essential German travel phrases pronunciation tips cultural etiquette for tourists

Goethe exam A1 B1 German topics vocabulary grammar structure 2024 2025

Goethe Zertifikat A1 A2 B1 exam format speaking writing reading listening sections requirements

https://www.deutschgym.com/post/about-goethe-exam

ls -la /home/daytona/workspace/ 2>/dev/null || mkdir -p /home/daytona/workspace/…

mkdir -p /home/daytona/workspace/german-cheatsheet && echo "dir created"

~/german-cheatsheet/generate_cheatsheet.py

#!/usr/bin/env python3
"""
German Grammar Cheat Sheet A1-B1 (Goethe Exam Prep)
Printable A4 PDF — multi-page, colour-coded, exam-focused
"""

from reportlab.lib.pagesizes import A4
from reportlab.lib import colors
from reportlab.lib.units import mm
from reportlab.lib.styles import getSampleStyleSheet, ParagraphStyle
from reportlab.lib.enums import TA_CENTER, TA_LEFT
from reportlab.platypus import (
    SimpleDocTemplate, Paragraph, Spacer, Table, TableStyle,
    PageBreak, HRFlowable, KeepTogether
)
from reportlab.lib.colors import HexColor

# ── Colour Palette ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
C_BLACK      = HexColor("#1A1A2E")
C_DARK_BLUE  = HexColor("#16213E")
C_MID_BLUE   = HexColor("#0F3460")
C_ACCENT     = HexColor("#E94560")        # red-pink accent
C_A1         = HexColor("#27AE60")        # green  → A1
C_A2         = HexColor("#2980B9")        # blue   → A2
C_B1         = HexColor("#8E44AD")        # purple → B1
C_HEADER_BG  = HexColor("#1A1A2E")
C_STRIPE1    = HexColor("#F2F7FF")
C_STRIPE2    = HexColor("#FFFFFF")
C_YELLOW     = HexColor("#F39C12")
C_LIGHT_GREY = HexColor("#ECF0F1")
C_TIP        = HexColor("#FEF9E7")
C_TIP_BORDER = HexColor("#F39C12")

PAGE_W, PAGE_H = A4
MARGIN = 12 * mm

# ── Document ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
OUTPUT = "/home/daytona/workspace/german-cheatsheet/German_Grammar_A1-B1_Cheatsheet.pdf"

doc = SimpleDocTemplate(
    OUTPUT,
    pagesize=A4,
    leftMargin=MARGIN, rightMargin=MARGIN,
    topMargin=14*mm, bottomMargin=12*mm,
    title="German Grammar Cheat Sheet A1–B1",
    author="Goethe Exam Prep",
)

# ── Styles ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
styles = getSampleStyleSheet()

def S(name, **kw):
    return ParagraphStyle(name, **kw)

style_cover_title = S("CoverTitle", fontSize=34, leading=40, textColor=colors.white,
                       alignment=TA_CENTER, fontName="Helvetica-Bold", spaceAfter=6)
style_cover_sub   = S("CoverSub", fontSize=15, leading=20, textColor=HexColor("#BDC3C7"),
                       alignment=TA_CENTER, fontName="Helvetica", spaceAfter=4)
style_cover_note  = S("CoverNote", fontSize=11, leading=14, textColor=HexColor("#ECF0F1"),
                       alignment=TA_CENTER, fontName="Helvetica-Oblique")

style_section     = S("Section", fontSize=13, leading=16, textColor=colors.white,
                       fontName="Helvetica-Bold", spaceAfter=2, spaceBefore=6)
style_subsection  = S("SubSection", fontSize=10, leading=13, textColor=C_DARK_BLUE,
                       fontName="Helvetica-Bold", spaceAfter=2, spaceBefore=4)
style_body        = S("Body", fontSize=8.5, leading=11, textColor=C_BLACK,
                       fontName="Helvetica", spaceAfter=1)
style_tip         = S("Tip", fontSize=8, leading=11, textColor=HexColor("#784212"),
                       fontName="Helvetica-Oblique", spaceAfter=1)
style_small       = S("Small", fontSize=7.5, leading=10, textColor=C_BLACK,
                       fontName="Helvetica")
style_footer      = S("Footer", fontSize=7, leading=9, textColor=HexColor("#7F8C8D"),
                       alignment=TA_CENTER, fontName="Helvetica-Oblique")

# ── Helper: Section Banner ────────────────────────────────────────────────────
def section_banner(text, bg=C_HEADER_BG, fg=colors.white, level_color=None):
    display = text
    elems = []
    data = [[Paragraph(f'<font color="white"><b>{display}</b></font>', style_section)]]
    tbl = Table(data, colWidths=[PAGE_W - 2*MARGIN])
    tbl.setStyle(TableStyle([
        ("BACKGROUND", (0,0), (-1,-1), bg),
        ("LEFTPADDING", (0,0), (-1,-1), 8),
        ("RIGHTPADDING", (0,0), (-1,-1), 8),
        ("TOPPADDING", (0,0), (-1,-1), 5),
        ("BOTTOMPADDING", (0,0), (-1,-1), 5),
        ("ROWBACKGROUNDS", (0,0), (-1,-1), [bg]),
    ]))
    elems.append(tbl)
    elems.append(Spacer(1, 3))
    return elems

def level_badge(level):
    """Returns coloured inline badge text."""
    clr = {"A1": "#27AE60", "A2": "#2980B9", "B1": "#8E44AD"}.get(level, "#555")
    return f'<font color="{clr}"><b>[{level}]</b></font>'

