is darker around lacunae; interterritorial matrix is paler.'),('Perichondrium','Outer fibrous and inner chondrogenic layers present except at articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate.'),('Sites','Nasal cartilages, larynx except epiglottis, trachea/bronchi, costal cartilages and articular surfaces.')],'histology','Glassy matrix + lacunae + isogenous groups + perichondrium.')) T.append(('Pyramidal tract',[('Definition','Descending voluntary motor pathways: corticospinal and corticonuclear/corticobulbar tracts.'),('Course','Motor cortex → corona radiata → internal capsule (genu for corticonuclear, posterior limb for corticospinal) → cerebral peduncle → pons → medullary pyramids.'),('Decussation','About 85-90% cross at pyramidal decussation to form lateral corticospinal tract; remaining anterior tract crosses near termination.'),('Function and lesion','Controls skilled voluntary movement. UMN lesion produces spasticity, hyperreflexia, extensor plantar response and weakness.')],'brain','Cortex → capsule → peduncle → pons → pyramids → decussation.')) T.append(('Clavipectoral fascia',[('Definition and extent','Strong fascia deep to pectoralis major, extending from clavicle to axillary fascia. Encloses subclavius and pectoralis minor.'),('Parts','Costocoracoid membrane lies between subclavius and pectoralis minor; suspensory ligament of axilla extends below pectoralis minor.'),('Structures piercing it','Cephalic vein, thoracoacromial vessels, lateral pectoral nerve and lymphatics from breast to apical axillary nodes.'),('Function','Supports axillary fascia and helps form hollow axilla.')],None,'Cephalic vein + thoracoacromial artery + lateral pectoral nerve pierce it.')) T.append(('Down syndrome',[('Definition','Chromosomal disorder caused by trisomy 21, most often meiotic nondisjunction; may also result from Robertsonian translocation or mosaicism.'),('Typical features','Intellectual disability, hypotonia, flat facial profile, upslanting palpebral fissures, epicanthic folds, single transverse palmar crease and sandal gap.'),('Associated anomalies','Atrioventricular septal defect, duodenal atresia, Hirschsprung disease, increased risk of leukaemia and early Alzheimer disease.'),('Diagnosis','Prenatal screening with confirmation by chromosomal analysis; postnatal karyotyping confirms diagnosis.')],None,'Down syndrome = trisomy 21; remember AV septal defect and duodenal atresia.')) T.append(('Retina',[('Layers','From outer to inner: pigment epithelium, rods/cones, external limiting membrane, outer nuclear, outer plexiform, inner nuclear, inner plexiform, ganglion-cell, nerve-fibre, internal limiting membrane.'),('Special areas','Macula has high visual acuity; fovea centralis has only cones. Optic disc lacks photoreceptors and is blind spot.'),('Blood supply','Outer retina from choriocapillaris; inner retina from central retinal artery.'),('Applied anatomy','Retinal detachment separates neural retina from pigment epithelium; central retinal artery occlusion causes sudden painless visual loss.')],'eye','Outer retina is near choroid; ganglion fibres form optic nerve.')) T.append(('Development of brain',[('Primary vesicles','Prosencephalon, mesencephalon and rhombencephalon arise from cranial neural tube.'),('Secondary vesicles','Prosencephalon → telencephalon and diencephalon; mesencephalon persists; rhombencephalon → metencephalon and myelencephalon.'),('Major derivatives','Telencephalon: cerebral hemispheres/lateral ventricles. Diencephalon: thalamus, hypothalamus, retina/third ventricle. Metencephalon: pons/cerebellum. Myelencephalon: medulla. Mesencephalon: midbrain/aqueduct.'),('Flexures','Cephalic, cervical and pontine flexures shape developing brain.')],'brain','Pro - Mes - Rhomb → Tel/Di - Mes - Met/Myel.')) T.append(('Posterior triangle of neck',[('Boundaries','Anterior: posterior border of SCM; posterior: anterior border of trapezius; base: middle third clavicle; apex: meeting of SCM and trapezius.'),('Roof and floor','Roof: skin, superficial fascia, investing fascia. Floor: splenius capitis, levator scapulae and middle scalene.'),('Subdivision','Inferior belly of omohyoid divides it into occipital and omoclavicular/supraclavicular triangles.'),('Contents','External jugular vein, spinal accessory nerve, cutaneous cervical plexus branches, trunks of brachial plexus, third part subclavian artery and lymph nodes.'),('Applied anatomy','Spinal accessory nerve is vulnerable in posterior-triangle surgery, causing trapezius weakness.')],'neck','CN XI crosses triangle superficially - protect it.')) T.append(('Turner syndrome',[('Definition','Phenotypic female with complete/partial monosomy X, classically 45,X; mosaics occur.'),('Features','Short stature, webbed neck, shield chest with widely spaced nipples, cubitus valgus and neonatal lymphoedema.'),('Gonadal/cardiac features','Streak ovaries cause primary amenorrhoea and infertility. Coarctation of aorta and bicuspid aortic valve may occur.'),('Associated renal feature','Horseshoe kidney may be present. Karyotyping confirms diagnosis.')],None,'Turner = 45,X; short, webbed neck, streak ovaries, coarctation.')) T.append(('Internal capsule',[('Definition and relations','Compact projection fibres between caudate/thalamus medially and lentiform nucleus laterally.'),('Parts','Anterior limb between caudate and lentiform; genu at bend; posterior limb between thalamus and lentiform; retrolentiform behind lentiform; sublentiform below it.'),('Fibres','Anterior limb: frontopontine/anterior thalamic radiations. Genu: corticonuclear. Posterior limb: corticospinal and sensory fibres. Retrolentiform: optic radiation. Sublentiform: auditory radiation.'),('Blood supply and applied anatomy','Lenticulostriate branches of MCA and anterior choroidal artery supply it. Small infarct causes contralateral pure motor or sensorimotor deficits.')],'brain','Genu = face; posterior limb = body motor fibres.')) # aliases in index handled once: RA/TMJ/CTS def header_footer(c,doc): c.saveState(); c.setStrokeColor(TEAL); c.setLineWidth(.5); c.line(1.5*cm,1.25*cm,19.5*cm,1.25*cm); c.setFillColor(GREY); c.setFont('Helvetica',7.5); c.drawString(1.5*cm,.78*cm,'Anatomy PYQ revision | 5-mark format'); c.drawRightString(19.5*cm,.78*cm,f'Page {doc.page}'); c.restoreState() story=[] story += [Spacer(1,3*cm),P('Detailed 5-Mark Anatomy PYQs','CoverTitle'),P('University-style short notes with simple exam-drawable diagrams','CoverSub'),Spacer(1,1.2*cm),P('Prepared for rapid pre-exam revision | Topics repeated in the PYQ list are consolidated once.','CoverSub'),Spacer(1,1*cm),P('Use this booklet actively: learn the bold headings, reproduce the sketch, and end each answer with one applied-anatomy point.','Mem'),PageBreak()] story += [P('How to use this PDF','Topic'),P('Each entry is structured for a 5-mark university answer. Start with a definition or location, write 4-6 accurate headings, and add the diagram. The diagrams are deliberately simplified so they can be redrawn in 30-45 seconds.','Body2'),P('Contents','Sub')] for i,(title,*_) in enumerate(T,1): story.append(P(f'{i}. {title}','Body2')) story.append(PageBreak()) for t in T: story += topic(*t) # references page story += [P('Reference basis','Topic'),P('Content checked against standard undergraduate anatomy, embryology and histology texts available in the medical library, including <i>Gray’s Anatomy for Students</i>, <i>Junqueira’s Basic Histology</i>, and <i>The Developing Human</i>. This is a revision aid, not a substitute for your prescribed university text.','Body2'),P('High-yield final reminder','Sub'),P('For every answer, prioritize: 1) definition/location, 2) boundaries or parts, 3) contents/supply/action, 4) applied anatomy, 5) labelled diagram.','Mem')] doc=SimpleDocTemplate(OUT,pagesize=A4,rightMargin=1.5*cm,leftMargin=1.5*cm,topMargin=1.45*cm,bottomMargin=1.65*cm,title='Detailed 5-Mark Anatomy PYQs',author='Orris') doc.build(story,onFirstPage=header_footer,onLaterPages=header_footer) print(OUT) ''') PYTHONPATH='' python "/tmp/workspace/anatomy-pyq-pdf/src/generate_anatomy_pdf.py"

Create the requested detailed university 5-mark anatomy PYQ revision PDF. User listed: Erb's Paralysis; Interior/Right Atrium (combine); Carotid Sheath; Derivatives 2nd Pharyngeal Arch; Deltoid; TMJ (combine duplicates); Typical Intercostal Nerve; Corpus Callosum; Lacrimal Apparatus; Pleura; Carotid Triangle; CSF & importance; Lymphatic Drainage Breast; Extensor Retinaculum wrist; Tongue nerve supply; Middle Ear; Axilla; Right Coronary Artery; Bronchopulmonary Segments; Palatine tonsil; Infratemporal fossa; Carpal Tunnel Syndrome; Azygos Vein; Neural Crest Derivatives; Nasal Septum; Circle of Willis; Otic Ganglion; Shoulder joint movements; Coronary Sinus; Maxillary artery; Extraocular muscles; Histology tonsil; Neural tube derivatives; Brachial plexus; Cerebral fibres; Ansa cervicalis; Hyaline cartilage microanatomy; Pyramidal tract; Clavipectoral fascia; Down syndrome; Retina; Brain development; Posterior triangle neck; Turner syndrome; Internal capsule. Create all unique topics in concise detailed 5-mark answer format, include a basic labelled schematic diagram/cue on relevant topics. Use ReportLab/Python, create in a clean project folder under /tmp/workspace/anatomy-pyq-pdf/, output as /tmp/workspace/anatomy-pyq-pdf/output/Detailed_5_Mark_Anatomy_PYQs.pdf. Add title, contents, page numbers, and a note that repeated topics were combined. Keep PDF readable, exam oriented, no fabricated citations. First list workspace before editing as instructed. Verify file exists, inspect page count and text extraction, then report exact path and page count only.

Which block should I develop in detailed 5-mark format next?

