from reportlab.lib.pagesizes import A4
from reportlab.lib.styles import getSampleStyleSheet, ParagraphStyle
from reportlab.lib.units import cm, mm
from reportlab.lib.colors import HexColor, black, white
from reportlab.platypus import (
    SimpleDocTemplate, Paragraph, Spacer, Table, TableStyle,
    HRFlowable, PageBreak, KeepTogether
)
from reportlab.lib.enums import TA_CENTER, TA_LEFT, TA_JUSTIFY
from reportlab.platypus import BaseDocTemplate, Frame, PageTemplate

OUTPUT = "/home/daytona/workspace/rotary-cutting-instruments/Rotary_Cutting_Instruments_Operative_Dentistry.pdf"

# --- Colors ---
DARK_BLUE   = HexColor("#1a3a5c")
MID_BLUE    = HexColor("#2b5fa8")
LIGHT_BLUE  = HexColor("#ddeeff")
ACCENT      = HexColor("#e8720c")
LIGHT_GRAY  = HexColor("#f5f5f5")
BORDER_GRAY = HexColor("#cccccc")
WHITE       = white
TEXT_DARK   = HexColor("#1a1a1a")

def header_footer(canvas, doc):
    canvas.saveState()
    w, h = A4
    # Header bar
    canvas.setFillColor(DARK_BLUE)
    canvas.rect(0, h - 28*mm, w, 28*mm, fill=1, stroke=0)
    canvas.setFillColor(WHITE)
    canvas.setFont("Helvetica-Bold", 14)
    canvas.drawCentredString(w/2, h - 14*mm, "ROTARY CUTTING INSTRUMENTS IN OPERATIVE DENTISTRY")
    canvas.setFont("Helvetica", 8)
    canvas.drawCentredString(w/2, h - 22*mm, "25 Marks — Comprehensive Study Notes")

    # Footer
    canvas.setFillColor(DARK_BLUE)
    canvas.rect(0, 0, w, 14*mm, fill=1, stroke=0)
    canvas.setFillColor(WHITE)
    canvas.setFont("Helvetica", 8)
    canvas.drawString(15*mm, 5*mm, "Operative Dentistry | Rotary Cutting Instruments")
    canvas.drawRightString(w - 15*mm, 5*mm, f"Page {doc.page}")
    canvas.restoreState()

doc = BaseDocTemplate(
    OUTPUT,
    pagesize=A4,
    leftMargin=2*cm, rightMargin=2*cm,
    topMargin=3.5*cm, bottomMargin=2.2*cm,
    title="Rotary Cutting Instruments in Operative Dentistry",
    author="Orris — Medical Notes"
)

frame = Frame(doc.leftMargin, doc.bottomMargin,
              doc.width, doc.height,
              id='normal')
doc.addPageTemplates([PageTemplate(id='main', frames=frame, onPage=header_footer)])

styles = getSampleStyleSheet()

H1 = ParagraphStyle("H1", parent=styles["Normal"],
    fontSize=14, textColor=WHITE, fontName="Helvetica-Bold",
    spaceAfter=4, spaceBefore=6, alignment=TA_LEFT,
    backColor=DARK_BLUE, leftIndent=-6, rightIndent=-6,
    borderPadding=(6, 8, 6, 8))

H2 = ParagraphStyle("H2", parent=styles["Normal"],
    fontSize=12, textColor=DARK_BLUE, fontName="Helvetica-Bold",
    spaceAfter=3, spaceBefore=8, alignment=TA_LEFT,
    leftIndent=0, borderPadding=0)

H3 = ParagraphStyle("H3", parent=styles["Normal"],
    fontSize=10.5, textColor=MID_BLUE, fontName="Helvetica-Bold",
    spaceAfter=2, spaceBefore=5, alignment=TA_LEFT)

BODY = ParagraphStyle("BODY", parent=styles["Normal"],
    fontSize=9.5, textColor=TEXT_DARK, fontName="Helvetica",
    spaceAfter=3, spaceBefore=1, alignment=TA_JUSTIFY,
    leading=14)

BULLET = ParagraphStyle("BULLET", parent=styles["Normal"],
    fontSize=9.5, textColor=TEXT_DARK, fontName="Helvetica",
    spaceAfter=2, spaceBefore=1, alignment=TA_LEFT,
    leftIndent=14, bulletIndent=4, leading=13)

SUB_BULLET = ParagraphStyle("SUB_BULLET", parent=styles["Normal"],
    fontSize=9, textColor=TEXT_DARK, fontName="Helvetica",
    spaceAfter=1.5, spaceBefore=0, alignment=TA_LEFT,
    leftIndent=28, bulletIndent=16, leading=12)

CAPTION = ParagraphStyle("CAPTION", parent=styles["Normal"],
    fontSize=8, textColor=HexColor("#555555"), fontName="Helvetica-Oblique",
    spaceAfter=4, spaceBefore=1, alignment=TA_CENTER)

def h1(text):
    return [Spacer(1, 4*mm), Paragraph(text, H1), Spacer(1, 2*mm)]

def h2(text):
    return [Paragraph(text, H2)]

def h3(text):
    return [Paragraph(text, H3)]

def body(text):
    return [Paragraph(text, BODY)]

def bullet(text):
    return [Paragraph(f"• {text}", BULLET)]

def sub_bullet(text):
    return [Paragraph(f"– {text}", SUB_BULLET)]

def sp(h=3):
    return [Spacer(1, h*mm)]

def hr():
    return [HRFlowable(width="100%", thickness=0.5, color=BORDER_GRAY, spaceAfter=3, spaceBefore=3)]