# ── Helper: Grammar Table ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────
def grammar_table(headers, rows, col_widths=None, stripe=True):
    avail = PAGE_W - 2*MARGIN
    if col_widths is None:
        n = len(headers)
        col_widths = [avail / n] * n

    header_row = [Paragraph(f'<font color="white"><b>{h}</b></font>',
                             S("TH", fontSize=8, leading=10, textColor=colors.white,
                               fontName="Helvetica-Bold", alignment=TA_CENTER))
                  for h in headers]
    data = [header_row]
    for row in rows:
        data.append([Paragraph(str(cell), style_small) for cell in row])

    tbl = Table(data, colWidths=col_widths, repeatRows=1)
    ts = [
        ("BACKGROUND", (0,0), (-1,0), C_MID_BLUE),
        ("TEXTCOLOR", (0,0), (-1,0), colors.white),
        ("FONTNAME", (0,0), (-1,0), "Helvetica-Bold"),
        ("FONTSIZE", (0,0), (-1,-1), 8),
        ("LEADING", (0,0), (-1,-1), 10),
        ("LEFTPADDING", (0,0), (-1,-1), 4),
        ("RIGHTPADDING", (0,0), (-1,-1), 4),
        ("TOPPADDING", (0,0), (-1,-1), 3),
        ("BOTTOMPADDING", (0,0), (-1,-1), 3),
        ("GRID", (0,0), (-1,-1), 0.5, HexColor("#BDC3C7")),
        ("VALIGN", (0,0), (-1,-1), "MIDDLE"),
    ]
    if stripe:
        for i in range(1, len(data)):
            bg = C_STRIPE1 if i % 2 == 1 else C_STRIPE2
            ts.append(("BACKGROUND", (0,i), (-1,i), bg))
    tbl.setStyle(TableStyle(ts))
    return tbl

def tip_box(text):
    data = [[Paragraph(f"<b>Tip:</b> {text}", style_tip)]]
    tbl = Table(data, colWidths=[PAGE_W - 2*MARGIN - 4])
    tbl.setStyle(TableStyle([
        ("BACKGROUND", (0,0), (-1,-1), C_TIP),
        ("LEFTPADDING", (0,0), (-1,-1), 8),
        ("RIGHTPADDING", (0,0), (-1,-1), 8),
        ("TOPPADDING", (0,0), (-1,-1), 4),
        ("BOTTOMPADDING", (0,0), (-1,-1), 4),
        ("BOX", (0,0), (-1,-1), 1, C_TIP_BORDER),
        ("ROUNDEDCORNERS", [4]),
    ]))
    return tbl

# ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
# CONTENT
# ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
story = []

# ─── COVER PAGE ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
# Full-page dark background table
cover_content = [
    Spacer(1, 30*mm),
    Paragraph("🇩🇪  GERMAN GRAMMAR", style_cover_title),
    Paragraph("CHEAT SHEET", S("CS2", fontSize=28, leading=34, textColor=C_ACCENT,
                                alignment=TA_CENTER, fontName="Helvetica-Bold")),
    Spacer(1, 6*mm),
    Paragraph("Goethe-Zertifikat  A1 · A2 · B1", style_cover_sub),
    Spacer(1, 4*mm),
    HRFlowable(width="60%", thickness=1, color=C_ACCENT, hAlign="CENTER"),
    Spacer(1, 6*mm),
    Paragraph("Complete Grammar Reference · Exam Templates · Pronunciation Guide",
              style_cover_note),
    Spacer(1, 4*mm),
    Paragraph("All four skills: Reading · Listening · Writing · Speaking",
              style_cover_note),
    Spacer(1, 30*mm),
    Paragraph(
        '<font color="#27AE60"><b>A1</b></font>  Beginner   '
        '<font color="#2980B9"><b>A2</b></font>  Pre-Intermediate   '
        '<font color="#8E44AD"><b>B1</b></font>  Independent User',
        S("Lvls", fontSize=12, leading=16, textColor=colors.white,
          alignment=TA_CENTER, fontName="Helvetica-Bold")),
]

cover_data = [[c] for c in cover_content]
# Use a simple approach: just add content with dark background on whole page
cover_bg = Table([[Spacer(1, 0)]], colWidths=[PAGE_W - 2*MARGIN], rowHeights=[PAGE_H - 26*mm])
cover_bg.setStyle(TableStyle([("BACKGROUND", (0,0), (-1,-1), C_DARK_BLUE)]))

for item in cover_content:
    story.append(item)

story.append(PageBreak())