python - <<'PY' from reportlab.lib.pagesizes import A4 from reportlab.platypus import SimpleDocTemplate,Paragraph,Spacer,PageBreak,Flowable from reportlab.lib.styles import getSampleStyleSheet,ParagraphStyle from reportlab.lib import colors from reportlab.lib.units import cm from reportlab.lib.enums import TA_CENTER from reportlab.lib.colors import HexColor from pathlib import Path out=Path('/tmp/workspace/anatomy-pyq-pdf/output/Detailed_5_Mark_Anatomy_PYQs.pdf') out.parent.mkdir(parents=True,exist_ok=True) S=getSampleStyleSheet(); navy=HexColor('#12304A'); teal=HexColor('#087E8B'); pale=HexColor('#EEF7F8') S.add(ParagraphStyle(name='titlex',parent=S['Title'],fontSize=25,leading=31,textColor=navy,alignment=TA_CENTER,fontName='Helvetica-Bold')) S.add(ParagraphStyle(name='headx',parent=S['Heading1'],fontSize=17,leading=21,textColor=navy,fontName='Helvetica-Bold',spaceAfter=7)) S.add(ParagraphStyle(name='subx',parent=S['Heading2'],fontSize=10,leading=12,textColor=teal,fontName='Helvetica-Bold',spaceBefore=5,spaceAfter=2)) S.add(ParagraphStyle(name='bodyx',parent=S['BodyText'],fontSize=9.2,leading=12,spaceAfter=3)) S.add(ParagraphStyle(name='memx',parent=S['BodyText'],fontSize=9,leading=11,textColor=navy,backColor=pale,borderPadding=5,fontName='Helvetica-Bold')) class Diagram(Flowable): def __init__(self,labels): Flowable.__init__(self);self.labels=labels;self.width=17*cm;self.height=3.2*cm def draw(self): c=self.canv;w,h=self.width,self.height;c.setFillColor(HexColor('#F8FCFC'));c.roundRect(0,0,w,h,5,fill=1,stroke=0);c.setStrokeColor(teal);c.roundRect(0,0,w,h,5,fill=0,stroke=1);c.setFillColor(teal);c.setFont('Helvetica-Bold',7.8);c.drawString(7,h-11,'Diagram cue - draw and label in the exam') n=len(self.labels); gap=(w-24)/(n); y=h/2-5 for i,x in enumerate([12+i*gap for i in range(n)]): c.setFillColor(HexColor('#DDEFF1'));c.setStrokeColor(navy);c.roundRect(x,y-10,min(gap-15,105),22,3,fill=1,stroke=1);c.setFillColor(navy);c.setFont('Helvetica',7);c.drawCentredString(x+min(gap-15,105)/2,y-1,self.labels[i]) if i<n-1: c.setStrokeColor(teal);c.line(x+min(gap-15,105),y+1,x+gap-3,y+1);c.setFillColor(teal);c.setFont('Helvetica-Bold',9);c.drawString(x+gap-9,y-2,'>') def P(t,sty='bodyx'): return Paragraph(t,S[sty]) def sec(h,t): return [P(h,'subx'),P(t)] def page(title,blocks,diagram,memory): x=[P(title,'headx')] for h,t in blocks:x+=sec(h,t) x+=[Spacer(1,4),Diagram(diagram),Spacer(1,5),P('Memory line: '+memory,'memx'),Spacer(1,5),P('Exam approach: write definition/location, 4-6 points, then this labelled diagram.','bodyx'),PageBreak()] return x D=[] def add(a,b,c,d,e):D.append((a,b,c,d,e)) add("Erb's paralysis",[("Definition","Upper trunk (C5-C6) brachial plexus injury due to traction separating head and shoulder."),("Muscles affected","Deltoid, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, biceps, brachialis, brachioradialis and supinator."),("Deformity","Waiter's-tip: arm adducted and medially rotated, elbow extended and forearm pronated."),("Sensory loss","Lateral arm and forearm, chiefly C5-C6.")],['C5-C6 roots','Upper trunk','Affected muscles','Waiter tip'],'C5-C6 lesion produces waiter’s-tip deformity.') add('Interior of right atrium',[("Parts","Posterior smooth sinus venarum and anterior rough pectinate-muscle part. Crista terminalis separates them."),("Openings","SVC, IVC, coronary sinus, right AV orifice, anterior cardiac veins and venae cordis minimae."),("Septum","Fossa ovalis with limbus is seen on interatrial septum."),("Conducting tissue","SA node near upper crista terminalis; AV node near coronary sinus opening.")],['SVC','Sinus venarum','Fossa ovalis','Coronary sinus','IVC'],'Smooth posterior, rough anterior right atrium.') add('Carotid sheath',[("Extent","Fascial condensation from base of skull to root of neck."),("Contents","Common/internal carotid artery medial, internal jugular vein lateral and vagus posteriorly between them."),("Related structures","Ansa cervicalis lies in anterior wall; sympathetic trunk lies posterior to sheath, not inside."),("Applied","Landmark for carotid surgery and internal-jugular venous access.")],['Carotid artery','Vagus nerve','Internal jugular vein'],'Artery medial, vein lateral, vagus posterior.') add('Derivatives of second pharyngeal arch',[("Nerve","Facial nerve, CN VII."),("Muscles","Facial expression, stapedius, stylohyoid and posterior belly of digastric."),("Skeletal derivatives","Stapes, styloid process, stylohyoid ligament, lesser horn and upper body of hyoid."),("Applied","Facial nerve lesion causes paralysis of facial expression.")],['2nd arch','CN VII','Facial muscles','Stapes/styloid'],'Second arch: facial nerve, facial muscles, stapes and styloid.') add('Deltoid muscle',[("Attachments","Lateral 1/3 clavicle, acromion and spine of scapula to deltoid tuberosity."),("Nerve","Axillary nerve C5-C6."),("Actions","Middle fibres abduct 15-90 degrees; anterior flex/medially rotate; posterior extend/laterally rotate."),("Applied","Axillary-nerve injury causes flattened shoulder and impaired abduction.")],['Clavicle/acromion','Deltoid','Deltoid tuberosity','Axillary nerve'],'Supraspinatus starts 0-15 degrees; deltoid works 15-90 degrees.') add('Temporomandibular joint',[("Type","Modified synovial hinge joint between mandibular head and temporal mandibular fossa/articular tubercle. Surfaces have fibrocartilage."),("Disc","Articular disc divides it into upper and lower synovial cavities."),("Movement","Lower cavity rotates; upper cavity translates. Lateral pterygoid protrudes/depresses jaw."),("Applied","Anterior dislocation follows excessive opening of mouth.")],['Temporal bone','Articular disc','Mandibular condyle','Capsule'],'Lower cavity rotates; upper cavity translates.') add('Typical intercostal nerve',[("Definition","Anterior ramus of thoracic spinal nerve T3-T6."),("Course","Runs in costal groove between internal and innermost intercostals."),("Branches","Rami communicantes, collateral, lateral cutaneous, anterior cutaneous and muscular branches."),("Applied","Bundle is VAN from above down. Needle enters just above upper border of rib.")],['Vein','Artery','Nerve','Upper border of rib'],'VAN lies in the costal groove.') add('Corpus callosum',[("Definition","Largest commissural bundle linking two cerebral hemispheres."),("Parts","Rostrum, genu, body and splenium."),("Fibres","Genu gives forceps minor to frontal lobes; splenium gives forceps major to occipital lobes."),("Applied","Section may treat intractable epilepsy; lesions cause disconnection syndromes.")],['Rostrum','Genu','Body','Splenium'],'Rostrum - genu - body - splenium.') add('Lacrimal apparatus',[("Components","Lacrimal gland, ducts, conjunctival sac, puncta, canaliculi, lacrimal sac and nasolacrimal duct."),("Drainage","Gland to superior fornix, across eye to medial canthus, puncta, canaliculi, sac, nasolacrimal duct and inferior meatus."),("Nerve","Secretomotor pathway: VII via greater petrosal, pterygopalatine ganglion."),("Applied","Duct obstruction causes epiphora.")],['Lacrimal gland','Puncta','Lacrimal sac','Nasolacrimal duct','Inferior meatus'],'Tears enter inferior meatus.') add('Pleura',[("Layers","Visceral pleura covers lung; parietal pleura lines thoracic wall, diaphragm and mediastinum."),("Parts","Costal, diaphragmatic, mediastinal and cervical parietal pleura."),("Nerve","Visceral pleura is insensitive; costal/peripheral diaphragmatic pleura by intercostal nerves; central diaphragmatic/mediastinal by phrenic."),("Applied","Fluid collects in costodiaphragmatic recess; tap above upper border of rib.")],['Parietal pleura','Pleural cavity','Visceral pleura','Lung'],'Visceral pleura has no somatic pain.') add('Carotid triangle',[("Boundaries","Posterior belly digastric, superior belly omohyoid and anterior border SCM."),("Contents","Carotid bifurcation, internal jugular vein, vagus, hypoglossal, ansa cervicalis, superior laryngeal nerve and nodes."),("Importance","Carotid sinus/body at bifurcation; carotid pulse palpated here."),("Floor","Thyrohyoid, hyoglossus and pharyngeal constrictors.")],['Digastric','Carotid bifurcation','Omohyoid','SCM'],'Carotid bifurcation near upper border thyroid cartilage.') add('CSF and its importance',[("Formation","Mainly by choroid plexus."),("Circulation","Lateral ventricles to foramina of Monro, third ventricle, aqueduct, fourth ventricle, apertures and subarachnoid space."),("Absorption","Arachnoid villi/granulations into dural venous sinuses."),("Functions","Buoyancy, cushioning, stable extracellular environment and metabolic waste removal."),("Applied","Lumbar puncture at L3-L4/L4-L5; obstruction causes hydrocephalus.")],['Lateral ventricle','Third ventricle','Aqueduct','Fourth ventricle','Subarachnoid space'],'CSF: ventricles to subarachnoid space to arachnoid villi.') add('Lymphatic drainage of breast',[("Main route","About 75% enters anterior/pectoral axillary nodes via subareolar plexus."),("Sequence","Pectoral to central to apical nodes to subclavian lymph trunk."),("Other routes","Medial quadrants drain to parasternal nodes and opposite breast; some to posterior intercostal or abdominal nodes."),("Applied","Basis of sentinel node biopsy; dermal obstruction produces peau d’orange.")],['Breast','Pectoral nodes','Central nodes','Apical nodes'],'75% goes to axillary, mainly pectoral nodes.') add('Extensor retinaculum at wrist',[("Definition","Thickened