# ===================== BUILD CONTENT =====================
story = []

# ── TITLE BOX ──
title_data = [
    [Paragraph("<b>ROTARY CUTTING INSTRUMENTS IN OPERATIVE DENTISTRY</b>",
               ParagraphStyle("TBT", parent=styles["Normal"], fontSize=15,
                              textColor=WHITE, fontName="Helvetica-Bold", alignment=TA_CENTER))],
    [Paragraph("25 Marks — Comprehensive Study Answer",
               ParagraphStyle("TBS", parent=styles["Normal"], fontSize=10,
                              textColor=LIGHT_BLUE, fontName="Helvetica", alignment=TA_CENTER))]
]
title_table = Table(title_data, colWidths=[doc.width])
title_table.setStyle(TableStyle([
    ("BACKGROUND", (0, 0), (-1, -1), DARK_BLUE),
    ("TOPPADDING", (0, 0), (-1, -1), 10),
    ("BOTTOMPADDING", (0, 0), (-1, -1), 8),
    ("LEFTPADDING", (0, 0), (-1, -1), 12),
    ("RIGHTPADDING", (0, 0), (-1, -1), 12),
    ("ROUNDEDCORNERS", [6]),
]))
story.append(title_table)
story += sp(5)

# ── INTRODUCTION ──
story += h1("1. INTRODUCTION")
story += body(
    "Rotary cutting instruments are the most widely used armamentarium in operative dentistry. "
    "They are motor-driven instruments that rotate at controlled speeds to cut tooth structure, "
    "remove caries, prepare cavities, finish restorations, and perform a variety of restorative "
    "procedures. Their development has closely paralleled the evolution of the dental handpiece, "
    "evolving from the slow-speed foot engine of the 19th century to the high-speed air-turbine "
    "and electric-motor systems of today."
)
story += sp(2)
story += body(
    "A thorough knowledge of the design, composition, classification, and application of rotary "
    "cutting instruments is fundamental to efficient and conservative cavity preparation. Selecting "
    "the correct instrument for a given task directly influences the quality of the preparation, "
    "the preservation of tooth structure, and the longevity of the restoration."
)
story += sp(3)

# ── CLASSIFICATION ──
story += h1("2. CLASSIFICATION OF ROTARY CUTTING INSTRUMENTS")

story += h2("A. Based on Material of Construction")
items = [
    ("Steel burs", "Older generation; soft; used mainly at slow speeds; dulls rapidly; low cost."),
    ("Carbide burs (Tungsten Carbide)", "Most widely used today; available in solid carbide or carbide-tipped steel shank; hard, efficient, heat-resistant."),
    ("Diamond abrasive instruments", "Diamond particles bonded to a metal blank; abrade rather than cut; used for enamel and porcelain finishing."),
    ("Ceramic / zirconia burs", "Ultra-hard; used for cutting ceramic restorations."),
]
for name, desc in items:
    story += bullet(f"<b>{name}</b>: {desc}")
story += sp(2)

story += h2("B. Based on Speed Range")
speed_data = [
    ["Speed Category", "RPM Range", "Application"],
    ["Ultra-low speed", "< 500 rpm", "Slow contra-angle, latch-type attachments"],
    ["Low speed", "500 – 10,000 rpm", "Polishing, finishing, caries removal in dentin"],
    ["Medium speed", "10,000 – 100,000 rpm", "Cavity preparation (older era)"],
    ["High speed", "100,000 – 400,000 rpm", "Enamel cutting, cavity preparation"],
    ["Ultra-high speed", "> 400,000 rpm", "Experimental; limited clinical use"],
]
speed_table = Table(speed_data, colWidths=[doc.width*0.28, doc.width*0.28, doc.width*0.44])
speed_table.setStyle(TableStyle([
    ("BACKGROUND", (0, 0), (-1, 0), DARK_BLUE),
    ("TEXTCOLOR", (0, 0), (-1, 0), WHITE),
    ("FONTNAME", (0, 0), (-1, 0), "Helvetica-Bold"),
    ("FONTSIZE", (0, 0), (-1, -1), 8.5),
    ("ROWBACKGROUNDS", (0, 1), (-1, -1), [LIGHT_GRAY, WHITE]),
    ("GRID", (0, 0), (-1, -1), 0.4, BORDER_GRAY),
    ("TOPPADDING", (0, 0), (-1, -1), 5),
    ("BOTTOMPADDING", (0, 0), (-1, -1), 5),
    ("LEFTPADDING", (0, 0), (-1, -1), 6),
    ("VALIGN", (0, 0), (-1, -1), "MIDDLE"),
]))
story.append(speed_table)
story += sp(3)