# ─── PAGE 2: ALPHABET & PRONUNCIATION ────────────────────────────────────────
story += section_banner("1.  ALPHABET & PRONUNCIATION  " + level_badge("A1"), bg=C_A1)

pron_data = [
    ["Letters / Sound", "Rule", "Example", "English Guide"],
    ["W", "Sounds like English V", "Wasser (water)", "VAH-ser"],
    ["V", "Sounds like English F", "Vater (father)", "FAH-ter"],
    ["Z", "Sounds like TS", "Zeit (time)", "TSYTE"],
    ["S + vowel", "Sounds like English Z", "sehen (to see)", "ZAY-en"],
    ["ss / ss", "Sharp S (never buzzy)", "Wasser, Strasse", "VAH-ser"],
    ["sp / st (start)", "SHP / SHT", "sprechen, Stein", "SHPREH-khen, SHTYNE"],
    ["ch (after a/o/u)", "Guttural — like Scottish loch", "Buch, auch", "bookh, owkh"],
    ["ch (after e/i)", "Soft hiss — like huge", "ich, nicht", "ikh, nikht"],
    ["ei", "Long 'eye'", "mein, nein", "mine, nine"],
    ["ie", "Long 'ee'", "Bier, sie", "beer, zee"],
    ["eu / au", "'oy' / 'ow'", "neu, Haus", "noy, howss"],
    ["a with umlaut (ae)", "'air'", "Madchen", "MAYD-khen"],
    ["o with umlaut (oe)", "'ur' — round lips", "schon", "shurn"],
    ["u with umlaut (ue)", "'ee' — round lips", "uber", "UE-ber"],
    ["-ig (word end)", "'ikh'", "richtig, lustig", "RIK-tikh, LUS-tikh"],
    ["Final b/d/g", "Devoice to p/t/k", "Hund, Tag", "hoont, tahk"],
    ["r (end of word)", "Soft 'ah'", "Vater, Wasser", "FAH-tah, VAH-sah"],
    ["j", "Like English Y", "ja, Jahr", "yah, yahr"],
    ["qu", "Like KV", "Qualitat", "kva-li-TAYT"],
]
story.append(grammar_table(
    pron_data[0], pron_data[1:],
    col_widths=[45*mm, 60*mm, 45*mm, 40*mm]
))
story.append(Spacer(1, 3))
story.append(tip_box("Every letter in German is pronounced — unlike English, there are almost NO silent letters. Speak what you see!"))
story.append(Spacer(1, 4))

# ─── PAGE 2 cont: VERB CONJUGATION ───────────────────────────────────────────
story += section_banner("2.  VERB CONJUGATION — PRESENT TENSE  " + level_badge("A1"), bg=C_A1)

conj_data = [
    ["Pronoun", "sein (be)", "haben (have)", "machen (do)", "gehen (go)", "kommen (come)"],
    ["ich", "bin", "habe", "mache", "gehe", "komme"],
    ["du", "bist", "hast", "machst", "gehst", "kommst"],
    ["er/sie/es", "ist", "hat", "macht", "geht", "kommt"],
    ["wir", "sind", "haben", "machen", "gehen", "kommen"],
    ["ihr", "seid", "habt", "macht", "geht", "kommt"],
    ["sie/Sie", "sind", "haben", "machen", "gehen", "kommen"],
]
avail = PAGE_W - 2*MARGIN
story.append(grammar_table(
    conj_data[0], conj_data[1:],
    col_widths=[avail*0.14, avail*0.17, avail*0.17, avail*0.17, avail*0.17, avail*0.18]
))
story.append(Spacer(1,3))
story.append(tip_box("Regular -en verbs: remove -en, then add: -e / -st / -t / -en / -t / -en"))
story.append(Spacer(1,4))

# ARTICLES TABLE
story += section_banner("3.  ARTICLES — DER / DIE / DAS  " + level_badge("A1") + "  " + level_badge("A2"), bg=C_A2)

art_data = [
    ["Case", "Use", "Masc. (der)", "Fem. (die)", "Neuter (das)", "Plural (die)"],
    ["Nominative", "Subject", "der / ein", "die / eine", "das / ein", "die / —"],
    ["Accusative", "Direct Object", "den / einen", "die / eine", "das / ein", "die / —"],
    ["Dative", "Indirect Object", "dem / einem", "der / einer", "dem / einem", "den / —"],
    ["Genitive", "Possession", "des / eines", "der / einer", "des / eines", "der / —"],
]
story.append(grammar_table(
    art_data[0], art_data[1:],
    col_widths=[30*mm, 38*mm, 32*mm, 28*mm, 32*mm, 30*mm]
))
story.append(Spacer(1,3))
story.append(tip_box("Memory trick — only ACCUSATIVE changes the masculine: der → DEN, ein → EINEN. All others stay the same!"))

story.append(PageBreak())

# ─── PAGE 3: MODAL VERBS ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────
story += section_banner("4.  MODAL VERBS  " + level_badge("A2"), bg=C_A2)

modal_data = [
    ["Pronoun", "konnen (can)", "mussen (must)", "wollen (want)", "durfen (may)", "sollen (shall)", "mogen (like)"],
    ["ich", "kann", "muss", "will", "darf", "soll", "mag"],
    ["du", "kannst", "musst", "willst", "darfst", "sollst", "magst"],
    ["er/sie/es", "kann", "muss", "will", "darf", "soll", "mag"],
    ["wir", "konnen", "mussen", "wollen", "durfen", "sollen", "mogen"],
    ["ihr", "konnt", "musst", "wollt", "durft", "sollt", "mogt"],
    ["sie/Sie", "konnen", "mussen", "wollen", "durfen", "sollen", "mogen"],
]
avail = PAGE_W - 2*MARGIN
cw = avail / 7
story.append(grammar_table(modal_data[0], modal_data[1:], col_widths=[cw]*7))
story.append(Spacer(1,3))
story.append(tip_box("Modal verb ALWAYS in position 2; infinitive goes to END: Ich KANN heute nicht KOMMEN."))
story.append(Spacer(1,4))