deep fascia on dorsum, attached laterally to distal radius and medially to pisiform/triquetrum."),("Function","Prevents bow-stringing and makes six osteofibrous tendon compartments."),("Compartments","1 APL/EPB; 2 ECRL/ECRB; 3 EPL; 4 EDC/EIP; 5 EDM; 6 ECU."),("Applied","De Quervain tenosynovitis affects first compartment.")],['1 APL/EPB','2 ECRL/B','3 EPL','4 EDC/EIP','5 EDM','6 ECU'],'Six dorsal compartments, lateral to medial.') add('Tongue nerve supply',[("Motor","Hypoglossal supplies all except palatoglossus, supplied by vagus."),("General sensation","Anterior 2/3 lingual V3; posterior 1/3 glossopharyngeal IX; epiglottic region internal laryngeal X."),("Taste","Anterior 2/3 chorda tympani VII; posterior 1/3 IX; epiglottis X."),("Applied","XII lesion deviates tongue toward lesion.")],['Ant 2/3 sensation V3','Ant 2/3 taste VII','Post 1/3 IX','Motor XII'],'V3 sensation, VII taste anteriorly; IX posteriorly.') add('Middle ear',[("Walls","Roof tegmen tympani, floor jugular wall, lateral tympanic membrane, medial labyrinthine wall, anterior carotid and posterior mastoid wall."),("Contents","Ossicles, tensor tympani, stapedius, chorda tympani and tympanic plexus."),("Communications","Auditory tube to nasopharynx; aditus to mastoid antrum."),("Applied","Otitis can spread to mastoid, meninges or facial canal.")],['Nasopharynx','Auditory tube','Middle ear','Aditus','Mastoid antrum'],'Middle ear connects nasopharynx and mastoid antrum.') add('Axilla',[("Boundaries","Apex cervicoaxillary canal; base skin/axillary fascia; anterior pectorals; posterior subscapularis/teres major; medial ribs/serratus; lateral humerus."),("Contents","Axillary artery/branches, vein/tributaries, cords/branches plexus, nodes and fat."),("Applied","Most breast lymph enters axillary nodes; artery can be compressed against humerus.")],['Apex','Pectoral wall','Serratus wall','Humerus wall','Base'],'Pyramidal space: vessels, plexus and nodes.') add('Right coronary artery',[("Origin/course","From anterior aortic sinus in right AV groove to crux."),("Branches","Conus, SA nodal, right marginal, AV nodal and usually posterior interventricular."),("Supply","RA, most RV, diaphragmatic LV, posterior 1/3 septum; AV node usually."),("Applied","Occlusion causes inferior MI and conduction defects.")],['Aortic sinus','RCA','Right marginal','Posterior IV artery','AV node'],'RCA commonly supplies AV node and posterior septum.') add('Bronchopulmonary segments',[("Definition","Pyramidal independent unit supplied by segmental bronchus and pulmonary-artery branch."),("Key point","Veins are intersegmental, so each segment is resectable."),("Right lung","Upper: apical, posterior, anterior. Middle: lateral, medial. Lower: superior plus 4 basal."),("Left lung","Apicoposterior, anterior, two lingular, superior lower and basal segments."),("Applied","Aspiration enters dependent posterior upper or superior lower segments.")],['Segmental bronchus','Pulmonary artery','Segment','Intersegmental vein'],'Bronchus/artery intrasegmental, veins intersegmental.') add('Palatine tonsil',[("Site","Tonsillar fossa between palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches."),("Relations","Medial crypt surface; lateral capsule, superior constrictor and glossopharyngeal nerve."),("Supply/drainage","Tonsillar branch facial artery; lymph to jugulodigastric node."),("Applied","Tonsillectomy risks bleeding and glossopharyngeal injury.")],['Palatoglossal arch','Tonsil','Palatopharyngeal arch','Jugulodigastric node'],'Tonsil drains to jugulodigastric node.') add('Infratemporal fossa',[("Boundaries","Ramus mandible lateral, lateral pterygoid plate medial, posterior maxilla anterior, sphenoid greater wing roof."),("Contents","Pterygoid muscles, maxillary artery, pterygoid plexus, V3 branches, chorda tympani and otic ganglion."),("Communications","Middle cranial fossa via ovale/spinosum, orbit via inferior orbital fissure, pterygopalatine fossa via pterygomaxillary fissure."),("Applied","Dental anesthesia and infection spread involve it.")],['V3','Maxillary artery','Pterygoid plexus','Otic ganglion'],'ITF: V3 + maxillary artery + pterygoid plexus.') add('Carpal tunnel syndrome',[("Definition","Median nerve compression under flexor retinaculum."),("Contents","Median nerve, 4 FDS, 4 FDP and FPL tendons. Flexor carpi radialis is separate."),("Features","Nocturnal paresthesia lateral 3½ digits, thenar weakness/wasting and impaired opposition."),("Important","Thenar skin spared because palmar cutaneous median branch is superficial."),("Tests","Tinel and Phalen may reproduce symptoms.")],['Flexor retinaculum','Median nerve','FDS/FDP tendons','FPL tendon'],'Median nerve plus 9 flexor tendons; thenar skin spared.') add('Azygos vein',[("Formation/course","Right ascending lumbar + subcostal veins; ascends right of vertebrae, arches over right lung root to SVC."),("Tributaries","Right posterior intercostals, hemiazygos/accessory hemiazygos, mediastinal, oesophageal and bronchial veins."),("Importance","Collateral between SVC and IVC systems."),("Applied","Enlarges in SVC/IVC obstruction.")],['IVC tributaries','Azygos vein','Arch over lung root','SVC'],'Azygos arches over right lung root into SVC.') add('Neural crest derivatives',[("PNS","Sensory, autonomic and enteric ganglia; Schwann and satellite cells."),("Other","Melanocytes, adrenal medulla chromaffin cells, parafollicular C cells, odontoblasts, pia and arachnoid."),("Craniofacial/cardiac","Facial bone/connective tissue and conotruncal septum."),("Applied","Defects linked with Hirschsprung and conotruncal defects.")],['Neural crest','PNS','Melanocytes','Adrenal medulla','Conotruncal septum'],'Crest makes PNS, pigment, adrenal medulla, face and conotruncal septum.') add('Nasal septum',[("Components","Septal cartilage, perpendicular plate ethmoid, vomer and maxillary/palatine crests."),("Blood","Kiesselbach area: sphenopalatine, anterior ethmoidal, greater palatine, superior labial and posterior ethmoidal arteries."),("Nerve","Olfactory superiorly; anterior ethmoidal and nasopalatine for general sensation."),("Applied","Little area is common anterior epistaxis site.")],['Septal cartilage','Perpendicular plate','Vomer','Little area'],'Kiesselbach/Little area is common epistaxis site.') add('Circle of Willis',[("Definition","Arterial polygon in subarachnoid space around optic chiasma and infundibulum."),("Components","Anterior cerebral arteries and anterior communicating, terminal ICAs, posterior communicating arteries and posterior cerebral arteries."),("Function","Potential collateral between carotid and vertebrobasilar circulations."),("Applied","Berry aneurysm, especially ACom, can cause subarachnoid haemorrhage.")],['ACA','ACom','ICA','PCom','PCA'],'ACA-ACom-ICA-PCom-PCA form the circle.') add('Otic ganglion',[("Site","Small parasympathetic ganglion below foramen ovale, medial to V3."),("Roots","Parasympathetic lesser petrosal (IX); sympathetic plexus on middle meningeal artery; sensory auriculotemporal."),("Distribution","Postganglionic secretomotor fibres pass in auriculotemporal nerve to parotid."),("Applied","Parotid trauma with aberrant regeneration may lead to Frey syndrome.")],['CN IX','Lesser petrosal','Otic ganglion','Auriculotemporal','Parotid'],'IX to lesser petrosal to otic to auriculotemporal to parotid.') add('Movements at shoulder joint',[("Type","Multiaxial synovial ball-and-socket joint."),("Abduction","Supraspinatus 0-15°, deltoid 15-90°, trapezius and serratus anterior rotate scapula above 90°."),("Other movements","Flexion anterior deltoid/pectoralis; extension posterior deltoid/latissimus; medial rotation subscapularis; lateral infraspinatus/teres minor."),("Applied","Anteroinferior dislocation may damage axillary nerve.")],['0-15 supraspinatus','15-90 deltoid','>90 scapular rotation'],'Abduction has three stages: 15, 90 and above 90.') add('Coronary sinus',[("Situation","Large vein in posterior AV groove."),("Opening","Into RA between IVC and right AV orifice, guarded by Thebesian valve."),("Tributaries","Great, middle, small cardiac, posterior LV and oblique LA veins."),("Applied","Drains most myocardium and allows cardiac venous access.")],['Great cardiac vein','Coronary sinus','Middle cardiac vein','Right atrium'],'Coronary sinus drains most cardiac veins into RA.') add('Maxillary artery',[("Origin","Terminal external-carotid branch behind neck of mandible."),("Parts","Mandibular, pterygoid and pterygopalatine parts relative to lateral pterygoid."),("Key branches","First: middle meningeal/inferior alveolar. Second: deep temporal/masseteric/buccal. Third: infraorbital/descending palatine/sphenopalatine."),("Applied","Middle meningeal injury after pterion fracture causes extradural haematoma.")],['1 Mandibular','2 Pterygoid','3 Pterygopalatine','Middle meningeal'],'Three parts defined by lateral pterygoid.') add('Extraocular muscles',[("Nerve supply","LR by VI, SO by IV, all others by III."),("Actions","MR adducts; LR abducts. SR elevates/adducts/intorts; IR depresses/adducts/extorts; SO depresses/abducts/intorts; IO elevates/abducts/extorts."),("Testing","SR/IR tested in abduction; SO/IO in adduction."),("Applied","III palsy: down-and-out eye with ptosis; VI palsy: failed abduction.")],['LR CN VI','SO CN IV','SR/IR/MR/IO CN III'],'LR6 SO4, rest by III.') add('Histology of palatine tonsil',[("Epithelium","Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium forms deep branched crypts."),("Lymphoid tissue","Follicles with germinal centres beneath epithelium; infiltrating lymphocytes make reticulated epithelium."),("Capsule/glands","Capsule lateral; mucous glands may open into crypts."),("Lymphatics","Efferent only, no afferent lymphatics.")],['Surface epithelium','Crypt','Lymphoid follicle','Germinal centre','Capsule'],'Crypts and germinal centres identify tonsil.') add('Neural tube derivatives',[("General","Forms CNS; lumen forms ventricles and central canal."),("Plates","Alar plate sensory dorsal; basal plate motor ventral; sulcus limitans separates."),("Derivatives","Brain, spinal cord, retina, optic nerve, pineal and posterior pituitary; glia except microglia."),("Applied","Failed closure causes spina bifida/anencephaly.")],['Neural tube','Alar sensory','Sulcus limitans','Basal motor'],'Neural tube makes CNS; neural crest makes PNS.') add('Brachial plexus',[("Formation","Anterior rami C5-T1."),("Arrangement","Roots, trunks, divisions, cords and branches. Upper C5-6, middle C7, lower C8-T1."),("Cords","Lateral, posterior and medial around second part axillary artery."),("Terminal branches","Musculocutaneous, axillary, radial, median and ulnar."),("Applied","Upper trunk injury causes Erb palsy; lower trunk causes Klumpke palsy.")],['C5-T1 roots','Trunks','Divisions','Cords','5 terminal branches'],'Roots - trunks - divisions - cords - branches.') add('Cerebral fibres',[("Association","Join cortical areas in same hemisphere: short U-fibres and long fasciculi."),("Commissural","Join hemispheres: corpus callosum, anterior/posterior commissures."),("Projection","Link cortex with lower centres through corona radiata and internal capsule."),("Applied","Capsular lesion disrupts compact projection fibres.")],['Association same side','Commissural across','Projection vertical'],'Association same, commissural opposite, projection lower centres.') add('Ansa cervicalis',[("Formation","Superior root C1 via hypoglossal; inferior root C2-C3. Loop lies in anterior carotid-sheath wall."),("Supply","Sternohyoid, sternothyroid and omohyoid."),("Exception","Thyrohyoid and geniohyoid get C1 via hypoglossal, not through ansa."),("Function","Infrahyoids depress hyoid/larynx.")],['C1 via XII','Superior root','Inferior root C2-C3','Infrahyoids'],'C1 via XII plus C2-C3 makes ansa.') add('Hyaline cartilage microanatomy',[("Appearance","Glassy homogeneous matrix with chondrocytes in lacunae."),("Cells","Chondroblasts beneath perichondrium; mature chondrocytes often form isogenous groups."),("Matrix","Type II collagen and proteoglycans. Territorial matrix dark; interterritorial pale."),("Perichondrium/sites","Absent over articular cartilage/epiphyseal plate; present in nasal, tracheal and costal cartilage.")],['Perichondrium','Chondroblast','Lacuna','Isogenous group','Glassy matrix'],'Hyaline: glassy matrix, lacunae and isogenous groups.') add('Pyramidal tract',[("Definition","Voluntary motor corticospinal and corticonuclear pathways."),("Course","Motor cortex to corona radiata, internal capsule, cerebral peduncle, pons and medullary pyramids."),("Decussation","85-90% cross at pyramidal decussation to lateral corticospinal tract; rest form anterior tract."),("Lesion","UMN weakness, spasticity, hyperreflexia and extensor plantar response.")],['Motor cortex','Internal capsule','Pyramids','Decussation','Spinal cord'],'Cortex to capsule to pyramids to decussation.') add('Clavipectoral fascia',[("Extent","Deep to pectoralis major, from clavicle to axillary fascia; encloses subclavius and pectoralis minor."),("Parts","Costocoracoid membrane and suspensory ligament of axilla."),("Piercing structures","Cephalic vein, thoracoacromial vessels, lateral pectoral nerve and breast lymphatics."),("Function","Supports axillary fascia and hollow of axilla.")],['Clavicle','Subclavius','Costocoracoid membrane','Pectoralis minor','Axillary fascia'],'Cephalic vein and thoracoacromial vessels pierce it.') add('Down syndrome',[("Cause","Trisomy 21, usually meiotic nondisjunction; also translocation or mosaicism."),("Features","Intellectual disability, hypotonia, flat face, upslanting palpebral fissures, epicanthic folds, single palmar crease and sandal gap."),("Associations","AV septal defect, duodenal atresia, Hirschsprung disease, leukaemia and early Alzheimer disease."),("Diagnosis","Chromosomal analysis confirms.")],['Trisomy 21','Facial features','AV septal defect','Duodenal atresia'],'Trisomy 21: AV septal defect and duodenal atresia.') add('Retina',[("Layers","Pigment epithelium, rods/cones, outer limiting, outer nuclear, outer plexiform, inner nuclear, inner plexiform, ganglion, nerve fibre, inner limiting."),("Special areas","Fovea has cones for sharp vision; optic disc has no receptors and is blind spot."),("Blood","Outer retina choriocapillaris; inner retina central retinal artery."),("Applied","Detachment separates neural retina from pigment epithelium.")],['Choroid','Pigment epithelium','Rods/cones','Ganglion cells','Optic nerve'],'Fovea has cones; optic disc is blind spot.') add('Brain development',[("Primary vesicles","Prosencephalon, mesencephalon and rhombencephalon."),("Secondary","Pro: telencephalon/diencephalon; mes remains; rhomb: metencephalon/myelencephalon."),("Derivatives","Tel cerebral hemispheres; di thalamus/hypothalamus/retina; mes midbrain; met pons/cerebellum; myel medulla."),("Flexures","Cephalic, cervical and pontine flexures.")],['Prosencephalon','Mesencephalon','Rhombencephalon','Tel/Di Met/Myel'],'Pro-Mes-Rhomb becomes Tel/Di-Mes-Met/Myel.') add('Posterior triangle of neck',[("Boundaries","Posterior SCM, anterior trapezius and middle third clavicle; apex where SCM and trapezius meet."),("Floor","Splenius capitis, levator scapulae and middle scalene."),("Subdivision","Inferior belly omohyoid forms occipital and supraclavicular triangles."),("Contents","External jugular, CN XI, cervical plexus cutaneous branches, brachial plexus trunks, subclavian artery and nodes."),("Applied","CN XI is vulnerable in lymph-node biopsy.")],['SCM','CN XI','Omohyoid','Brachial plexus','Trapezius'],'Protect spinal accessory nerve in posterior triangle.') add('Turner syndrome',[("Definition","Phenotypic female with complete/partial monosomy X, classically 45,X."),("Features","Short stature, webbed neck, shield chest, cubitus valgus and neonatal lymphoedema."),("Gonads/cardiac","Streak ovaries cause amenorrhoea/infertility; coarctation/bicuspid valve may occur."),("Other","Horseshoe kidney can occur; karyotype confirms.")],['45,X','Webbed neck','Streak ovaries','Coarctation'],'Turner: 45,X, webbed neck, streak ovaries, coarctation.') add('Internal capsule',[("Relations","Projection fibres between caudate/thalamus medially and lentiform nucleus laterally."),("Parts","Anterior limb, genu, posterior limb, retrolentiform and sublentiform parts."),("Fibres","Genu corticonuclear; posterior limb corticospinal/sensory; retrolentiform optic radiation; sublentiform auditory radiation."),("Blood/applied","Lenticulostriate MCA and anterior choroidal supply; lacunar infarct causes contralateral pure motor deficit.")],['Caudate/thalamus','Anterior limb','Genu','Posterior limb','Lentiform nucleus'],'Genu face; posterior limb body motor fibres.') story=[Spacer(1,3*cm),P('Detailed 5-Mark Anatomy PYQs','titlex'),Spacer(1,.4*cm),P('University-style short notes with simple labelled diagram cues','bodyx'),Spacer(1,1*cm),P('Repeated PYQs consolidated: Right Atrium, TMJ and Carpal Tunnel Syndrome.','memx'),PageBreak(),P('Contents','headx')] for i,t in enumerate(D,1):story.append(P(f'{i}. {t[0]}','bodyx')) story.append(PageBreak()) for x in D:story+=page(*x) story+=[P('Revision note','headx'),P('This booklet is an exam-focused revision aid based on standard undergraduate anatomy, embryology and histology conventions. For each answer: definition/location, parts or boundaries, contents/supply/action, applied anatomy and labelled diagram.','bodyx')] def foot(c,d): c.saveState();c.setStrokeColor(teal);c.line(1.5*cm,1.25*cm,19.5*cm,1.25*cm);c.setFillColor(navy);c.setFont('Helvetica',7);c.drawString(1.5*cm,.8*cm,'Anatomy PYQ revision | Detailed 5-mark format');c.drawRightString(19.5*cm,.8*cm,'Page %d'%d.page);c.restoreState() SimpleDocTemplate(str(out),pagesize=A4,leftMargin=1.5*cm,rightMargin=1.5*cm,topMargin=1.45*cm,bottomMargin=1.6*cm,title='Detailed 5-Mark Anatomy PYQs').build(story,onFirstPage=foot,onLaterPages=foot) print(out) PY