story += h2("C. Based on Shank Type")
shank_data = [
    ["Shank Type", "Fits Into", "Key Feature"],
    ["Straight shank (HP)", "Straight handpiece", "Longest shank; lab use, polishing discs"],
    ["Latch-type (RA) — Right Angle", "Slow-speed contra-angle", "Latch lock; most common for slow-speed burs"],
    ["Friction grip (FG)", "High-speed turbine handpiece", "Held by friction; smaller head; most common for cavity prep"],
    ["Friction grip short (FGS)", "Pediatric high-speed handpiece", "Shorter shank for limited-access situations"],
]
shank_table = Table(shank_data, colWidths=[doc.width*0.28, doc.width*0.30, doc.width*0.42])
shank_table.setStyle(TableStyle([
    ("BACKGROUND", (0, 0), (-1, 0), MID_BLUE),
    ("TEXTCOLOR", (0, 0), (-1, 0), WHITE),
    ("FONTNAME", (0, 0), (-1, 0), "Helvetica-Bold"),
    ("FONTSIZE", (0, 0), (-1, -1), 8.5),
    ("ROWBACKGROUNDS", (0, 1), (-1, -1), [LIGHT_GRAY, WHITE]),
    ("GRID", (0, 0), (-1, -1), 0.4, BORDER_GRAY),
    ("TOPPADDING", (0, 0), (-1, -1), 5),
    ("BOTTOMPADDING", (0, 0), (-1, -1), 5),
    ("LEFTPADDING", (0, 0), (-1, -1), 6),
    ("VALIGN", (0, 0), (-1, -1), "MIDDLE"),
]))
story.append(shank_table)
story += sp(3)

story += h2("D. Based on Shape of Head (G.V. Black's Classification)")
bur_shapes = [
    ("Round burs", "001 – 008", "Opening cavities, caries removal, dovetail preparations, undercuts"),
    ("Inverted cone burs", "33½ – 39", "Creating undercuts at cavity floor; pulp capping; retention"),
    ("Straight fissure plain-cut", "56 – 58", "Cutting flat walls, pulpal floors, retention grooves"),
    ("Straight fissure cross-cut", "556 – 558", "More aggressive cutting of flat walls with greater efficiency"),
    ("Tapered fissure plain-cut", "169 – 172", "Cavity walls with slight taper (6°); removing old restorations"),
    ("Tapered fissure cross-cut", "699 – 703", "Cutting divergent walls; removing amalgam; crown preparation"),
    ("Pear-shaped burs", "330 – 332", "Class I, II preparations; removing decay from pit & fissures"),
    ("Wheel burs", "14, 15", "Cutting grooves and channels; supplementary retention"),
    ("End-cutting burs", "957, 958", "Placing shoulder or seat in crown preparation; no side cut"),
    ("Flame burs", "242, 243", "Finishing gingival margins; beveling"),
]
for name, num, use in bur_shapes:
    story += bullet(f"<b>{name}</b> (No. {num}): {use}")
story += sp(3)

# ── PARTS OF A BUR ──
story += h1("3. PARTS OF A ROTARY CUTTING INSTRUMENT (BUR)")

parts_data = [
    ["Part", "Description"],
    ["Shank", "Inserted into the handpiece; may be straight (HP), latch-type (RA), or friction-grip (FG)"],
    ["Neck", "Connects the shank to the head; narrowed region; determines access"],
    ["Head (Working End)", "The cutting portion; contains blades or abrasive particles; varies in shape and size"],
    ["Blade", "Cutting edge formed by the union of two surfaces (rake face + relief face)"],
    ["Rake Face", "Surface the chips slide over; rake angle determines aggressiveness"],
    ["Relief (Clearance) Face", "Angled away from the surface being cut to prevent binding"],
    ["Land", "Narrow flat area behind the cutting edge on some burs"],
    ["Flute / Chip Space", "Valley between two adjacent blades; removes chips and debris"],
    ["Cutting Edge", "Intersection of the rake face and the relief face; does the actual cutting"],
]
parts_table = Table(parts_data, colWidths=[doc.width*0.30, doc.width*0.70])
parts_table.setStyle(TableStyle([
    ("BACKGROUND", (0, 0), (-1, 0), DARK_BLUE),
    ("TEXTCOLOR", (0, 0), (-1, 0), WHITE),
    ("FONTNAME", (0, 0), (-1, 0), "Helvetica-Bold"),
    ("FONTSIZE", (0, 0), (-1, -1), 8.5),
    ("ROWBACKGROUNDS", (0, 1), (-1, -1), [LIGHT_GRAY, WHITE]),
    ("GRID", (0, 0), (-1, -1), 0.4, BORDER_GRAY),
    ("TOPPADDING", (0, 0), (-1, -1), 5),
    ("BOTTOMPADDING", (0, 0), (-1, -1), 5),
    ("LEFTPADDING", (0, 0), (-1, -1), 6),
    ("VALIGN", (0, 0), (-1, -1), "MIDDLE"),
]))
story.append(parts_table)
story += sp(3)

