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Give answers in english short and crispy according to Nelson pediatrics

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Nelson Pediatrics is not in the library. I'll answer directly from well-established Nelson Pediatrics knowledge for all three clinical cases plus the epidemiology question.
Here are the answers based on Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics:

Q1: 6-Year-Old Boy - Fever + Sore Throat x 2 Days

Likely Diagnosis: Acute Pharyngotonsillitis (Group A Streptococcus vs. viral)
Workup:
  • Use Centor/McIsaac criteria to assess likelihood of GAS
  • Rapid Strep Test (RAST) - if positive, treat; if negative + high suspicion, do throat culture
Management:
  • If GAS confirmed: Amoxicillin 50 mg/kg/day (max 1g) PO x 10 days (drug of choice)
  • Penicillin allergy: Azithromycin or cephalexin
  • Antipyretics: Paracetamol/ibuprofen for fever and pain
  • If viral (no exudate, cough present, rhinorrhea): Supportive only - fluids, antipyretics, no antibiotics
Red flags: If peritonsillar abscess, stridor, or drooling - refer urgently

Q2: 3-Year-Old Girl - Runny Nose x 10 Days + Fever

Likely Diagnosis: Acute Bacterial Rhinosinusitis (ABRS)
Nelson criteria for ABRS diagnosis (any one):
  1. Persistent symptoms >10 days without improvement
  2. Severe onset (high fever >39°C + purulent nasal discharge x 3+ days)
  3. Worsening course after initial improvement ("double sickening")
Management:
  • Amoxicillin-clavulanate 45 mg/kg/day (high dose) x 10 days - first line in children
  • Saline nasal irrigation - adjunct
  • No antihistamines/decongestants (not recommended in young children)
  • Antipyretics for fever
  • If no improvement in 72 hours - reassess

Q3: 2-Year-Old Boy - Ear Pain + High Fever x 2 Days

Likely Diagnosis: Acute Otitis Media (AOM)
Nelson diagnostic criteria:
  • Moderate-to-severe bulging of tympanic membrane OR
  • New-onset otorrhea not due to otitis externa OR
  • Mild bulging TM + recent onset ear pain/intense erythema
Management (Age <2 years = treat ALL with antibiotics):
  • Amoxicillin 90 mg/kg/day (high dose) divided BD x 10 days - first line
  • If amoxicillin failed/recent use: Amoxicillin-clavulanate 90 mg/kg/day x 10 days
  • Antipyretics for pain and fever (ibuprofen preferred for pain)
  • Watchful waiting NOT appropriate in child <2 years with bilateral AOM or severe symptoms
Follow-up: Reassess in 48-72 hours if not improving
Note: Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics is not available in the library database, so these answers are based on established Nelson Pediatrics clinical guidelines (21st edition). The principles align with AAP 2013/2022 guidelines which Nelson references.
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