# PERFEKT TENSE
story += section_banner("5.  PERFEKT TENSE (Past)  " + level_badge("A2"), bg=C_A2)

perf_data = [
    ["Pattern", "When to Use", "Formula", "Example"],
    ["haben + Partizip II", "Most verbs (transitive, non-motion)", "Ich habe + [ge...t/en]", "Ich habe gegessen. (I ate)"],
    ["sein + Partizip II", "Motion verbs & change of state", "Ich bin + [ge...en]", "Ich bin gegangen. (I went)"],
]
story.append(grammar_table(perf_data[0], perf_data[1:], col_widths=[44*mm, 58*mm, 52*mm, 56*mm]))
story.append(Spacer(1,3))

partizip_data = [
    ["Infinitive", "Partizip II", "Haben/Sein", "Infinitive", "Partizip II", "Haben/Sein"],
    ["machen", "gemacht", "haben", "gehen", "gegangen", "sein"],
    ["spielen", "gespielt", "haben", "fahren", "gefahren", "sein"],
    ["kaufen", "gekauft", "haben", "kommen", "gekommen", "sein"],
    ["essen", "gegessen", "haben", "laufen", "gelaufen", "sein"],
    ["trinken", "getrunken", "haben", "fliegen", "geflogen", "sein"],
    ["sehen", "gesehen", "haben", "bleiben", "geblieben", "sein"],
    ["lesen", "gelesen", "haben", "werden", "geworden", "sein"],
    ["schreiben", "geschrieben", "haben", "steigen", "gestiegen", "sein"],
    ["arbeiten", "gearbeitet", "haben", "reisen", "gereist", "sein"],
]
cw2 = avail / 6
story.append(grammar_table(partizip_data[0], partizip_data[1:], col_widths=[cw2]*6))
story.append(Spacer(1,3))
story.append(tip_box("Regular Partizip II = ge + stem + t  |  Irregular = ge + changed stem + en  |  Verbs with be-/ver-/er- prefix: NO 'ge'!"))
story.append(Spacer(1,4))

# PRATERITUM
story += section_banner("6.  PRATERITUM — Simple Past  " + level_badge("B1"), bg=C_B1)

prat_data = [
    ["Verb", "ich", "du", "er/sie/es", "wir", "ihr", "sie/Sie"],
    ["sein (be)", "war", "warst", "war", "waren", "wart", "waren"],
    ["haben (have)", "hatte", "hattest", "hatte", "hatten", "hattet", "hatten"],
    ["gehen (go)", "ging", "gingst", "ging", "gingen", "gingt", "gingen"],
    ["kommen (come)", "kam", "kamst", "kam", "kamen", "kamt", "kamen"],
    ["fahren (drive)", "fuhr", "fuhrst", "fuhr", "fuhren", "fuhrt", "fuhren"],
    ["sehen (see)", "sah", "sahst", "sah", "sahen", "saht", "sahen"],
    ["nehmen (take)", "nahm", "nahmst", "nahm", "nahmen", "nahmt", "nahmen"],
    ["wissen (know)", "wusste", "wusstest", "wusste", "wussten", "wusstet", "wussten"],
]
cw3 = [38*mm] + [(avail - 38*mm)/6]*6
story.append(grammar_table(prat_data[0], prat_data[1:], col_widths=cw3))
story.append(Spacer(1,3))
story.append(tip_box("In SPOKEN German, use Perfekt for almost everything. Use Prateritum mainly for: sein, haben, modal verbs, and formal/written German."))

story.append(PageBreak())

# ─── PAGE 4: SENTENCE STRUCTURE ──────────────────────────────────────────────
story += section_banner("7.  SENTENCE STRUCTURE & WORD ORDER  " + level_badge("A1") + "–" + level_badge("B1"), bg=C_MID_BLUE)

word_order_data = [
    ["Pattern", "Rule", "Example"],
    ["Main Clause", "Verb always in POSITION 2", "Ich lerne jeden Tag Deutsch."],
    ["Yes/No Question", "Verb comes FIRST", "Sprechen Sie Englisch?"],
    ["W-Question", "W-word + Verb + Subject", "Wo wohnen Sie?"],
    ["Inversion (adverb first)", "Adverb + Verb + Subject", "Heute gehe ich ins Kino."],
    ["weil (because)", "Verb goes to END", "Ich lerne, weil es wichtig IST."],
    ["dass (that)", "Verb goes to END", "Ich denke, dass du Recht HAST."],
    ["obwohl (although)", "Verb goes to END", "Obwohl es schwer IST, lerne ich."],
    ["wenn (when/if)", "Verb goes to END", "Wenn ich Zeit HABE, lese ich."],
    ["als (when — past)", "Verb goes to END", "Als ich jung WAR, spielte ich Fussball."],
    ["Relative clause", "Verb goes to END", "Der Mann, der hier WOHNT, ist nett."],
    ["Konjunktiv II", "wurden + infinitive at END", "Ich wurden gern nach Berlin FAHREN."],
    ["Perfekt", "haben/sein + Partizip II at END", "Ich habe Deutsch GELERNT."],
    ["Separable verb", "Prefix goes to END", "Ich stehe um 7 Uhr AUF."],
]
story.append(grammar_table(
    word_order_data[0], word_order_data[1:],
    col_widths=[48*mm, 65*mm, 77*mm]
))
story.append(Spacer(1,4))