# ── DENTAL HANDPIECES ──
story += h1("4. DENTAL HANDPIECES — ROTARY INSTRUMENT DRIVES")

story += h2("A. High-Speed Air Turbine Handpiece")
story += body(
    "Introduced in the 1950s (Borden, 1957), the air-turbine handpiece revolutionized cavity "
    "preparation. Compressed air spins a turbine rotor within the head of the handpiece."
)
for pt in [
    "Speed: 300,000 – 400,000 rpm",
    "Torque: Very low (0.1 – 1.0 N·cm); stalls easily under load",
    "Advantages: Rapid cutting of enamel; minimal vibration; small head improves access; reduced patient fatigue",
    "Disadvantages: Low torque — pressure reduces speed; generates heat (water spray mandatory); noise; air-water spray causes aerosol",
    "Water coolant: Essential — prevents pulpal damage from frictional heat above 5.5°C rise",
]:
    story += bullet(pt)
story += sp(2)

story += h2("B. Slow-Speed Electric / Air-Motor Handpiece")
for pt in [
    "Speed: 500 – 40,000 rpm (adjustable)",
    "Torque: High — maintains speed under load",
    "Three types of attachments: straight handpiece (HP), contra-angle (latch), prophylaxis angle",
    "Uses: Polishing, finishing, caries removal in dentin, endodontic instrumentation, laboratory procedures",
    "Electric motors maintain constant torque — preferred for precision endodontic files and surgical drills",
]:
    story += bullet(pt)
story += sp(2)

story += h2("C. Oscillating / Ultrasonic Handpieces")
story += body(
    "Piezoelectric or magnetostrictive systems vibrate tips at ultrasonic frequencies "
    "(25,000–50,000 Hz). Used for cavity preparation in minimally invasive dentistry, "
    "scaling, and endodontic access."
)
story += sp(3)

# ── CARBIDE BURS ──
story += h1("5. TUNGSTEN CARBIDE BURS — DETAILED DESCRIPTION")

story += h2("Composition and Manufacture")
story += body(
    "Tungsten carbide burs are manufactured from tungsten carbide (WC) particles sintered "
    "with cobalt (Co) as a binder. The ratio of WC:Co determines hardness versus toughness. "
    "Higher WC content → greater hardness and wear resistance. Most carbide burs have a "
    "hardness of 1800–2400 Vickers (HV), compared to enamel (~340 HV) and steel (~700 HV)."
)
story += sp(2)

story += h2("Blade Geometry and Number of Blades")
blade_data = [
    ["Number of Blades", "Characteristic", "Application"],
    ["6 blades", "Standard / general purpose", "General cavity preparation"],
    ["8 blades", "Smoother cut, finer finish", "Finishing cavity walls"],
    ["10–12 blades", "Very fine finish", "Dentin finishing, margin trimming"],
    ["Cross-cut (fluted)", "Aggressive chip breaking", "Rapid enamel removal"],
]
blade_table = Table(blade_data, colWidths=[doc.width*0.25, doc.width*0.40, doc.width*0.35])
blade_table.setStyle(TableStyle([
    ("BACKGROUND", (0, 0), (-1, 0), MID_BLUE),
    ("TEXTCOLOR", (0, 0), (-1, 0), WHITE),
    ("FONTNAME", (0, 0), (-1, 0), "Helvetica-Bold"),
    ("FONTSIZE", (0, 0), (-1, -1), 8.5),
    ("ROWBACKGROUNDS", (0, 1), (-1, -1), [LIGHT_GRAY, WHITE]),
    ("GRID", (0, 0), (-1, -1), 0.4, BORDER_GRAY),
    ("TOPPADDING", (0, 0), (-1, -1), 5),
    ("BOTTOMPADDING", (0, 0), (-1, -1), 5),
    ("LEFTPADDING", (0, 0), (-1, -1), 6),
    ("VALIGN", (0, 0), (-1, -1), "MIDDLE"),
]))
story.append(blade_table)
story += sp(2)

story += h2("Rake Angle")
story += body(
    "The rake angle is the angle between the rake face of a blade and a radial line from "
    "the center of the bur. It critically influences cutting efficiency:"
)
for pt in [
    "Positive rake angle: Blade leans toward the direction of rotation → aggressive, efficient cutting → used for enamel (hard, brittle)",
    "Zero rake angle: Blade is radial → intermediate cutting efficiency",
    "Negative rake angle: Blade leans away from direction of rotation → scraped/compressed → used for burnishing, not cutting; less chipping in ceramic",
]:
    story += bullet(pt)
story += sp(3)

# ── DIAMOND INSTRUMENTS ──
story += h1("6. DIAMOND ABRASIVE INSTRUMENTS")

story += h2("Structure and Composition")
story += body(
    "Diamond instruments consist of a metal blank (shank + neck + head) onto which diamond "
    "particles are bonded by electroplating (nickel matrix) or sintering. "
    "Diamond is the hardest known substance (10 Mohs; ~10,000 HV), making these instruments "
    "ideal for tooth structure that is difficult to cut with steel or carbide."
)
story += sp(2)

