Make detailed presentation on pharmacology on the topic i give below Basics of Pharmacology Pharmacology of drugs acting on the autonomic nervous system: Sedatives and sleeping pills: Benzodiazepines, barbiturates and new sleeping pills. Clinical pharmacology of alcohol and its antagonists.
ls /home/daytona/workspace/ && mkdir -p /home/daytona/workspace/pharmacology-pptx
~/pharmacology-pptx/build.js
const pptxgen = require("pptxgenjs");
const pres = new pptxgen();
pres.layout = "LAYOUT_WIDE"; // 13.3" x 7.5"
pres.title = "Pharmacology: Autonomic NS, Sedatives & Alcohol";
pres.author = "Pharmacology Lecture";
// ─── COLOR PALETTE ───────────────────────────────────────────────
const C = {
navy: "0A1628", // dominant dark bg
darkBlue:"102040",
midBlue: "1A3A6B",
accent: "1ECBE1", // teal accent
gold: "F5A623", // warm highlight
white: "FFFFFF",
light: "E8F4F8",
gray: "B0C4D8",
red: "E74C3C",
green: "27AE60",
lightBg: "0D2137",
cardBg: "122A47",
textDim: "7FA8C9",
};
// ─── HELPER FUNCTIONS ────────────────────────────────────────────
function darkSlide(slide) {
slide.background = { color: C.navy };
}
function addTitle(slide, text, sub) {
slide.addText(text, {
x: 0.4, y: 0.15, w: 12.5, h: 0.65,
fontSize: 26, bold: true, color: C.accent, fontFace: "Calibri",
margin: 0,
});
if (sub) {
slide.addText(sub, {
x: 0.4, y: 0.82, w: 12.5, h: 0.35,
fontSize: 13, color: C.gold, fontFace: "Calibri", italic: true, margin: 0,
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}
// Decorative underline bar
slide.addShape(pres.ShapeType.rect, {
x: 0.4, y: 1.18, w: 12.5, h: 0.04, fill: { color: C.accent }, line: { color: C.accent },
});
}
function addCard(slide, x, y, w, h, title, bullets, opts = {}) {
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slide.addShape(pres.ShapeType.rect, {
x, y, w, h,
fill: { color: opts.bg || C.cardBg },
line: { color: opts.border || C.midBlue, width: 1.2 },
shadow: { type: "outer", blur: 8, offset: 3, angle: 45, color: "000000", opacity: 0.5 },
});
// Card top accent bar
slide.addShape(pres.ShapeType.rect, {
x, y, w: w, h: 0.06,
fill: { color: opts.accent || C.accent },
line: { color: opts.accent || C.accent },
});
// Title
slide.addText(title, {
x: x + 0.15, y: y + 0.08, w: w - 0.3, h: 0.38,
fontSize: opts.titleSize || 12.5, bold: true, color: opts.titleColor || C.accent,
fontFace: "Calibri", margin: 0,
});
// Bullets
const items = bullets.map((b, i) => ({
text: b,
options: { bullet: { type: "bullet", characterCode: "25B8", color: C.gold }, breakLine: i < bullets.length - 1, fontSize: opts.fontSize || 10.5, color: C.white, fontFace: "Calibri" }
}));
slide.addText(items, {
x: x + 0.15, y: y + 0.48, w: w - 0.3, h: h - 0.58,
valign: "top", margin: 0,
});
}
function addBulletBox(slide, x, y, w, h, items, opts = {}) {
slide.addShape(pres.ShapeType.rect, {
x, y, w, h,
fill: { color: opts.bg || C.lightBg },
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const textItems = items.map((item, i) => ({
text: typeof item === "string" ? item : item.text,
options: {
bullet: typeof item === "object" && item.sub
? { type: "bullet", indent: 20 }
: { type: "bullet", characterCode: "25CF", color: C.accent },
breakLine: i < items.length - 1,
fontSize: typeof item === "object" && item.sub ? (opts.subFontSize || 10) : (opts.fontSize || 11.5),