# KONJUNKTIV II
story += section_banner("8.  KONJUNKTIV II — Wishes & Polite Requests  " + level_badge("B1"), bg=C_B1)

konj_data = [
    ["Verb", "Konjunktiv II Form", "Example Sentence", "Meaning"],
    ["sein", "ware", "Ich ware gern Arzt.", "I would like to be a doctor."],
    ["haben", "hatte", "Ich hatte gern mehr Zeit.", "I would like to have more time."],
    ["werden", "wurde", "Ich wurde reisen.", "I would travel."],
    ["konnen", "konnte", "Konnten Sie mir helfen?", "Could you help me?"],
    ["mussen", "musste", "Er musste mehr lernen.", "He would have to study more."],
    ["wollen", "wollte", "Sie wollte nach Berlin.", "She wanted to go to Berlin."],
    ["durfen", "durfte", "Durfte ich fragen?", "Might I ask?"],
]
cw4 = [28*mm, 38*mm, 75*mm, 50*mm]
story.append(grammar_table(konj_data[0], konj_data[1:], col_widths=cw4))
story.append(Spacer(1,3))
story.append(tip_box("Most common Konjunktiv II: wurden + infinitive (polite/hypothetical). Use hatte/ware/konnte for most other situations."))
story.append(Spacer(1,4))

# CONJUNCTIONS TABLE
story += section_banner("9.  CONJUNCTIONS  " + level_badge("A2") + "–" + level_badge("B1"), bg=C_A2)

conj_types = [
    ["Type", "Conjunction", "Meaning", "Effect on Word Order", "Example"],
    ["Coordinating", "und", "and", "Normal order", "Ich lerne und er schlaft."],
    ["Coordinating", "aber", "but", "Normal order", "Er ist nett, aber ich mag ihn nicht."],
    ["Coordinating", "oder", "or", "Normal order", "Kommst du oder bleibst du?"],
    ["Coordinating", "denn", "because/for", "Normal order", "Ich esse, denn ich habe Hunger."],
    ["Coordinating", "sondern", "but rather", "Normal order", "Er ist nicht krank, sondern mude."],
    ["Subordinating", "weil", "because", "VERB TO END", "Ich lerne, weil es wichtig ist."],
    ["Subordinating", "dass", "that", "VERB TO END", "Er sagt, dass er kommt."],
    ["Subordinating", "obwohl", "although", "VERB TO END", "Obwohl es regnet, gehe ich raus."],
    ["Subordinating", "wenn", "if/when", "VERB TO END", "Wenn ich Zeit habe, lese ich."],
    ["Subordinating", "als", "when (past)", "VERB TO END", "Als ich jung war, spielte ich."],
    ["Subordinating", "bevor", "before", "VERB TO END", "Bevor er geht, isst er."],
    ["Subordinating", "nachdem", "after", "VERB TO END", "Nachdem er gegessen hat, geht er."],
    ["Subordinating", "damit", "so that", "VERB TO END", "Ich lerne, damit ich bestehe."],
]
story.append(grammar_table(
    conj_types[0], conj_types[1:],
    col_widths=[32*mm, 26*mm, 24*mm, 36*mm, 72*mm]
))

story.append(PageBreak())

# ─── PAGE 5: CASES & PREPOSITIONS ────────────────────────────────────────────
story += section_banner("10.  PREPOSITIONS BY CASE  " + level_badge("A2") + "–" + level_badge("B1"), bg=C_A2)

prep_data = [
    ["Case", "Prepositions", "Example", "Tip"],
    ["ACCUSATIVE only", "durch, fur, gegen, ohne, um, bis, entlang",
     "Das Geschenk ist fur dich.", "Motion TOWARD / purpose"],
    ["DATIVE only", "aus, bei, mit, nach, seit, von, zu, gegenuber",
     "Ich fahre mit dem Bus.", "Location / point in time"],
    ["TWO-WAY (Acc/Dat)", "an, auf, hinter, in, neben, uber, unter, vor, zwischen",
     "Ich gehe IN die Schule. (Acc)\nIch bin IN der Schule. (Dat)",
     "WHERE TO? → Accusative\nWHERE? → Dative"],
    ["GENITIVE", "trotz, wegen, wahrend, statt",
     "Wegen des Regens bleibe ich.", "Formal/written German"],
]
story.append(grammar_table(
    prep_data[0], prep_data[1:],
    col_widths=[36*mm, 62*mm, 60*mm, 32*mm]
))
story.append(Spacer(1,3))
story.append(tip_box("Two-way prepositions: WOHIN? (where to?) = Accusative movement. WO? (where?) = Dative location."))
story.append(Spacer(1,4))

# RELATIVE CLAUSES
story += section_banner("11.  RELATIVE CLAUSES  " + level_badge("B1"), bg=C_B1)

rel_data = [
    ["Gender/Case", "Nominative", "Accusative", "Dative"],
    ["Masculine", "der", "den", "dem"],
    ["Feminine", "die", "die", "der"],
    ["Neuter", "das", "das", "dem"],
    ["Plural", "die", "die", "denen"],
]
story.append(grammar_table(rel_data[0], rel_data[1:],
                            col_widths=[50*mm, 50*mm, 50*mm, 40*mm]))
story.append(Spacer(1,3))

rel_examples = [
    ["Example", "Translation"],
    ["Der Mann, DER hier wohnt, ist nett.", "The man WHO lives here is nice. (Masc. Nom.)"],
    ["Die Frau, DIE ich sehe, ist meine Chefin.", "The woman WHOM I see is my boss. (Fem. Acc.)"],
    ["Das Kind, DEM ich helfe, ist mein Neffe.", "The child WHOM I help is my nephew. (Neut. Dat.)"],
    ["Die Leute, DIE hier wohnen, sind freundlich.", "The people WHO live here are friendly. (Plural Nom.)"],
]
story.append(Spacer(1,2))
story.append(grammar_table(rel_examples[0], rel_examples[1:],
                            col_widths=[100*mm, 90*mm]))
story.append(Spacer(1,3))
story.append(tip_box("Relative clause verb goes to END. Match the pronoun (der/die/das/denen) to the GENDER of the noun, and CASE of its role in the clause."))
story.append(Spacer(1,4))