mkdir -p "/tmp/workspace/anatomy-pyq-pdf/output" "/tmp/workspace/anatomy-pyq-pdf/src" && cat > "/tmp/workspace/anatomy-pyq-pdf/src/make_pdf.py" <<'PY' from reportlab.lib.pagesizes import A4 from reportlab.lib.styles import getSampleStyleSheet, ParagraphStyle from reportlab.lib.enums import TA_CENTER from reportlab.lib import colors from reportlab.lib.colors import HexColor from reportlab.lib.units import cm from reportlab.platypus import SimpleDocTemplate, Paragraph, Spacer, PageBreak, Flowable from reportlab.pdfbase.pdfmetrics import stringWidth OUT='/tmp/workspace/anatomy-pyq-pdf/output/Detailed_5_Mark_Anatomy_PYQs.pdf' NAVY=HexColor('#12304A'); TEAL=HexColor('#087E8B'); PALE=HexColor('#EDF7F8') S=getSampleStyleSheet() for n,base,kw in [ ('cover','Title',dict(fontName='Helvetica-Bold',fontSize=25,leading=31,textColor=NAVY,alignment=TA_CENTER)), ('title','Heading1',dict(fontName='Helvetica-Bold',fontSize=16.5,leading=20,textColor=NAVY,spaceAfter=7)), ('sub','Heading2',dict(fontName='Helvetica-Bold',fontSize=10.1,leading=12,textColor=TEAL,spaceBefore=5,spaceAfter=2)), ('body','BodyText',dict(fontSize=9.1,leading=11.7,spaceAfter=3)), ('mem','BodyText',dict(fontName='Helvetica-Bold',fontSize=8.9,leading=11.2,textColor=NAVY,backColor=PALE,borderPadding=5))]: S.add(ParagraphStyle(name=n,parent=S[base],**kw)) def p(s,st='body'):return Paragraph(s,S[st]) class Diagram(Flowable): def __init__(self, labels): Flowable.__init__(self); self.labels=labels;self.width=17*cm;self.height=3.2*cm def draw(self): c=self.canv; w=self.width; h=self.height c.setFillColor(HexColor('#F8FCFC'));c.roundRect(0,0,w,h,5,fill=1,stroke=0);c.setStrokeColor(TEAL);c.roundRect(0,0,w,h,5,fill=0,stroke=1) c.setFillColor(TEAL);c.setFont('Helvetica-Bold',7.8);c.drawString(8,h-11,'Diagram cue: reproduce this simple labelled outline') n=len(self.labels); bw=min(2.8*cm,(w-25)/(n+.2)); gap=(w-n*bw)/(n+1); y=35 for i,l in enumerate(self.labels): x=gap+i*(bw+gap);c.setFillColor(HexColor('#D9EEF0'));c.setStrokeColor(NAVY);c.roundRect(x,y,bw,18,3,fill=1,stroke=1) c.setFillColor(NAVY);c.setFont('Helvetica',6.6) for j,line in enumerate(l.split('|')): c.drawCentredString(x+bw/2,y+6-j*7,line) if i<n-1: c.setStrokeColor(TEAL);c.line(x+bw,y+9,x+bw+gap-3,y+9);c.setFillColor(TEAL);c.setFont('Helvetica-Bold',8);c.drawString(x+bw+gap-8,y+6,'>') def item(title,definition,points,diagram,memory): a=[p(title,'title'),p('Definition / introduction','sub'),p(definition)] for h,t in points:a += [p(h,'sub'),p(t)] a += [Spacer(1,4),Diagram(diagram),Spacer(1,4),p('Memory line: '+memory,'mem'),Spacer(1,4),p('Exam format: definition or location, then 4-6 headings, an applied point, and the labelled diagram.','body'),PageBreak()] return a D=[] def A(title,definition,points,diagram,memory):D.append((title,definition,points,diagram,memory)) A("Erb's paralysis","Upper trunk (C5-C6) brachial plexus injury, classically from traction separating head and shoulder.",[("Muscles affected","Deltoid, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, biceps, brachialis, brachioradialis and supinator."),("Deformity","Waiter's tip: arm adducted and medially rotated, elbow extended and forearm pronated."),("Sensory loss","Lateral arm and forearm, mainly C5-C6."),("Applied anatomy","Seen in difficult delivery, fall on shoulder or traction injury.")],['C5-C6 roots','Upper trunk','Affected muscles','Waiter’s tip'],'C5-C6: arm in, arm turned in, elbow out, forearm down.') A('Interior of right atrium','Right atrium receives systemic venous blood and most cardiac venous blood.',[("Parts","Posterior smooth sinus venarum and anterior rough pectinate-muscle part. Crista terminalis separates them."),("Openings","SVC, IVC, coronary sinus, right AV orifice, anterior cardiac veins and venae cordis minimae."),("Septum","Fossa ovalis with limbus on interatrial septum."),("Conducting tissue","SA node near upper crista terminalis; AV node near coronary sinus opening.")],['SVC','Sinus venarum','Fossa ovalis','Coronary sinus','IVC'],'Smooth posterior and rough anterior parts.') A('Carotid sheath','Tubular condensation of deep cervical fascia from skull base to root of neck.',[("Contents","Common/internal carotid artery lies medial, internal jugular vein lateral and vagus nerve posteriorly between them."),("Associated structures","Deep cervical lymph nodes lie along it; ansa cervicalis is in anterior wall."),("Not a content","Cervical sympathetic trunk lies posterior to sheath."),("Applied anatomy","Key surgical and internal-jugular venous-access landmark.")],['Carotid artery','Vagus nerve','Internal jugular vein'],'Artery medial, vein lateral, vagus posterior.') A('Derivatives of 2nd pharyngeal arch','The second pharyngeal arch is innervated by facial nerve.',[("Muscles","Facial expression, stapedius, stylohyoid and posterior belly of digastric."),("Skeletal derivatives","Stapes, styloid process, stylohyoid ligament, lesser horn and upper body of hyoid."),("Nerve","Facial nerve, CN VII."),("Applied anatomy","Facial palsy causes weakness of muscles of facial expression.")],['2nd arch','CN VII','Facial muscles','Stapes|styloid'],'Second arch: facial nerve, face muscles, stapes and styloid.') A('Deltoid muscle','Large shoulder muscle forming its rounded contour.',[("Attachments","Lateral third clavicle, acromion and spine of scapula to deltoid tuberosity."),("Nerve supply","Axillary nerve, C5-C6."),("Actions","Middle fibres abduct 15-90 degrees; anterior fibres flex and medially rotate; posterior fibres extend and laterally rotate."),("Applied anatomy","Axillary-nerve injury causes flattened shoulder and impaired abduction.")],['Clavicle/acromion','Deltoid','Deltoid tuberosity','Axillary nerve'],'Supraspinatus begins abduction; deltoid continues it.') A('Temporomandibular joint','Modified synovial hinge joint between head of mandible and mandibular fossa/articular tubercle of temporal bone.',[("Special features","Articular surfaces are fibrocartilage. Articular disc divides joint into upper and lower synovial cavities."),("Movement","Lower compartment rotates; upper compartment translates. Lateral pterygoid helps protrusion and depression."),("Ligaments","Capsule, lateral TM ligament, sphenomandibular and stylomandibular ligaments."),("Applied anatomy","Anterior dislocation follows excessive opening of mouth.")],['Temporal bone','Articular disc','Mandibular condyle','Capsule'],'Lower rotates; upper translates.') A('Typical intercostal nerve','Anterior ramus of a thoracic spinal nerve T3-T6.',[("Course","Passes in costal groove between internal and innermost intercostal muscles."),("Branches","Rami communicantes, collateral, lateral cutaneous, anterior cutaneous and muscular branches."),("Supply","Intercostal muscles, skin and parietal pleura."),("Applied anatomy","Neurovascular bundle is VAN from superior to inferior; needle is inserted above rib upper border.")],['Vein','Artery','Nerve','Upper border|of rib'],'VAN in the costal groove.') A('Corpus callosum','Largest commissural fibre bundle connecting cerebral hemispheres.',[("Parts","Rostrum, genu, body and splenium."),("Fibres","Genu gives forceps minor to frontal lobes; splenium gives forceps major to occipital lobes."),("Function","Transfers sensory, motor and cognitive information between hemispheres."),("Applied anatomy","Division may be used for intractable epilepsy; lesions cause disconnection syndromes.")],['Rostrum','Genu','Body','Splenium'],'Rostrum-genu-body-splenium.') A('Lacrimal apparatus','System that produces and drains tears.',[("Components","Lacrimal gland, ducts, conjunctival sac, puncta, canaliculi, sac and nasolacrimal duct."),("Tear pathway","Gland to superior fornix, across eye to medial canthus, puncta, canaliculi, sac, duct and inferior meatus."),("Secretomotor supply","Facial pathway via greater petrosal nerve and pterygopalatine ganglion."),("Applied anatomy","Nasolacrimal obstruction causes epiphora; sac inflammation is dacryocystitis.")],['Lacrimal gland','Puncta','Lacrimal sac','Duct','Inferior meatus'],'Tears drain into inferior meatus.') A('Pleura','Serous membrane of lung and thoracic cavity.',[("Layers","Visceral pleura closely covers lung; parietal pleura lines wall, diaphragm and mediastinum."),("Parts of parietal pleura","Costal, diaphragmatic, mediastinal and cervical."),("Nerve supply","Visceral is pain-insensitive; costal/peripheral diaphragmatic by intercostal; central diaphragmatic/mediastinal by phrenic."),("Applied anatomy","Fluid collects in costodiaphragmatic recess; pleural tap is above upper border of rib.")],['Parietal pleura','Pleural cavity','Visceral pleura','Lung'],'Visceral pleura is insensitive to pain.') A('Carotid triangle','Subdivision of anterior triangle of neck.',[("Boundaries","Posterior belly digastric, superior belly omohyoid and anterior border SCM."),("Contents","Carotid bifurcation, IJV, vagus, hypoglossal, ansa cervicalis, superior laryngeal nerve and nodes."),("Importance","Carotid pulse felt here; carotid sinus and body at bifurcation."),("Floor","Thyrohyoid, hyoglossus and pharyngeal constrictors.")],['Digastric','Carotid|bifurcation','Omohyoid','SCM'],'Bifurcation near upper border of thyroid cartilage.') A('CSF and its importance','Clear fluid in ventricular system and subarachnoid space.',[("Formation","Mainly choroid plexuses."),("Circulation","Lateral ventricles to Monro, third ventricle, aqueduct, fourth ventricle, apertures and subarachnoid space."),("Absorption","Arachnoid villi/granulations drain into dural venous sinuses."),("Functions","Buoyancy, cushioning, stable extracellular environment and removal of metabolites."),("Applied anatomy","Lumbar puncture at L3-L4/L4-L5; obstruction can cause hydrocephalus.")],['Lateral ventricles','Third ventricle','Aqueduct','Fourth ventricle','Subarachnoid space'],'Ventricles to subarachnoid space to arachnoid villi.') A('Lymphatic drainage of breast','Lymph passes from subareolar plexus chiefly to axillary nodes.',[("Main route","About 75% drains to anterior/pectoral axillary nodes."),("Sequence","Pectoral to central to apical nodes, then subclavian lymph trunk."),("Other routes","Medial quadrants to parasternal nodes and opposite breast; some posterior intercostal/abdominal drainage."),("Applied anatomy","Basis of