color: typeof item === "object" && item.sub ? C.gray : C.white,
bold: typeof item === "object" && item.bold ? true : false,
fontFace: "Calibri",
}
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slide.addText(textItems, {
x: x + 0.2, y: y + 0.1, w: w - 0.3, h: h - 0.2,
valign: "top", margin: 0,
});
}
function sectionDivider(pres, number, title, subtitle) {
const sl = pres.addSlide();
sl.background = { color: C.darkBlue };
// Big number
sl.addText(number, {
x: 0, y: 0.5, w: 13.3, h: 3.5,
fontSize: 200, color: C.midBlue, bold: true, align: "center",
fontFace: "Calibri", transparency: 30,
});
sl.addText(title, {
x: 1, y: 1.8, w: 11.3, h: 1.8,
fontSize: 46, bold: true, color: C.white, align: "center", fontFace: "Calibri",
});
sl.addText(subtitle, {
x: 1, y: 3.7, w: 11.3, h: 0.8,
fontSize: 20, color: C.accent, align: "center", fontFace: "Calibri", italic: true,
});
// Bottom accent line
sl.addShape(pres.ShapeType.rect, {
x: 3, y: 4.6, w: 7.3, h: 0.06,
fill: { color: C.gold }, line: { color: C.gold },
});
return sl;
}
// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
// SLIDE 1 – TITLE SLIDE
// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
{
const sl = pres.addSlide();
sl.background = { color: C.navy };
// Top decorative bar
sl.addShape(pres.ShapeType.rect, { x: 0, y: 0, w: 13.3, h: 0.18, fill: { color: C.accent }, line: { color: C.accent } });
sl.addShape(pres.ShapeType.rect, { x: 0, y: 0.18, w: 13.3, h: 0.08, fill: { color: C.gold }, line: { color: C.gold } });
sl.addText("PHARMACOLOGY", {
x: 0.5, y: 0.6, w: 12.3, h: 1.1,
fontSize: 60, bold: true, color: C.accent, align: "center", charSpacing: 8, fontFace: "Calibri",
});
sl.addText("A Comprehensive Guide", {
x: 0.5, y: 1.7, w: 12.3, h: 0.55,
fontSize: 22, color: C.gold, align: "center", italic: true, fontFace: "Calibri",
});
sl.addShape(pres.ShapeType.rect, { x: 1.5, y: 2.45, w: 10.3, h: 0.05, fill: { color: C.midBlue }, line: { color: C.midBlue } });
sl.addText("Topics Covered:", {
x: 1.5, y: 2.6, w: 10.3, h: 0.4,
fontSize: 15, color: C.textDim, align: "center", fontFace: "Calibri",
});
const topics = [
"Basics of Pharmacology",
"Pharmacology of the Autonomic Nervous System",
"Sedatives & Sleeping Pills: Benzodiazepines, Barbiturates & Newer Agents",
"Clinical Pharmacology of Alcohol & Its Antagonists",
];
const tItems = topics.map((t, i) => ({
text: `${["01","02","03","04"][i]} ${t}`,
options: { breakLine: i < topics.length - 1, fontSize: 14, color: C.white, bold: i === 0, fontFace: "Calibri" }
}));
sl.addText(tItems, {
x: 2, y: 3.1, w: 9.3, h: 2.2, align: "left", valign: "middle",
});
sl.addShape(pres.ShapeType.rect, { x: 0, y: 7.32, w: 13.3, h: 0.18, fill: { color: C.midBlue }, line: { color: C.midBlue } });
sl.addText("Sources: Katzung's Basic & Clinical Pharmacology 16e | Goodman & Gilman's | Guyton & Hall", {
x: 0.5, y: 7.24, w: 12.3, h: 0.3,
fontSize: 9, color: C.textDim, align: "center", fontFace: "Calibri",
});
}
// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
// SECTION 1 DIVIDER – BASICS OF PHARMACOLOGY
// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
sectionDivider(pres, "01", "Basics of Pharmacology", "Pharmacokinetics · Pharmacodynamics · Drug-Receptor Interactions");
// ─── SLIDE: What is Pharmacology? ────────────────────────────────
{
const sl = pres.addSlide();
darkSlide(sl);