# REFLEXIVE VERBS
story += section_banner("12.  REFLEXIVE VERBS  " + level_badge("A2") + "–" + level_badge("B1"), bg=C_A2)

refl_data = [
    ["Pronoun", "Reflexive Pronoun (Acc)", "Example Verb: sich freuen"],
    ["ich", "mich", "Ich freue mich."],
    ["du", "dich", "Du freust dich."],
    ["er/sie/es", "sich", "Er freut sich."],
    ["wir", "uns", "Wir freuen uns."],
    ["ihr", "euch", "Ihr freut euch."],
    ["sie/Sie", "sich", "Sie freuen sich."],
]
cw5 = [40*mm, 60*mm, 90*mm]
story.append(grammar_table(refl_data[0], refl_data[1:], col_widths=cw5))
story.append(Spacer(1,3))

refl_verbs = [
    ["Common Reflexive Verb", "Meaning", "Common Reflexive Verb", "Meaning"],
    ["sich vorstellen", "to introduce oneself", "sich bewerben", "to apply (for job)"],
    ["sich freuen (auf)", "to look forward to", "sich befinden", "to be located"],
    ["sich interessieren (fur)", "to be interested in", "sich erinnern (an)", "to remember"],
    ["sich befassen (mit)", "to deal with", "sich melden", "to get in touch"],
]
cw6 = [52*mm, 42*mm, 52*mm, 44*mm]
story.append(grammar_table(refl_verbs[0], refl_verbs[1:], col_widths=cw6))

story.append(PageBreak())

# ─── PAGE 6: EXAM WRITING TEMPLATES ──────────────────────────────────────────
story += section_banner("13.  GOETHE EXAM WRITING TEMPLATES  " + level_badge("A1") + "–" + level_badge("B1"), bg=C_ACCENT)

story.append(Paragraph("<b>A1/A2 — Short Message / Form</b>", style_subsection))
msg_style = ParagraphStyle("MsgBox", fontSize=8.5, leading=12, textColor=C_BLACK,
                            fontName="Courier", leftIndent=8, spaceAfter=1)
box_data = [[Paragraph(line, msg_style)] for line in [
    "Betreff: [Subject / Betreff]",
    "",
    "Liebe/r [Name],",
    "",
    "ich heisse [your name] und ich komme aus [country].",
    "Ich wohne in [city] und ich arbeite als [job].",
    "Ich [main sentence relevant to the task prompt].",
    "",
    "Viele Grusse,",
    "[Your Name]",
]]
msg_table = Table(box_data, colWidths=[PAGE_W - 2*MARGIN])
msg_table.setStyle(TableStyle([
    ("BACKGROUND", (0,0), (-1,-1), HexColor("#EBF5FB")),
    ("BOX", (0,0), (-1,-1), 1, C_A2),
    ("LEFTPADDING", (0,0), (-1,-1), 10),
    ("RIGHTPADDING", (0,0), (-1,-1), 10),
    ("TOPPADDING", (0,0), (-1,-1), 1),
    ("BOTTOMPADDING", (0,0), (-1,-1), 1),
]))
story.append(msg_table)
story.append(Spacer(1,5))

story.append(Paragraph("<b>B1 — Formal Email (Sehr geehrte...)</b>", style_subsection))
email_data = [[Paragraph(line, msg_style)] for line in [
    "Betreff: [Topic]",
    "",
    "Sehr geehrte Damen und Herren,  (or: Sehr geehrte/r Frau/Herr [Name],)",
    "",
    "ich schreibe Ihnen bezuglich [topic/reason for writing].",
    "[Sentence 1: Explain situation or background].",
    "[Sentence 2: State your request or problem clearly].",
    "Ich wurde mich freuen, wenn Sie [your specific request].",
    "",
    "Fur eine Ruckmeldung bedanke ich mich im Voraus.",
    "",
    "Mit freundlichen Gruessen,",
    "[Your Full Name]",
]]
email_table = Table(email_data, colWidths=[PAGE_W - 2*MARGIN])
email_table.setStyle(TableStyle([
    ("BACKGROUND", (0,0), (-1,-1), HexColor("#F4ECF7")),
    ("BOX", (0,0), (-1,-1), 1, C_B1),
    ("LEFTPADDING", (0,0), (-1,-1), 10),
    ("RIGHTPADDING", (0,0), (-1,-1), 10),
    ("TOPPADDING", (0,0), (-1,-1), 1),
    ("BOTTOMPADDING", (0,0), (-1,-1), 1),
]))
story.append(email_table)
story.append(Spacer(1,5))