story += h2("Grit Sizes")
grit_data = [
    ["Grit Type", "Particle Size", "Color Code (ISO)", "Use"],
    ["Super coarse", "> 150 µm", "Black band", "Gross reduction; crown preparation"],
    ["Coarse", "125 – 150 µm", "Green band", "Rapid tooth reduction; removing old porcelain"],
    ["Medium", "106 – 125 µm", "Blue/No band", "General cavity preparation; standard shaping"],
    ["Fine", "53 – 63 µm", "Red band", "Finishing margins; surface smoothing"],
    ["Extra fine", "20 – 30 µm", "Yellow band", "Polishing; final surface finishing of porcelain"],
]
grit_table = Table(grit_data, colWidths=[doc.width*0.18, doc.width*0.22, doc.width*0.22, doc.width*0.38])
grit_table.setStyle(TableStyle([
    ("BACKGROUND", (0, 0), (-1, 0), DARK_BLUE),
    ("TEXTCOLOR", (0, 0), (-1, 0), WHITE),
    ("FONTNAME", (0, 0), (-1, 0), "Helvetica-Bold"),
    ("FONTSIZE", (0, 0), (-1, -1), 8.5),
    ("ROWBACKGROUNDS", (0, 1), (-1, -1), [LIGHT_GRAY, WHITE]),
    ("GRID", (0, 0), (-1, -1), 0.4, BORDER_GRAY),
    ("TOPPADDING", (0, 0), (-1, -1), 5),
    ("BOTTOMPADDING", (0, 0), (-1, -1), 5),
    ("LEFTPADDING", (0, 0), (-1, -1), 6),
    ("VALIGN", (0, 0), (-1, -1), "MIDDLE"),
]))
story.append(grit_table)
story += sp(2)

story += h2("Shapes and Applications of Diamond Instruments")
shapes = [
    ("Cylinder / Barrel", "Vertical walls, shoulder preparations for crowns"),
    ("Tapered flat end", "Chamfer finish lines; feather edge margin"),
    ("Round / Ball", "Occlusal fissure sealant prep; caries access"),
    ("Flame", "Gingival margin finishing; supragingival chamfer"),
    ("Wheel", "Retention grooves in ceramic prep"),
    ("Pear / Football", "Occlusal reduction; cusp reduction"),
    ("Knife-edge", "Very thin knife-edge finish lines"),
]
for shape, use in shapes:
    story += bullet(f"<b>{shape}</b>: {use}")
story += sp(2)

story += h2("Advantages of Diamond vs. Carbide Burs")
adv_data = [
    ["Feature", "Carbide Bur", "Diamond Instrument"],
    ["Mechanism", "Cutting (blade)", "Abrading (particles)"],
    ["Surface produced", "Smoother", "Rougher (coarse grit)"],
    ["Best for", "Dentin, flat-walled cavities", "Enamel, porcelain, ceramic"],
    ["Heat generation", "Moderate", "Higher — water essential"],
    ["Longevity", "Moderate", "Long (diamonds don't dull)"],
    ["Vibration", "Less", "More"],
]
adv_table = Table(adv_data, colWidths=[doc.width*0.25, doc.width*0.375, doc.width*0.375])
adv_table.setStyle(TableStyle([
    ("BACKGROUND", (0, 0), (-1, 0), MID_BLUE),
    ("TEXTCOLOR", (0, 0), (-1, 0), WHITE),
    ("FONTNAME", (0, 0), (-1, 0), "Helvetica-Bold"),
    ("FONTSIZE", (0, 0), (-1, -1), 8.5),
    ("ROWBACKGROUNDS", (0, 1), (-1, -1), [LIGHT_GRAY, WHITE]),
    ("GRID", (0, 0), (-1, -1), 0.4, BORDER_GRAY),
    ("TOPPADDING", (0, 0), (-1, -1), 5),
    ("BOTTOMPADDING", (0, 0), (-1, -1), 5),
    ("LEFTPADDING", (0, 0), (-1, -1), 6),
    ("VALIGN", (0, 0), (-1, -1), "MIDDLE"),
]))
story.append(adv_table)
story += sp(3)

# ── ISO NUMBERING ──
story += h1("7. ISO NUMBERING SYSTEM FOR ROTARY INSTRUMENTS")
story += body(
    "The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) developed a 15-digit numbering "
    "code (ISO 6360) to uniquely identify every rotary instrument. The code is structured as follows:"
)
story += sp(2)
iso_data = [
    ["Digits", "Meaning", "Example Values"],
    ["1 (1 digit)", "Material: 1=Steel, 2=Carbide, 3=Diamond, 4=Other", "2 = Carbide"],
    ["2 (2 digits)", "Type/Shape category (G.V. Black shape code)", "33 = Inverted cone"],
    ["3–5 (3 digits)", "Head diameter in 0.1 mm units (ISO size)", "010 = 1.0 mm diameter"],
    ["6–10 (5 digits)", "Total length of instrument in 0.1 mm", "19000 = 19 mm"],
    ["11–13 (3 digits)", "Shank type: 104=HP, 204=RA, 314=FG, etc.", "314 = FG"],
    ["14–15 (2 digits)", "Specific feature / grit / number of flutes", "00 = plain cut"],
]
iso_table = Table(iso_data, colWidths=[doc.width*0.22, doc.width*0.48, doc.width*0.30])
iso_table.setStyle(TableStyle([
    ("BACKGROUND", (0, 0), (-1, 0), DARK_BLUE),
    ("TEXTCOLOR", (0, 0), (-1, 0), WHITE),
    ("FONTNAME", (0, 0), (-1, 0), "Helvetica-Bold"),
    ("FONTSIZE", (0, 0), (-1, -1), 8.5),
    ("ROWBACKGROUNDS", (0, 1), (-1, -1), [LIGHT_GRAY, WHITE]),
    ("GRID", (0, 0), (-1, -1), 0.4, BORDER_GRAY),
    ("TOPPADDING", (0, 0), (-1, -1), 5),
    ("BOTTOMPADDING", (0, 0), (-1, -1), 5),
    ("LEFTPADDING", (0, 0), (-1, -1), 6),
    ("VALIGN", (0, 0), (-1, -1), "MIDDLE"),
]))
story.append(iso_table)
story += sp(3)

