Explain these topics in detail.
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All seven topics have been covered in detail above. Here's a quick orientation to what was explained:
Topic summary:
| # | Topic | Key Points Covered |
|---|---|---|
| 4.1 | Dietary lipid digestion & FA synthesis | Lingual/gastric/pancreatic lipase, bile salts, micelles, chylomicrons; ACC and FAS steps; palmitate assembly from acetyl-CoA + malonyl-CoA using NADPH |
| 4.2 | Fat mobilization, beta-oxidation, ketone bodies | HSL regulation; carnitine shuttle (CPT-I, malonyl-CoA inhibition); 4 repeating β-oxidation steps; MCAD deficiency; ketogenesis in liver; DKA in T1DM |
| 4.3 | Cholesterol & lipoprotein metabolism | HMG-CoA reductase (rate-limiting); statins; SREBP2; chylomicron → VLDL → IDL → LDL → HDL pathway; LDL receptor; RCT; FH; hyperlipoproteinemias |
| 4.4 | Protein digestion, nitrogen disposal, urea cycle | Pepsin, trypsin cascade, enteropeptidase; transamination (PLP), oxidative deamination (GDH); alanine cycle; glutamine cycle; 6 urea cycle reactions; OTC deficiency |
| 4.5 | AA degradation, inherited disorders, biomolecule precursors | Glucogenic vs ketogenic AAs; PKU, MSUD, homocystinuria, albinism; tryptophan → serotonin/niacin; AA precursors of hormones, purines, heme, NTs |
| 4.6 | Heme synthesis/degradation, nucleotide metabolism | ALAS1 (rate-limiting); porphyrias (AIP, PCT); bilirubin conjugation; jaundice types; purine de novo vs salvage; gout; Lesch-Nyhan; pyrimidine synthesis; 5-FU, methotrexate; orotic aciduria |
| 4.7 | Carbohydrate-lipid integration, insulin, glucagon, DM, obesity | Acetyl-CoA as central hub; malonyl-CoA switch; insulin (GLUT-4, anabolic); glucagon (cAMP/PKA, catabolic); fed-fast cycle; T1 vs T2 DM; DKA; adipokines; metabolic syndrome; NAFLD |
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