This Comparison Chart displays an axial CT slice of a pediatric patient's skull, specifically the infratemporal fossa, used for radiation therapy planning. The image is split into two comparative halves: 'MC' (Monte Carlo calculation) on the left and 'TPS' (Treatment Planning System calculation) on the right. Both halves feature a color wash dose distribution map overlaid on the anatomy, ranging from blue (10% / 5.40 Gy) to red (105% / 56.70 Gy). Visible anatomical structures include the ethmoid sinus, nasal cavity, and brain. Two specific contours are delineated within the dose field: the Gross Tumor Volume (GTV) in red and the Clinical Target Volume (CTV) in orange. The visualization highlights dose variations around high-heterogeneity areas like the bone-air interface of the sinuses. At the bottom, an inset line graph plots a dose profile (Distance in mm vs. Dose in Gy), with a blue line representing the MC data and a green line representing the TPS data, illustrating subtle discrepancies between the two calculation models. This comparison is clinically significant for validating treatment accuracy in proton therapy for Ewing sarcoma.

Summary : This figure presents two kernel density plots comparing delivered dialysis doses in the HEMO (Hemodialysis) Study, showing distributions for men and women under conventional and high dose regimens, both as standard Kt/V and normalized to body surface area (BSA). line chart: # Panel A : Standard Kt/V (stdKt/V) Distributions Title & Axes : • No explicit panel title, but context: "Standard Kt/V (stdKt/V)" distributions. • X-axis: "Standard Kt/V (stdKt/V)", range: 1.75 to 3.00. • Y-axis: "Frequency Density", range: 0 to 5. Data Points : • Four series: – Men (conventional): dotted line – Women (conventional): dashed line – Men (high): solid line – Women (high): thin solid line • All series show unimodal distributions, with peaks at: – Men (conventional): ~2.25 – Women (conventional): ~2.25 – Men (high): ~2.55 – Women (high): ~2.55 Design Encodings : • Linestyles: dotted (Men conv.), dashed (Women conv.), solid (Men high), thin solid (Women high). • No colour encoding; all lines are black. Distribution & Trends : • Conventional dose groups (men and women) have overlapping, narrow peaks at lower Kt/V (~2.25). • High dose groups (men and women) have broader, right-shifted peaks at higher Kt/V (~2.55). • Clear separation between conventional and high dose distributions. # Panel B : Surface-area-normalized (SAN-stdKt/V) Distributions Title & Axes : • No explicit panel title, but context: "Surface-area-normalized (VWatson/SA) standard Kt/V (SAN-stdKt/V)" distributions. • X-axis: "Surface-area-normalized (VWatson/SA) standard Kt/V (SAN-stdKt/V)", range: 1.75 to 4.0. • Y-axis: "Frequency Density", range: 0 to 4. Data Points : • Four series: – Men (conventional dose): dotted line – Women (conventional dose): thick dashed line – Men (high dose): solid line – Women (high dose): thin solid line • Peaks: – Men (conventional): ~2.1 – Women (conventional): ~2.4 – Men (high): ~2.7 – Women (high): ~2.7 Design Encodings : • Linestyles: dotted (Men conv.), thick dashed (Women conv.), solid (Men high), thin solid (Women high). • No colour encoding; all lines are black. Distribution & Trends : • Conventional dose: men peak at lower SAN-stdKt/V (~2.1), women at higher (~2.4). • High dose: men and women both peak at ~2.7, with women showing a broader distribution extending to higher values (~3.5–4.0). • When normalized to BSA, high dose for women matches the conventional dose for men. # Analysis : • Panel A shows that delivered dialysis doses (standard Kt/V) are clearly separated between conventional and high dose groups, with men and women receiving similar doses within each group. • Panel B reveals that, after normalization to body surface area, women in the high dose group receive a dose comparable to men in the conventional group, indicating that BSA normalization shifts the distribution for women upward. • Both panels demonstrate unimodal distributions, with high dose groups shifted rightward compared to conventional dose groups. • The normalization to BSA (Panel B) reduces the difference between men and women in the high dose group, aligning their distributions.

This Comparison Chart displays a series of six axial brain MRI slices illustrating a simulation of intranasal drug diffusion. The images are organized in a 2x3 grid, comparing two simulated molar doses (10e3 and 1000e3) across three simulated time points (0.15, 0.5, and 1.5 hours). Drug concentration is represented by an orange-to-yellow heat map overlay. At the lower dose (bottom row), drug progression is slow, appearing only in the anterior frontal regions by 0.5 hours and reaching approximately the mid-axial plane by 1.5 hours. At the higher dose (top row), diffusion is significantly accelerated: the drug is visible in the anterior brain at 0.15 hours and achieves near-complete parenchymal saturation by 1.5 hours. The simulation demonstrates how anatomical structures and tissue density—inferred from MRI grayscale intensities—influence diffusion kinetics. White matter and higher-density regions appear to constrain spread, while fluid-filled spaces like ventricles facilitate more rapid distribution. This visualization is used in neuropharmacology research to model the spatiotemporal dynamics of intranasal delivery to the central nervous system.