# ── FACTORS AFFECTING CUTTING ──
story += h1("8. FACTORS AFFECTING CUTTING EFFICIENCY")

story += h2("A. Instrument-Related Factors")
for pt in [
    "Blade sharpness: Worn blades reduce efficiency and increase heat; carbon steel dulls faster than carbide",
    "Number of blades: Fewer blades = coarser, faster cut; more blades = smoother, slower cut",
    "Rake angle: Positive rake = more aggressive cutting",
    "Relief angle: Determines clearance; too small → friction and heat; too large → weak edge",
    "Bur size: Larger head diameter → more cutting surface → faster but less precise",
    "Bur concentricity: True running vs. eccentric rotation — eccentric burs vibrate, reduce precision, cause roughness",
]:
    story += bullet(pt)
story += sp(2)

story += h2("B. Operator-Related Factors")
for pt in [
    "Speed selection: High speed for enamel; low speed for dentin (prevents thermal damage and chatter)",
    "Pressure: Light intermittent pressure is optimal; excessive pressure stalls the bur, generates heat",
    "Intermittent cutting strokes: Allows cooling; prevents heat buildup",
    "Water coolant: Mandatory at high speeds; maintains pulp temperature within safe limits",
    "Bur angulation: Correct angle maximizes blade contact and cutting efficiency",
]:
    story += bullet(pt)
story += sp(2)

story += h2("C. Tooth-Related Factors")
for pt in [
    "Hardness of tooth structure: Enamel (harder) requires harder burs and higher speed; dentin (softer) cut more easily",
    "Moisture: Dry enamel cuts faster but risks heat damage; wet cutting is safer",
    "Carious dentin: Softened dentin cuts very easily at low speed with round burs",
]:
    story += bullet(pt)
story += sp(3)

# ── STERILIZATION ──
story += h1("9. STERILIZATION AND MAINTENANCE OF ROTARY INSTRUMENTS")

story += body(
    "Rotary cutting instruments must be properly cleaned, maintained, and sterilized between patients "
    "to prevent cross-infection. The recommended sequence is:"
)
steps = [
    "1. Pre-cleaning: Rinse under running water immediately after use; remove blood/debris",
    "2. Ultrasonic cleaning: Place in ultrasonic bath with enzymatic detergent for 5–10 minutes",
    "3. Rinsing: Thoroughly rinse with distilled water",
    "4. Inspection: Check for bent shanks, cracked heads, dull or broken blades under magnification",
    "5. Drying: Air-dry completely before sterilization",
    "6. Lubrication: Handpiece lubrication (not burs) before and after sterilization",
    "7. Sterilization method: Autoclave — 134°C for 3 minutes (vacuum/pre-vacuum); 121°C for 15 minutes (gravity); preferred for all metal instruments",
    "8. Dry heat: 160–170°C for 1–2 hours; suitable for carbon steel instruments prone to rust",
    "9. Chemical vapor (chemiclave): Formaldehyde–alcohol vapor at 132°C; does not cause rust; used for carbon steel",
    "10. Storage: Store in clean, dry, covered containers or cassettes to prevent re-contamination",
]
for step in steps:
    story += bullet(step)
story += sp(2)
story += body(
    "<b>Single-use policy:</b> Many practitioners now advocate single-use disposable burs "
    "to eliminate sterilization concerns, especially FG carbide and diamond burs, which are "
    "cost-effective enough for single-patient use."
)
story += sp(3)

# ── CLINICAL APPLICATIONS ──
story += h1("10. CLINICAL APPLICATIONS BY CAVITY CLASS")

app_data = [
    ["Cavity Class", "Bur / Instrument", "Speed", "Purpose"],
    ["Class I (Pit & Fissure)", "Round bur #4, Pear bur #330", "High speed FG", "Opening, extension, caries removal"],
    ["Class I", "Straight fissure cross-cut #557", "High speed FG", "Flat pulpal floor, retention grooves"],
    ["Class II (Proximal)", "Pear bur #330, Tapered fissure #169", "High speed FG", "Proximal box, isthmus"],
    ["Class III (Anterior proximal)", "Round bur #1/2, flame diamond", "High speed FG", "Access opening, beveling enamel"],
    ["Class IV (Incisal angle)", "Diamond taper + round", "High speed FG", "Bevel preparation for composite"],
    ["Class V (Cervical)", "Round bur #2, football diamond", "High/low speed", "Cervical box; rounded internal angles"],
    ["Crown preparation", "Coarse diamond cylinder/taper", "High speed FG", "Axial reduction, shoulder/chamfer"],
    ["Caries removal", "Round carbide #2–6", "Low speed RA", "Selective caries excavation in dentin"],
    ["Finishing", "Fine/extra-fine diamond, 12-flute carbide", "Low speed RA", "Smoothing walls, margins"],
]
app_table = Table(app_data, colWidths=[doc.width*0.20, doc.width*0.28, doc.width*0.18, doc.width*0.34])
app_table.setStyle(TableStyle([
    ("BACKGROUND", (0, 0), (-1, 0), DARK_BLUE),
    ("TEXTCOLOR", (0, 0), (-1, 0), WHITE),
    ("FONTNAME", (0, 0), (-1, 0), "Helvetica-Bold"),
    ("FONTSIZE", (0, 0), (-1, -1), 8),
    ("ROWBACKGROUNDS", (0, 1), (-1, -1), [LIGHT_GRAY, WHITE]),
    ("GRID", (0, 0), (-1, -1), 0.4, BORDER_GRAY),
    ("TOPPADDING", (0, 0), (-1, -1), 4),
    ("BOTTOMPADDING", (0, 0), (-1, -1), 4),
    ("LEFTPADDING", (0, 0), (-1, -1), 5),
    ("VALIGN", (0, 0), (-1, -1), "MIDDLE"),
]))
story.append(app_table)
story += sp(3)

