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Questions Classification of muscle tissues Embryonic origin and development of muscle tissues Structural and functional units of each type of muscle tissues Structures of a skeletal muscle fiber forming its cytoskeletal, trophical, and contractile apparatus Ultrastructural organization of a myofibril 22 onducting and secretory Structure of a sarcomere Classification of skeletal muscle fibers. Their structural and functional peculiarities Mechanism of skeletal muscle contraction Skeletal muscle as an organ Muscle spindles and tendon organs Structural peculiarities cardiomyocytes Structure of smooth mus Intercellular junctions in Mechanism of smooth muscle contracuon Regeneration of different types of muscle tissues

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  1. Classification — Three types (skeletal / cardiac / smooth) with key distinguishing features in the comparison table at the top.
  2. Embryonic origin — All from mesoderm; skeletal from somitic mesoderm via myoblast fusion; cardiac from splanchnic mesoderm (no fusion); smooth from splanchnic mesoderm or neural crest.
  3. Structural & functional units — Motor unit (skeletal), electrical syncytium (cardiac/smooth).
  4. Skeletal muscle fiber structures — Organized into three apparatus: cytoskeletal (T-tubules, desmin, costameres), trophic (SR, mitochondria, satellite cells), and contractile (myofibrils, thick/thin filaments, titin, nebulin).
  5. Myofibril ultrastructure — Band anatomy table (A, I, H, M, Z).
  6. Sarcomere — Defined Z-to-Z with dimensions and filament arrangement; sliding filament basis.
  7. Fiber type classification — Types I, IIA, IIB with metabolic and functional properties.
  8. Contraction mechanism — Full crossbridge cycle: action potential → T-tubule → DHPR/RyR1 → Ca²⁺ → troponin → power stroke → SERCA reuptake.
  9. Skeletal muscle as organ — Epi/peri/endomysium hierarchy, neurovascular supply, motor end plate.
  10. Muscle spindles & GTOs — Intrafusal fiber types, afferent innervation (Ia, II, Ib), γ-motor neuron control.
  11. Cardiomyocyte peculiarities — Size, central nucleus, dyads, CICR, atrial secretory function.
  12. Smooth muscle structure — Dense bodies, caldesmon, side-polar myosin, caveolae.
  13. Intercellular junctions — Intercalated disc components (fascia adherens, desmosomes, gap junctions); smooth muscle gap junctions and dense plaques.
  14. Smooth muscle contraction — Ca²⁺–calmodulin–MLCK pathway, latch state, cAMP/cGMP relaxation.
  15. Regeneration — Satellite cells (skeletal), fibrous repair (cardiac), smooth muscle mitosis.
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