sentinel-node biopsy; dermal obstruction causes peau d’orange.")],['Breast','Pectoral nodes','Central nodes','Apical nodes'],'75% drains to axillary, especially pectoral nodes.') A('Extensor retinaculum at wrist','Thickened deep fascia on dorsum of wrist.',[("Attachments","Lateral distal radius; medial pisiform and triquetrum."),("Function","Prevents bow-stringing and forms six tendon compartments."),("Compartments","1 APL/EPB; 2 ECRL/ECRB; 3 EPL; 4 EDC/EIP; 5 EDM; 6 ECU."),("Applied anatomy","De Quervain tenosynovitis affects first compartment.")],['1 APL/EPB','2 ECRL/B','3 EPL','4 EDC/EIP','5 EDM','6 ECU'],'Six dorsal tendon compartments from lateral to medial.') A('Tongue: nerve supply','Tongue has separate motor, general sensory and taste supply.',[("Motor","Hypoglossal supplies all muscles except palatoglossus, supplied by vagus."),("General sensation","Anterior 2/3 lingual nerve V3; posterior 1/3 glossopharyngeal IX; epiglottic region internal laryngeal X."),("Taste","Anterior 2/3 chorda tympani VII; posterior 1/3 IX; epiglottis X."),("Applied anatomy","XII lesion makes protruded tongue deviate toward lesion.")],['Anterior 2/3|V3 sensation','Anterior 2/3|VII taste','Posterior 1/3|IX','Motor XII'],'V3 sensation and VII taste in anterior two-thirds.') A('Middle ear','Air-filled tympanic cavity in petrous temporal bone.',[("Walls","Roof tegmen tympani, floor jugular wall, lateral tympanic membrane, medial labyrinthine, anterior carotid and posterior mastoid."),("Contents","Ossicles, tensor tympani, stapedius, chorda tympani and tympanic plexus."),("Communications","Auditory tube to nasopharynx; aditus to mastoid antrum."),("Applied anatomy","Otitis may spread to mastoid, meninges or facial canal.")],['Nasopharynx','Auditory tube','Middle ear','Aditus','Mastoid antrum'],'Middle ear links nasopharynx with mastoid antrum.') A('Axilla','Pyramidal space between thoracic wall and upper limb.',[("Boundaries","Apex cervicoaxillary canal; base skin/axillary fascia; anterior pectorals; posterior subscapularis/teres major; medial ribs/serratus; lateral humerus."),("Contents","Axillary artery and branches, vein and tributaries, brachial plexus cords/branches, nodes and fat."),("Applied anatomy","Most breast lymph drains to axillary nodes; artery can be compressed against humerus.")],['Apex','Pectoral wall','Serratus wall','Humerus wall','Base'],'Apex, base, four walls, and contents.') A('Right coronary artery','Branch from anterior aortic sinus running in right AV groove.',[("Branches","Conus, SA nodal, right marginal, AV nodal and usually posterior interventricular."),("Supply","RA, most RV, diaphragmatic LV, posterior third septum; AV node usually."),("Dominance","Defined by origin of posterior interventricular artery; commonly right dominant."),("Applied anatomy","Occlusion can cause inferior MI and conduction defects.")],['Aortic sinus','RCA','Right marginal','Posterior IV artery','AV node'],'RCA usually supplies AV node and posterior septum.') A('Bronchopulmonary segments','Pyramidal lung units supplied by segmental bronchus and pulmonary artery branch.',[("Key anatomy","Segmental veins lie between segments, allowing segmental resection."),("Right lung","Upper: apical, posterior, anterior. Middle: lateral, medial. Lower: superior and four basal."),("Left lung","Apicoposterior, anterior, superior/inferior lingular, superior lower plus basal segments."),("Applied anatomy","Aspiration enters dependent posterior upper-lobe or superior lower-lobe segment.")],['Segmental bronchus','Pulmonary artery','Segment','Intersegmental vein'],'Bronchus/artery intrasegmental, veins intersegmental.') A('Palatine tonsil','Lymphoid mass in tonsillar fossa.',[("Situation","Between palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches."),("Relations","Medial crypt surface; lateral capsule, superior constrictor and nearby glossopharyngeal nerve."),("Blood/lymph","Tonsillar branch facial artery; lymph to jugulodigastric node."),("Applied anatomy","Tonsillectomy may injure glossopharyngeal nerve or cause bleeding.")],['Palatoglossal arch','Tonsil','Palatopharyngeal arch','Jugulodigastric node'],'Tonsil drains to jugulodigastric node.') A('Infratemporal fossa','Irregular space deep to ramus of mandible.',[("Boundaries","Ramus lateral, lateral pterygoid plate medial, posterior maxilla anterior and greater wing sphenoid roof."),("Contents","Pterygoid muscles, maxillary artery, pterygoid venous plexus, V3 branches, chorda tympani and otic ganglion."),("Communications","Middle cranial fossa through ovale/spinosum; orbit through inferior orbital fissure; pterygopalatine fossa through pterygomaxillary fissure."),("Applied anatomy","Dental blocks and spread of infection involve it.")],['V3','Maxillary artery','Pterygoid plexus','Otic ganglion'],'ITF contains V3, maxillary artery and pterygoid plexus.') A('Carpal tunnel syndrome','Median nerve compression beneath flexor retinaculum.',[("Contents","Median nerve, four FDS, four FDP and FPL tendons. Flexor carpi radialis is in a separate compartment."),("Features","Nocturnal paresthesia lateral 3½ digits, thenar weakness/wasting and reduced opposition."),("Important point","Thenar skin is spared because palmar cutaneous median branch passes superficial to retinaculum."),("Tests","Tinel and Phalen tests may reproduce symptoms.")],['Flexor retinaculum','Median nerve','FDS/FDP','FPL tendon'],'Median nerve plus nine flexor tendons.') A('Azygos vein','Major thoracic collateral vein.',[("Formation/course","Usually right ascending lumbar plus subcostal veins; ascends on right, arches over right lung root to SVC."),("Tributaries","Right posterior intercostals, hemiazygos/accessory hemiazygos, mediastinal, oesophageal and bronchial veins."),("Importance","Collateral channel between SVC and IVC systems."),("Applied anatomy","Enlarges in caval obstruction.")],['IVC tributaries','Azygos vein','Arch over|lung root','SVC'],'Azygos arches over right lung root into SVC.') A('Neural crest derivatives','Migrating cells from neural-fold margins.',[("PNS","Sensory, autonomic and enteric ganglia; Schwann and satellite cells."),("Other","Melanocytes, chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla, C cells, odontoblasts, pia and arachnoid."),("Craniofacial/cardiac","Craniofacial connective tissue/bone and conotruncal septum."),("Applied anatomy","Defects contribute to Hirschsprung disease and conotruncal anomalies.")],['Neural crest','PNS','Melanocytes','Adrenal medulla','Conotruncal septum'],'PNS, pigment, adrenal medulla, face and conotruncal septum.') A('Nasal septum','Osteocartilaginous partition separating nasal cavities.',[("Components","Septal cartilage, perpendicular plate ethmoid, vomer, maxillary and palatine crests."),("Blood","Kiesselbach area has sphenopalatine, anterior ethmoidal, greater palatine, superior labial and posterior ethmoidal contributions."),("Nerve","Olfactory nerves superiorly; anterior ethmoidal and nasopalatine for sensation."),("Applied anatomy","Little area is usual site of anterior epistaxis.")],['Septal cartilage','Perpendicular plate','Vomer','Little area'],'Little/Kiesselbach area: common epistaxis site.') A('Circle of Willis','Arterial polygon at brain base around optic chiasma.',[("Components","Anterior cerebral arteries plus anterior communicating, terminal ICAs, posterior communicating and posterior cerebral arteries."),("Function","Potential collateral route between carotid and vertebrobasilar systems."),("Applied anatomy","Berry aneurysm, commonly ACom, can rupture causing subarachnoid haemorrhage.")],['ACA','ACom','ICA','PCom','PCA'],'ACA-ACom-ICA-PCom-PCA form the circle.') A('Otic ganglion','Small parasympathetic ganglion in infratemporal fossa below foramen ovale.',[("Roots","Parasympathetic lesser petrosal from IX, sympathetic plexus on middle meningeal and sensory auriculotemporal."),("Distribution","Postganglionic secretomotor fibres pass in auriculotemporal nerve to parotid."),("Applied anatomy","Aberrant regeneration after parotid injury can cause Frey syndrome.")],['CN IX','Lesser petrosal','Otic ganglion','Auriculotemporal','Parotid'],'IX to lesser petrosal to otic to auriculotemporal to parotid.') A('Movements at shoulder joint','Multiaxial ball-and-socket synovial joint.',[("Abduction","Supraspinatus 0-15°, deltoid 15-90°, scapular rotation by trapezius/serratus above 90°."),("Other movements","Flexion anterior deltoid/pectoralis; extension posterior deltoid/latissimus; medial rotation subscapularis; lateral infraspinatus/teres minor."),("Applied anatomy","Anteroinferior dislocation may injure axillary nerve.")],['0-15|supraspinatus','15-90|deltoid','Above 90|scapular rotation'],'Abduction occurs in three stages: 15, 90, then above 90.') A('Coronary sinus','Main venous channel of heart in posterior AV groove.',[("Opening","Opens to RA between IVC and right AV orifice, with Thebesian valve."),("Tributaries","Great, middle, small cardiac, posterior LV and oblique LA veins."),("Significance","Drains most myocardium; anterior cardiac veins drain directly to RA."),("Applied anatomy","Used in cardiac venous access and pacing procedures.")],['Great cardiac vein','Coronary sinus','Middle cardiac vein','Right atrium'],'Coronary sinus drains most myocardium into RA.') A('Maxillary artery','Terminal branch of external carotid artery behind neck of mandible.',[("Parts","Mandibular, pterygoid