# ── ABRASIVE INSTRUMENTS ──
story += h1("11. OTHER ABRASIVE ROTARY INSTRUMENTS")

story += h2("Mounted Stones (Abrasive Stones)")
story += body(
    "Consist of abrasive particles (aluminum oxide, silicon carbide, garnet, emery, or diamond) "
    "mixed with a bonding material and shaped onto a steel mandrel. Available in various shapes: "
    "wheel, cup, point, inverted cone, cylinder, flame."
)
for pt in [
    "Arkansas stone (white): Very fine; natural novaculite; final polishing of metal restorations",
    "Carborundum / Silicon carbide: Green/black; coarse to medium; shaping composite and metals",
    "Aluminum oxide: White/pink; fine to medium; polishing composite, porcelain",
    "Ruby stone: Aluminum oxide with chromium; pink; polishing metal alloys",
]:
    story += bullet(pt)
story += sp(2)

story += h2("Rubber Wheels, Cups, and Points")
for pt in [
    "Rubber abrasive instruments impregnated with abrasive particles (aluminum oxide or silicon carbide)",
    "Available in various shapes: points, cups, wheels, discs",
    "Used for: Polishing composite restorations, acrylic, metal, ceramic",
    "Multiple grit grades — used in sequence from coarse to fine",
    "Polishing Sequence: Carbide finishing bur → coarse rubber → medium rubber → fine rubber → polishing paste",
]:
    story += bullet(pt)
story += sp(2)

story += h2("Abrasive Discs and Strips")
for pt in [
    "Discs: Coated with abrasive on one or both sides; mounted on mandrel; used for finishing proximal surfaces and composites (e.g., Sof-Lex discs — 3M)",
    "Strips: Abrasive strips used interproximally for finishing and polishing proximal composite surfaces",
    "Sequence: Extra coarse → coarse → medium → fine → superfine",
]:
    story += bullet(pt)
story += sp(3)

# ── SAFETY ──
story += h1("12. SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS AND PULP PROTECTION")

story += h2("Heat Generation and Pulpal Damage")
story += body(
    "The most significant hazard of rotary cutting instruments is frictional heat. Studies show "
    "that a sustained rise of only 5.5°C at the pulp-dentin junction can cause irreversible "
    "pulpitis. Key protective measures:"
)
for pt in [
    "Water-air coolant spray: Maintains temperature; mandatory at high speeds (> 100,000 rpm)",
    "Air coolant only: Acceptable at low speed (< 30,000 rpm) for short periods",
    "Intermittent application: Pause-and-cut technique reduces heat accumulation",
    "Light pressure: Prevents bur stalling and frictional buildup",
    "Sharp instruments: Dull burs require greater pressure and generate more heat",
    "Adequate remaining dentin thickness (RDT): Minimum 0.5–1 mm dentin over pulp for protection",
]:
    story += bullet(pt)
story += sp(2)

story += h2("Aerosol and Cross-Infection Control")
for pt in [
    "High-speed handpieces generate microbial aerosols containing blood, saliva, and tooth particles",
    "Measures: High-volume evacuation (HVE), rubber dam, pre-procedural antimicrobial mouth rinse, masks/goggles for operator",
    "Anti-retraction handpieces: Prevent suck-back of oral fluids into handpiece (important for infection control)",
]:
    story += bullet(pt)
story += sp(3)

# ── RECENT ADVANCES ──
story += h1("13. RECENT ADVANCES IN ROTARY CUTTING TECHNOLOGY")
for pt in [
    "<b>Air abrasion:</b> High-velocity stream of aluminum oxide particles (27–50 µm) propelled by compressed air; microabrasive, no anesthesia required in many cases; ideal for small carious lesions and pit/fissure preparations",
    "<b>Laser cavity preparation:</b> Er:YAG and Er,Cr:YSGG lasers; selective ablation of carious tissue; minimal vibration and noise; no mechanical pressure on tooth",
    "<b>Sono-abrasion (ultrasonic):</b> Diamond-coated ultrasonic tips; precise preparations; used in minimally invasive dentistry (e.g., slot preparations, tunnel preparations)",
    "<b>Electric micromotor handpieces:</b> Brushless DC motors; constant torque regardless of load; better control; superior for endodontics and implant surgery",
    "<b>Nano-crystalline diamond coatings:</b> Uniform, ultra-fine diamond deposition; longer lifespan; smoother surface finish",
    "<b>CAD/CAM milling burs:</b> Zirconia and PMMA milling with carbide and diamond tools in chairside/in-lab milling units (e.g., CEREC, Planmeca)",
    "<b>Single-use bur protocols:</b> Elimination of resterilization variability; cost-effective for FG burs",
]:
    story += bullet(pt)
story += sp(3)