story.append(Paragraph("<b>B1 — Forum Post / Opinion (Forumsbeitrag)</b>", style_subsection))
forum_data = [[Paragraph(line, msg_style)] for line in [
    "Meiner Meinung nach ist [topic] sehr wichtig / problematisch.",
    "Einerseits [first argument or advantage].",
    "Andererseits [counter-argument or disadvantage].",
    "Ich finde, dass [your conclusion + reason with 'weil' or 'da'].",
    "Deshalb bin ich der Ansicht, dass [final opinion / call to action].",
]]
forum_table = Table(forum_data, colWidths=[PAGE_W - 2*MARGIN])
forum_table.setStyle(TableStyle([
    ("BACKGROUND", (0,0), (-1,-1), HexColor("#FEF9E7")),
    ("BOX", (0,0), (-1,-1), 1, C_YELLOW),
    ("LEFTPADDING", (0,0), (-1,-1), 10),
    ("RIGHTPADDING", (0,0), (-1,-1), 10),
    ("TOPPADDING", (0,0), (-1,-1), 1),
    ("BOTTOMPADDING", (0,0), (-1,-1), 1),
]))
story.append(forum_table)
story.append(Spacer(1,5))

# SPEAKING PHRASE BANK
story += section_banner("14.  B1 SPEAKING — EXAM PHRASE BANK  " + level_badge("B1"), bg=C_B1)

speak_data = [
    ["Function", "German Phrase", "English"],
    ["Opening presentation", "Ich mochte uber [Thema] sprechen.", "I would like to talk about [topic]."],
    ["Adding a point", "Ausserdem mochte ich erw\u00e4hnen, dass...", "Furthermore I would like to mention that..."],
    ["Giving opinion", "Meiner Meinung nach...", "In my opinion..."],
    ["Agreeing", "Da haben Sie recht. / Ich stimme zu.", "You are right. / I agree."],
    ["Disagreeing politely", "Das sehe ich etwas anders, weil...", "I see that slightly differently, because..."],
    ["Making suggestion", "Wie ware es, wenn wir...?", "How about if we...?"],
    ["Asking partner", "Was meinen Sie dazu?", "What do you think about that?"],
    ["Asking to repeat", "Konnten Sie das bitte wiederholen?", "Could you please repeat that?"],
    ["Buying time", "Das ist eine interessante Frage...", "That is an interesting question..."],
    ["Concluding", "Zusammenfassend kann ich sagen, dass...", "In summary I can say that..."],
    ["Transition", "Kommen wir jetzt zu... / Zum Schluss...", "Let's now move to... / In conclusion..."],
]
story.append(grammar_table(speak_data[0], speak_data[1:],
                            col_widths=[46*mm, 80*mm, 64*mm]))

story.append(PageBreak())

# ─── PAGE 7: VOCABULARY QUICK REFERENCE ──────────────────────────────────────
story += section_banner("15.  HIGH-FREQUENCY VOCABULARY BY TOPIC  " + level_badge("A1") + "–" + level_badge("B1"), bg=C_HEADER_BG)

story.append(Paragraph("<b>Numbers, Time & Dates</b>", style_subsection))
num_data = [
    ["German", "English", "German", "English", "German", "English"],
    ["eins (1)", "one", "elf (11)", "eleven", "hundert", "hundred"],
    ["zwei (2)", "two", "zwolf (12)", "twelve", "tausend", "thousand"],
    ["drei (3)", "three", "zwanzig (20)", "twenty", "Montag", "Monday"],
    ["vier (4)", "four", "dreissig (30)", "thirty", "Dienstag", "Tuesday"],
    ["funf (5)", "five", "vierzig (40)", "forty", "Mittwoch", "Wednesday"],
    ["sechs (6)", "six", "funfzig (50)", "fifty", "Donnerstag", "Thursday"],
    ["sieben (7)", "seven", "sechzig (60)", "sixty", "Freitag", "Friday"],
    ["acht (8)", "eight", "siebzig (70)", "seventy", "Samstag", "Saturday"],
    ["neun (9)", "nine", "achtzig (80)", "eighty", "Sonntag", "Sunday"],
    ["zehn (10)", "ten", "neunzig (90)", "ninety", "heute/morgen", "today/tomorrow"],
]
cw7 = [avail/6]*6
story.append(grammar_table(num_data[0], num_data[1:], col_widths=cw7))
story.append(Spacer(1,3))

story.append(Paragraph("<b>Essential Verbs A1–B1</b>", style_subsection))
verb_data = [
    ["Infinitive", "Meaning", "Infinitive", "Meaning", "Infinitive", "Meaning"],
    ["sein", "to be", "arbeiten", "to work", "sich freuen", "to be happy"],
    ["haben", "to have", "lernen", "to learn", "sich vorstellen", "to introduce oneself"],
    ["machen", "to do/make", "sprechen", "to speak", "sich befinden", "to be located"],
    ["gehen", "to go", "lesen", "to read", "sich bewerben", "to apply"],
    ["kommen", "to come", "schreiben", "to write", "wurden", "would (Konj. II)"],
    ["fahren", "to drive/travel", "horen", "to hear/listen", "wurde", "was made (passive)"],
    ["wohnen", "to live/reside", "verstehen", "to understand", "erklaren", "to explain"],
    ["heissen", "to be named", "helfen", "to help", "empfehlen", "to recommend"],
    ["kaufen", "to buy", "bezahlen", "to pay", "beschweren (sich)", "to complain"],
]
story.append(grammar_table(verb_data[0], verb_data[1:], col_widths=cw7))
story.append(Spacer(1,3))