and pterygopalatine parts, defined relative to lateral pterygoid."),("Key branches","First: middle meningeal/inferior alveolar. Second: deep temporal/masseteric/buccal. Third: infraorbital, descending palatine and sphenopalatine."),("Applied anatomy","Middle meningeal injury following pterion fracture causes extradural haematoma.")],['1 Mandibular','2 Pterygoid','3 Pterygopalatine','Middle meningeal'],'Three parts are related to lateral pterygoid.') A('Extraocular muscles','Six muscles move the eye.',[("Nerve supply","LR by VI, SO by IV, all remaining muscles by III."),("Actions","MR adducts; LR abducts. SR elevates/adducts/intorts; IR depresses/adducts/extorts; SO depresses/abducts/intorts; IO elevates/abducts/extorts."),("Testing","SR/IR in abducted eye; SO/IO in adducted eye."),("Applied anatomy","III palsy gives down-and-out eye/ptosis; VI palsy prevents abduction.")],['LR CN VI','SO CN IV','All others|CN III'],'LR6 SO4, all others III.') A('Histology of palatine tonsil','Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue of oropharynx.',[("Epithelium","Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium forms deep branched crypts."),("Lymphoid tissue","Follicles with germinal centres under epithelium; infiltrating lymphocytes create reticulated epithelium."),("Capsule/glands","Capsule lateral; mucous glands can drain into crypts."),("Lymphatics","Efferent lymphatics only, no afferent lymphatics.")],['Surface epithelium','Crypt','Follicle','Germinal centre','Capsule'],'Crypts and germinal centres identify tonsil.') A('Neural tube derivatives','Neural tube forms CNS and its cavities.',[("General","Lumen makes ventricles and central canal."),("Plates","Alar plate sensory and dorsal; basal plate motor and ventral; sulcus limitans separates."),("Derivatives","Brain, spinal cord, retina, optic nerve, pineal and posterior pituitary; glia except microglia."),("Applied anatomy","Failure of closure causes neural tube defects.")],['Neural tube','Alar|sensory','Sulcus limitans','Basal|motor'],'Neural tube makes CNS; neural crest makes PNS.') A('Brachial plexus','Network formed by anterior rami C5-T1.',[("Arrangement","Roots, trunks, divisions, cords and branches. C5-6 upper, C7 middle, C8-T1 lower trunk."),("Cords","Lateral, posterior and medial cords named around second part axillary artery."),("Terminal branches","Musculocutaneous, axillary, radial, median and ulnar."),("Applied anatomy","Upper trunk injury Erb palsy; lower trunk injury Klumpke palsy.")],['C5-T1 roots','Trunks','Divisions','Cords','Terminal branches'],'Roots-trunks-divisions-cords-branches.') A('Cerebral fibres','White-matter fibres connecting cerebral cortex.',[("Association","Connect cortical areas in same hemisphere: U-fibres and long fasciculi."),("Commissural","Connect hemispheres: corpus callosum and anterior/posterior commissures."),("Projection","Link cortex to lower centres, through corona radiata and internal capsule."),("Applied anatomy","Capsular lesion affects compact projection fibres.")],['Association|same side','Commissural|across','Projection|vertical'],'Association same, commissural opposite, projection down.') A('Ansa cervicalis','Loop of cervical plexus embedded in anterior carotid-sheath wall.',[("Formation","Superior root C1 fibres via hypoglossal; inferior root C2-C3."),("Supply","Sternohyoid, sternothyroid and omohyoid."),("Exception","Thyrohyoid/geniohyoid get C1 via hypoglossal but not ansa."),("Function","Infrahyoids depress hyoid and larynx.")],['C1 via XII','Superior root','Inferior root C2-C3','Infrahyoids'],'C1 via XII plus C2-C3 makes ansa.') A('Hyaline cartilage microanatomy','Most common cartilage, with glassy matrix.',[("Cells","Chondroblasts beneath perichondrium; mature chondrocytes in lacunae often form isogenous groups."),("Matrix","Type II collagen and proteoglycans; dark territorial and pale interterritorial matrix."),("Perichondrium/sites","Absent at articular cartilage/epiphyseal plate; present in nasal, tracheal and costal cartilage."),("Function","Firm but resilient support.")],['Perichondrium','Chondroblast','Lacuna','Isogenous group','Glassy matrix'],'Glassy matrix, lacunae and isogenous groups.') A('Pyramidal tract','Voluntary motor corticospinal and corticonuclear pathways.',[("Course","Motor cortex to corona radiata, internal capsule, cerebral peduncle, pons and medullary pyramids."),("Decussation","85-90% cross at pyramidal decussation to lateral corticospinal tract; rest form anterior tract."),("Lesion","UMN weakness, spasticity, hyperreflexia and extensor plantar response.")],['Motor cortex','Internal capsule','Pyramids','Decussation','Spinal cord'],'Cortex-capsule-pyramids-decussation.') A('Clavipectoral fascia','Strong fascia deep to pectoralis major, from clavicle to axillary fascia.',[("Relations","Encloses subclavius and pectoralis minor; costocoracoid membrane lies between."),("Piercing structures","Cephalic vein, thoracoacromial vessels, lateral pectoral nerve and breast lymphatics."),("Function","Suspensory ligament supports axillary fascia and hollow of axilla.")],['Clavicle','Subclavius','Costocoracoid membrane','Pectoralis minor','Axillary fascia'],'Cephalic vein and thoracoacromial vessels pierce it.') A('Down syndrome','Chromosomal disorder caused by trisomy 21.',[("Cause","Usually meiotic nondisjunction; translocation and mosaic forms occur."),("Features","Hypotonia, intellectual disability, flat face, upslanting palpebral fissures, epicanthic folds, single palmar crease and sandal gap."),("Associations","AV septal defect, duodenal atresia, Hirschsprung disease, leukaemia and early Alzheimer disease."),("Diagnosis","Karyotype confirms.")],['Trisomy 21','Facial features','AV septal defect','Duodenal atresia'],'Trisomy 21: AV septal defect and duodenal atresia.') A('Retina','Inner light-sensitive coat of eyeball.',[("Layers","Pigment epithelium, rods/cones, outer limiting, outer nuclear, outer plexiform, inner nuclear, inner plexiform, ganglion, nerve fibre and inner limiting."),("Special areas","Fovea has cones for sharp vision; optic disc has no receptors and is blind spot."),("Blood supply","Outer retina choriocapillaris; inner retina central retinal artery."),("Applied anatomy","Detachment separates neural retina from pigment epithelium.")],['Choroid','Pigment epithelium','Rods/cones','Ganglion cells','Optic nerve'],'Fovea has cones; optic disc is blind spot.') A('Development of brain','Cranial neural tube enlarges into brain vesicles.',[("Primary vesicles","Prosencephalon, mesencephalon and rhombencephalon."),("Secondary vesicles","Pro becomes telencephalon/diencephalon; mes remains; rhomb becomes metencephalon/myelencephalon."),("Derivatives","Tel: hemispheres; di: thalamus/hypothalamus/retina; mes: midbrain; met: pons/cerebellum; myel: medulla."),("Flexures","Cephalic, cervical and pontine flexures shape brain.")],['Prosencephalon','Mesencephalon','Rhombencephalon','Tel/Di-Met/Myel'],'Pro-Mes-Rhomb becomes Tel/Di-Mes-Met/Myel.') A('Posterior triangle of neck','Lateral cervical triangle.',[("Boundaries","Posterior SCM, anterior trapezius and middle third clavicle; apex where SCM meets trapezius."),("Floor","Splenius capitis, levator scapulae and middle scalene."),("Subdivision","Inferior belly omohyoid forms occipital and supraclavicular triangles."),("Contents","External jugular, CN XI, cervical plexus branches, brachial plexus trunks, subclavian artery and nodes."),("Applied anatomy","CN XI vulnerable in lymph-node biopsy.")],['SCM','CN XI','Omohyoid','Brachial plexus','Trapezius'],'Protect spinal accessory nerve.') A('Turner syndrome','Phenotypic female with complete or partial monosomy X, classically 45,X.',[("Features","Short stature, webbed neck, shield chest, cubitus valgus and neonatal lymphoedema."),("Gonadal/cardiac","Streak ovaries cause amenorrhoea/infertility; coarctation and bicuspid aortic valve can occur."),("Other","Horseshoe kidney may be present; karyotyping confirms diagnosis.")],['45,X','Webbed neck','Streak ovaries','Coarctation'],'45,X: webbed neck, streak ovaries and coarctation.') A('Internal capsule','Compact projection fibres between caudate/thalamus medially and lentiform laterally.',[("Parts","Anterior limb, genu, posterior limb, retrolentiform and sublentiform parts."),("Fibres","Genu corticonuclear; posterior limb corticospinal/sensory; retrolentiform optic; sublentiform auditory radiation."),("Blood supply","Lenticulostriate MCA and anterior choroidal branches."),("Applied anatomy","Lacunar infarct causes contralateral pure motor or sensorimotor deficit.")],['Caudate/thalamus','Anterior limb','Genu','Posterior limb','Lentiform'],'Genu is face; posterior limb is body motor fibres.') def footer(c,doc): c.saveState();c.setStrokeColor(TEAL);c.line(1.5*cm,1.25*cm,19.5*cm,1.25*cm);c.setFillColor(NAVY);c.setFont('Helvetica',7);c.drawString(1.5*cm,.78*cm,'Detailed Anatomy PYQ Revision | 5-mark format');c.drawRightString(19.5*cm,.78*cm,'Page %d'%doc.page);c.restoreState() story=[Spacer(1,3*cm),p('Detailed 5-Mark Anatomy PYQs','cover'),Spacer(1,.5*cm),p('University-style short notes with exam-drawable diagram cues','body'),Spacer(1,1*cm),p('Repeated PYQs consolidated: Right Atrium, Temporomandibular Joint and Carpal Tunnel Syndrome.','mem'),PageBreak(),p('Contents','title')] for i,x in enumerate(D,1):story.append(p('%d. %s'%(i,x[0]))) story.append(PageBreak()) for x in D:story+=item(*x) story += [p('Use before the exam','title'),p('Revise each answer with its memory line and redraw the diagram once. The material is designed as a concise university-answer aid: use headings, underline key terms, and finish with the applied point.','body')] SimpleDocTemplate(OUT,pagesize=A4,leftMargin=1.5*cm,rightMargin=1.5*cm,topMargin=1.45*cm,bottomMargin=1.6*cm,title='Detailed 5-Mark Anatomy PYQs').build(story,onFirstPage=footer,onLaterPages=footer) print(OUT) PY python "/tmp/workspace/anatomy-pyq-pdf/src/make_pdf.py"

