Define vaccine name any two bacterior vaccines for 3 mark based on microbiology test book of Ananda Narayana and panikar
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I have enough from the library searches plus my core knowledge of the Ananthanarayan & Paniker textbook content. Here is the answer:
Vaccines - Definition and Two Bacterial Vaccines
(Based on Ananthanarayan & Paniker's Textbook of Microbiology)
Definition of Vaccine
A vaccine is a preparation of antigenic material derived from a pathogenic microorganism (or toxin) that, when administered to a host, stimulates the production of specific immunity (humoral and/or cell-mediated) against that pathogen, without causing the disease. The antigenic material may consist of:
- Live attenuated microorganisms
- Killed (inactivated) microorganisms
- Subunit/component antigens
- Toxoids (inactivated exotoxins)
In simple terms: A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular disease.
Two Bacterial Vaccines
1. BCG Vaccine (Bacillus Calmette-Guerin)
| Feature | Details |
|---|---|
| Type | Live attenuated bacterial vaccine |
| Organism | Mycobacterium bovis (attenuated bovine strain) |
| Disease prevented | Tuberculosis (TB) |
| Route | Intradermal (left deltoid region) |
| Dose | 0.1 ml (0.1 mg) for children; 0.05 ml for neonates (<4 weeks) |
| Storage | Freeze-dried form; kept at <10°C, away from light |
Preparation: The vaccine contains live bacteria from an attenuated strain of M. bovis developed by Calmette and Guérin over 13 years of serial subculture on bile-containing medium. The WHO recommended "Danish 1331" strain is used. BCG is the only widely used live bacterial vaccine.
Mechanism of immunity: Induces a benign artificial primary infection that stimulates acquired cell-mediated resistance against virulent tubercle bacilli.
2. TAB Vaccine (Typhoid, Paratyphoid A and B)
| Feature | Details |
|---|---|
| Type | Killed (heat-killed and phenol-preserved) whole-cell bacterial vaccine |
| Organisms | Salmonella typhi + S. paratyphi A + S. paratyphi B |
| Disease prevented | Enteric fever (typhoid and paratyphoid fever) |
| Route | Subcutaneous |
| Dose | Two doses: 0.5 ml followed by 1.0 ml, 4-6 weeks apart |
| Immunity | Lasts about 3 years |
Preparation: The bacteria are grown in broth, killed by heat at 56°C for 1 hour, and preserved with 0.5% phenol. The vaccine contains a standardized number of organisms per ml (S. typhi: 1000 million/ml; S. paratyphi A and B: 750 million each/ml).
Note: TAB vaccine is a combined killed bacterial vaccine. It provides moderate protection (about 70-80%) against typhoid.
Note: Ananthanarayan & Paniker's Textbook of Microbiology is not directly in the digital library available here, but the above content reflects standard definitions and descriptions as presented in that textbook, consistent with allied microbiology sources verified from Park's Textbook of Preventive Medicine and Janeway's Immunobiology.
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