story.append(Paragraph("<b>Opinion & Connective Words (B1 Writing/Speaking)</b>", style_subsection))
opinion_data = [
    ["German", "English", "German", "English"],
    ["Meiner Meinung nach", "In my opinion", "Deshalb / Deswegen", "Therefore / That's why"],
    ["Ich finde, dass...", "I think that...", "Ausserdem", "Furthermore / Besides"],
    ["Einerseits... andererseits...", "On one hand... on the other...", "Trotzdem", "Nevertheless"],
    ["Ich bin dafur / dagegen.", "I am for / against it.", "Im Gegensatz dazu", "In contrast to that"],
    ["Das stimmt (nicht).", "That is (not) true.", "Zum Beispiel (z.B.)", "For example"],
    ["Ich stimme zu / widerspreche.", "I agree / disagree.", "Im Allgemeinen", "In general"],
    ["Auf der einen Seite...", "On the one side...", "Zusammenfassend", "In summary"],
    ["Obwohl / Auch wenn", "Although / Even if", "Letztendlich", "Ultimately / In the end"],
]
story.append(grammar_table(opinion_data[0], opinion_data[1:],
                            col_widths=[60*mm, 45*mm, 55*mm, 30*mm]))

story.append(PageBreak())

# ─── PAGE 8: EXAM STRATEGY & QUICK REFERENCE ─────────────────────────────────
story += section_banner("16.  GOETHE EXAM STRATEGY  A1 / A2 / B1", bg=C_ACCENT)

strat_data = [
    ["Module", "Time", "Task Type", "Key Strategy"],
    ["Lesen (Reading)", "A1: 25min\nA2: 30min\nB1: 65min",
     "Multiple choice, True/False, matching",
     "Skim for gist first. Read questions BEFORE the text. Key words = answer clues."],
    ["Horen (Listening)", "A1: 20min\nA2: 30min\nB1: 40min",
     "Multiple choice, gap fill, True/False",
     "Read questions before audio plays. Write answers in note form first."],
    ["Schreiben (Writing)", "A1: 20min\nA2: 30min\nB1: 60min",
     "A1/A2: form + short message\nB1: formal email + forum post",
     "Use templates! Stay on topic. Check verb position in subordinate clauses."],
    ["Sprechen (Speaking)", "A1: 15min\nA2: 15min\nB1: 15min",
     "A1: introduce self\nA2: negotiate\nB1: presentation + discussion",
     "Speak clearly at natural pace. Use connectors. Ask partner questions. Don't memorize — react!"],
]
story.append(grammar_table(strat_data[0], strat_data[1:],
                            col_widths=[32*mm, 28*mm, 52*mm, 78*mm]))
story.append(Spacer(1,4))

story += section_banner("17.  PASS MARK & SCORING", bg=C_MID_BLUE)
score_data = [
    ["Level", "Total Points", "Pass Mark", "Each Module Worth", "Can Fail One Module?"],
    ["A1", "100 pts", "60 pts (60%)", "25 pts each", "Yes — if total >= 60"],
    ["A2", "100 pts", "60 pts (60%)", "25 pts each", "Yes — if total >= 60"],
    ["B1", "100 pts", "60 pts (60%)", "25 pts each (modular)", "Yes — modules taken separately"],
]
story.append(grammar_table(score_data[0], score_data[1:],
                            col_widths=[24*mm, 30*mm, 32*mm, 42*mm, 62*mm]))
story.append(Spacer(1,4))

story += section_banner("18.  30-DAY STUDY PLAN SUMMARY", bg=C_HEADER_BG)
plan_data = [
    ["Week", "Focus", "Grammar Topics", "Daily Goal"],
    ["Week 1\n(Days 1–7)", "A1 Foundation", "Verbs, sein/haben, articles (Nom/Acc),\nquestion words, basic sentences",
     "20 new words/day\n2 hrs study/day"],
    ["Week 2\n(Days 8–14)", "A2 Expansion", "Dative, modal verbs, Perfekt tense,\nseparable verbs, comparatives",
     "25 new words/day\n2.5 hrs study/day"],
    ["Week 3\n(Days 15–21)", "B1 Bridge", "Prateritum, subordinate clauses,\nrelative clauses, Konjunktiv II, passive",
     "30 new words/day\n3 hrs study/day"],
    ["Week 4\n(Days 22–30)", "Exam Simulation", "Full timed mock tests, writing templates,\nspeaking practice, weak point review",
     "2 mock tests\n2.5 hrs study/day"],
]
story.append(grammar_table(plan_data[0], plan_data[1:],
                            col_widths=[25*mm, 30*mm, 85*mm, 50*mm]))
story.append(Spacer(1,3))
story.append(tip_box("You only need 60% to pass! Focus on consistency, not perfection. Speaking aloud every day — even 10 minutes — trains your brain faster than reading alone."))
story.append(Spacer(1,5))

# FOOTER NOTE
story.append(HRFlowable(width="100%", thickness=0.5, color=HexColor("#BDC3C7")))
story.append(Spacer(1,3))
story.append(Paragraph(
    "Goethe-Zertifikat A1–B1 Grammar Cheat Sheet  |  Viel Erfolg bei deiner Prufung!  |  "
    "Official Practice Tests: www.goethe.de/en/spr/kup/prf.html",
    style_footer
))

# ─── BUILD ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
doc.build(story)
print(f"PDF created: {OUTPUT}")