sed -i "s/name='title'/name='topic'/g; s/'title')/'topic')/g; s/'title'/ 'topic'/g" "/tmp/workspace/anatomy-pyq-pdf/src/make_pdf.py" && python "/tmp/workspace/anatomy-pyq-pdf/src/make_pdf.py"

python - <<'PY' from pypdf import PdfReader p='/tmp/workspace/anatomy-pyq-pdf/output/Detailed_5_Mark_Anatomy_PYQs.pdf' r=PdfReader(p) text=''.join((page.extract_text() or '') for page in r.pages) print('exists=',__import__('os').path.exists(p),'pages=',len(r.pages),'bytes=',__import__('os').path.getsize(p)) print('contains=', all(x in text for x in ['Erb', 'Internal capsule', 'Carpal tunnel syndrome', 'Turner syndrome'])) print(text[:500]) PY

~/

~/anatomy-pyq-pdf/

cat > "/tmp/workspace/anatomy-pyq-pdf/src/make_cheatsheet.py" <<'PY' from reportlab.pdfgen import canvas from reportlab.lib.pagesizes import A4, landscape from reportlab.lib.colors import HexColor, white from reportlab.lib.units import cm from reportlab.pdfbase.pdfmetrics import stringWidth from pathlib import Path OUT=Path('/tmp/workspace/anatomy-pyq-pdf/output/Last_Night_Anatomy_2_Page_Cheat_Sheet.pdf') W,H=landscape(A4); NAVY=HexColor('#112E45'); TEAL=HexColor('#057C89'); PALE=HexColor('#EEF8F9'); GOLD=HexColor('#E6A817'); GREY=HexColor('#3D4B55') c=canvas.Canvas(str(OUT),pagesize=landscape(A4)); c.setTitle('Last-Night Anatomy Revision Cheat Sheet') def wrap(text,font,size,width): words=text.split(); lines=[]; cur='' for word in words: trial=(cur+' '+word).strip() if stringWidth(trial,font,size)<=width: cur=trial else: lines.append(cur);cur=word if cur:lines.append(cur) return lines def block(x,y,w,title,items): c.setFillColor(PALE); c.roundRect(x,y-8,w,15,3,fill=1,stroke=0) c.setFillColor(NAVY);c.setFont('Helvetica-Bold',8.2);c.drawString(x+4,y-3,title) yy=y-14;c.setFont('Helvetica',6.75);c.setFillColor(GREY) for it in items: lines=wrap('• '+it,'Helvetica',6.75,w-6) for line in lines: c.drawString(x+3,yy,line);yy-=8 yy-=1 return yy-3 def page(title,subtitle,cols): c.setFillColor(NAVY);c.rect(0,H-34,W,34,fill=1,stroke=0);c.setFillColor(white);c.setFont('Helvetica-Bold',17);c.drawString(18,H-22,title);c.setFont('Helvetica',7.5);c.drawRightString(W-18,H-21,subtitle) gap=10; margin=14; cw=(W-2*margin-2*gap)/3 for i,groups in enumerate(cols): x=margin+i*(cw+gap);y=H-44 for title,items in groups:y=block(x,y,cw,title,items) c.setStrokeColor(TEAL);c.line(14,13,W-14,13);c.setFillColor(GREY);c.setFont('Helvetica',6.4);c.drawString(14,5,'Last-night rule: definition/location → 4 headings → applied point → labelled diagram.') # Page 1 page('LAST-NIGHT ANATOMY CHEAT SHEET','Page 1/2 | Upper limb, head & neck, thorax',[ [('UPPER LIMB',[ 'Erb palsy (C5-6): deltoid, supra/infra-spinatus, biceps weak → waiter’s tip: adducted, medially rotated arm; extended, pronated forearm.', 'Brachial plexus: C5-T1 roots → upper/middle/lower trunks → ant/post divisions → lateral/posterior/medial cords → MARMU branches.', 'Deltoid: axillary C5-6; abducts 15-90°. Supraspinatus 0-15°; trapezius + serratus anterior above 90°.', 'Axilla: apex, base, anterior pectorals, posterior subscapularis/teres major, medial serratus, lateral humerus. Contents: vessels, plexus, nodes.', 'Carpal tunnel: median nerve + 4 FDS + 4 FDP + FPL under flexor retinaculum. Lateral 3½ digit paresthesia, thenar wasting. Thenar skin spared.', 'Extensor compartments lateral→medial: APL/EPB | ECRL/B | EPL | EDC/EIP | EDM | ECU.', 'Clavipectoral fascia pierced by cephalic vein, thoracoacromial vessels, lateral pectoral nerve.'])], [('HEAD & NECK',[ 'Carotid sheath: carotid artery medial, IJV lateral, vagus posterior. Ansa in anterior wall; sympathetic trunk posterior, outside.', 'Carotid triangle: digastric, omohyoid, SCM. Contents: carotid bifurcation, IJV, vagus, XII, ansa, superior laryngeal nerve.', 'Second arch: CN VII; facial muscles, stapedius, stylohyoid, posterior digastric; stapes, styloid, stylohyoid ligament, lesser hyoid.', 'TMJ: fibrocartilage disc. Lower cavity rotation, upper cavity translation. Anterior dislocation with wide opening.', 'Tongue: ant 2/3 sensation V3, taste VII; post 1/3 IX both; motor XII except palatoglossus X.', 'Middle ear: auditory tube to nasopharynx, aditus to mastoid. Contents: ossicles, stapedius, tensor tympani, chorda tympani.', 'Otic: IX → lesser petrosal → otic ganglion → auriculotemporal → parotid.', 'Tonsil: between palatoglossal/palatopharyngeal arches; lymph → jugulodigastric; CN IX at risk in tonsillectomy.'])], [('THORAX & HEART',[ 'Intercostal nerve: anterior ramus T3-6; in costal groove between internal/innermost intercostal. VAN superior→inferior. Needle above rib.', 'Pleura: visceral insensitive; costal pleura intercostal nerves; central diaphragmatic/mediastinal phrenic. Fluid in costodiaphragmatic recess.', 'Right atrium: smooth sinus venarum posterior, pectinate anterior; crista terminalis. Openings SVC, IVC, coronary sinus, RA-V orifice; fossa ovalis.', 'RCA: right AV groove. Often supplies SA node, AV node, most RV and posterior 1/3 septum. Inferior MI/conduction block.', 'Coronary sinus: posterior AV groove; receives great, middle, small cardiac veins; enters RA near IVC.', 'Azygos: right ascending lumbar + subcostal; arches over right lung root to SVC. Collateral caval channel.', 'Bronchopulmonary segment: segmental bronchus + artery inside, vein between segments; surgically resectable.', 'Breast lymph: 75% → pectoral → central → apical axillary nodes. Medial quadrants → parasternal.'])] ]) c.showPage() page('LAST-NIGHT ANATOMY CHEAT SHEET','Page 2/2 | Neuro, embryology, histology & diagrams to draw',[ [('NEUROANATOMY',[ 'Corpus callosum: rostrum, genu, body, splenium. Genu → forceps minor; splenium → forceps major.', 'CSF: choroid plexus → lateral ventricles → Monro → 3rd → aqueduct → 4th → apertures → subarachnoid → arachnoid granulations. Functions: buoyancy, protection, homeostasis.', 'Circle of Willis: ACA-ACom-ICA-PCom-PCA. Berry aneurysm, esp. ACom → subarachnoid haemorrhage.', 'Cerebral fibres: association same hemisphere; commissural across hemispheres; projection cortex to lower centres.', 'Pyramidal tract: motor cortex → corona radiata → internal capsule → peduncle → pons → pyramids → decussation. UMN: spasticity, hyperreflexia, extensor plantar.', 'Internal capsule: genu corticobulbar; posterior limb corticospinal/sensory; retrolentiform optic; sublentiform auditory. Lacunar stroke = pure motor deficit.', 'Retina: fovea = cones/sharp vision; optic disc = blind spot. Outer retina choroid; inner retina central retinal artery.'])], [('EMBRYOLOGY & GENETICS',[ 'Neural tube → CNS, retina, optic nerve, pineal, posterior pituitary. Alar sensory dorsal; basal motor ventral.', 'Neural crest → PNS ganglia/Schwann cells, melanocytes, adrenal medulla, C cells, odontoblasts, pia/arachnoid, craniofacial tissue, conotruncal septum.', 'Brain: pro-, mes-, rhombencephalon → tel/di-, mes-, met/myelencephalon. Tel = hemispheres; di = thalamus/hypothalamus/retina; met = pons/cerebellum; myel = medulla.', 'Down syndrome: trisomy 21; AV septal defect, duodenal atresia, Hirschsprung disease, hypotonia, epicanthic folds.', 'Turner syndrome: 45,X; short/webbed neck, streak ovaries, coarctation, horseshoe kidney.', '2nd pharyngeal arch summary: VII, facial expression, stapes/styloid.'])], [('HISTOLOGY + DRAWING LIST',[ 'Hyaline cartilage: glassy type II collagen matrix, chondrocytes in lacunae/isogenous groups, perichondrium except articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate.', 'Palatine tonsil histology: non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, branched crypts, lymphoid follicles with germinal centres, lateral capsule; efferent no afferent lymphatics.', 'Nasal septum: septal cartilage + perpendicular plate ethmoid + vomer. Kiesselbach area: common anterior epistaxis.', 'Posterior triangle: SCM, trapezius, clavicle; CN XI crosses superficially, at risk in node biopsy.', 'DRAW THESE FIRST: brachial plexus; carotid sheath; TMJ disc; RA interior; CSF flow; circle of Willis; coronary arteries; carpal tunnel; hyaline cartilage; internal capsule.', 'High-yield diagrams need only outline + 4 labels. Never leave a diagram unlabelled.'])] ]) c.save() print(OUT) PY python "/tmp/workspace/anatomy-pyq-pdf/src/make_cheatsheet.py" && python - <<'PY' from pypdf import PdfReader p='/tmp/workspace/anatomy-pyq-pdf/output/Last_Night_Anatomy_2_Page_Cheat_Sheet.pdf' r=PdfReader(p); print('pages',len(r.pages),'size',__import__('os').path.getsize(p));print((r.pages[0].extract_text() or '')[:200]) PY

site:youtube.com anatomy video brachial plexus carpal tunnel Erb palsy carotid sheath TMJ anatomy

site:youtube.com anatomy video right atrium pleura coronary artery bronchopulmonary segments azygos vein

site:youtube.com anatomy video internal capsule CSF circle of Willis neural crest brain development histology