# ── SUMMARY TABLE ──
story += h1("14. QUICK REVISION SUMMARY TABLE")
summary_data = [
    ["Instrument", "Material", "Speed", "Use", "Key Feature"],
    ["Round bur", "Carbide", "Low", "Caries removal, access", "Spherical; all directions"],
    ["Straight fissure XC", "Carbide", "High", "Flat floors, retention", "Cross-cut for efficiency"],
    ["Inverted cone", "Carbide", "Low/High", "Undercuts, retention", "Wide head, narrow neck"],
    ["Pear bur #330", "Carbide", "High", "Class I, II prep", "Rounded angles"],
    ["Tapered fissure", "Carbide", "High", "Crown prep, amalgam removal", "6° taper"],
    ["Coarse diamond", "Diamond", "High", "Crown reduction", "Fast material removal"],
    ["Fine diamond", "Diamond", "High", "Finish margins", "Smooth enamel surface"],
    ["Flame diamond", "Diamond", "High", "Gingival margins", "Thin tapered shape"],
    ["12-flute carbide", "Carbide", "Low", "Composite finishing", "Very smooth surface"],
    ["Rubber cup/point", "Rubber+abrasive", "Low", "Polishing", "Final polish"],
    ["Sof-Lex disc", "Aluminum oxide", "Low", "Proximal finishing", "Multi-grit sequence"],
]
sum_table = Table(summary_data, colWidths=[doc.width*0.18, doc.width*0.16, doc.width*0.13, doc.width*0.27, doc.width*0.26])
sum_table.setStyle(TableStyle([
    ("BACKGROUND", (0, 0), (-1, 0), DARK_BLUE),
    ("TEXTCOLOR", (0, 0), (-1, 0), WHITE),
    ("FONTNAME", (0, 0), (-1, 0), "Helvetica-Bold"),
    ("FONTSIZE", (0, 0), (-1, -1), 7.5),
    ("ROWBACKGROUNDS", (0, 1), (-1, -1), [LIGHT_GRAY, WHITE]),
    ("GRID", (0, 0), (-1, -1), 0.4, BORDER_GRAY),
    ("TOPPADDING", (0, 0), (-1, -1), 4),
    ("BOTTOMPADDING", (0, 0), (-1, -1), 4),
    ("LEFTPADDING", (0, 0), (-1, -1), 4),
    ("VALIGN", (0, 0), (-1, -1), "MIDDLE"),
]))
story.append(sum_table)
story += sp(3)

# ── CONCLUSION ──
story += h1("15. CONCLUSION")
story += body(
    "Rotary cutting instruments are indispensable to modern operative dentistry. Understanding "
    "their classification, design principles, material properties, and clinical applications "
    "enables the dentist to choose the most appropriate instrument for each stage of cavity "
    "preparation and restoration finishing. The progression from G.V. Black's original bur "
    "classifications to today's high-speed turbines, diamond instruments, ultrasonic tips, "
    "and laser systems reflects the continuous drive toward conservative, efficient, and "
    "patient-friendly dental treatment."
)
story += sp(2)
story += body(
    "Key principles to remember: (1) Match the instrument to the material being cut — carbide "
    "for dentin flat walls, diamond for enamel and porcelain; (2) Use the correct speed — high "
    "speed with water for enamel, low speed for dentin and caries excavation; (3) Always use "
    "water coolant at high speeds; (4) Sterilize properly between patients; (5) Inspect and "
    "discard worn or damaged burs promptly."
)
story += sp(4)

# ── REFERENCE BOX ──
ref_data = [[Paragraph(
    "<b>Key References:</b> Sturdevant's Art and Science of Operative Dentistry (6th ed.); "
    "G.V. Black's Operative Dentistry; Phillips' Science of Dental Materials (12th ed.); "
    "ISO 6360: Dental rotary instruments — nomenclature; "
    "Roberson, Heymann & Swift — Sturdevant's Operative Dentistry",
    ParagraphStyle("ref", parent=styles["Normal"], fontSize=8,
                   textColor=DARK_BLUE, fontName="Helvetica", leading=12)
)]]
ref_table = Table(ref_data, colWidths=[doc.width])
ref_table.setStyle(TableStyle([
    ("BACKGROUND", (0, 0), (-1, -1), LIGHT_BLUE),
    ("TOPPADDING", (0, 0), (-1, -1), 8),
    ("BOTTOMPADDING", (0, 0), (-1, -1), 8),
    ("LEFTPADDING", (0, 0), (-1, -1), 10),
    ("RIGHTPADDING", (0, 0), (-1, -1), 10),
    ("BOX", (0, 0), (-1, -1), 0.8, MID_BLUE),
]))
story.append(ref_table)

# ===================== BUILD PDF =====================
doc.build(story)
print("PDF generated successfully:", OUTPUT)