addTitle(sl, "What is Pharmacology?", "Definition, Scope & Core Branches");
addCard(sl, 0.3, 1.3, 6.1, 2.5, "Definition", [
"Pharmacology: the science of how drugs interact with living systems",
"Covers all aspects: absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion (ADME)",
"Distinguishes pharmacokinetics (what body does to drug) from pharmacodynamics (what drug does to body)",
"Clinical pharmacology applies these principles to therapeutics",
]);
addCard(sl, 6.7, 1.3, 6.1, 2.5, "Core Branches", [
"Pharmacokinetics (PK): ADME — time-course of drug in body",
"Pharmacodynamics (PD): dose-response relationships, receptor theory",
"Toxicology: adverse & toxic effects",
"Chemotherapy: drugs used against microorganisms/cancer",
"Pharmacogenomics: genetic variation in drug response",
]);
addCard(sl, 0.3, 4.0, 12.5, 2.85, "Key Terminology", [
"Drug: any chemical agent that affects living processes",
"Agonist: binds receptor and activates it | Antagonist: binds receptor but does NOT activate it",
"Efficacy: maximum effect a drug can produce | Potency: amount of drug needed to produce 50% maximal effect (EC₅₀)",
"Therapeutic index (TI): LD₅₀/ED₅₀ — measure of drug safety margin (higher = safer)",
"Half-life (t½): time for plasma concentration to fall by 50%; determines dosing interval",
], { fontSize: 11 });
}
// ─── SLIDE: Pharmacokinetics ─────────────────────────────────────
{
const sl = pres.addSlide();
darkSlide(sl);
addTitle(sl, "Pharmacokinetics (PK)", "Absorption · Distribution · Metabolism · Excretion");
// 4 PK boxes
const pkData = [
{
title: "ABSORPTION", bg: "102840", accent: C.accent,
pts: [
"Routes: oral (most common), IV (100% bioavailability), IM, SC, sublingual, transdermal",
"First-pass effect: hepatic metabolism reduces oral bioavailability",
"Bioavailability (F): fraction reaching systemic circulation",
"Lipophilicity ↑ → faster absorption through membranes",
"pKa & pH affect ionization → non-ionized forms cross membranes better",
]
},
{
title: "DISTRIBUTION", bg: "102840", accent: C.gold,
pts: [
"Volume of distribution (Vd): theoretical volume at measured plasma concentration",
"Plasma protein binding: albumin binds acidic drugs; only free drug is active",
"Blood-brain barrier: tight junctions — only lipophilic / small molecules cross",
"Placental transfer: lipophilic drugs cross easily — teratogenicity risk",
"Highly perfused organs (brain, heart) equilibrate first",
]
},
{
title: "METABOLISM", bg: "102840", accent: "E67E22",
pts: [
"Phase I: oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis (CYP450 enzymes — liver microsomes)",
"Phase II: conjugation (glucuronidation, sulfation, acetylation) → water-soluble",
"CYP3A4 metabolises ~50% of all drugs; CYP2D6 highly polymorphic",
"Enzyme inducers (rifampin, phenytoin) speed metabolism → lower drug levels",
"Enzyme inhibitors (azole antifungals, grapefruit) raise drug levels → toxicity risk",
]
},
{
title: "EXCRETION", bg: "102840", accent: "27AE60",
pts: [
"Renal: glomerular filtration + tubular secretion − reabsorption",
"Hepatic/biliary: large MW drugs → bile → enterohepatic recirculation",
"Pulmonary: volatile anesthetics, ethanol (breathalyser)",
"Creatinine clearance predicts renal drug clearance — dose-adjust in renal failure",
"Clearance (CL): volume of plasma cleared of drug per unit time",
]
},
];
pkData.forEach((pk, i) => {
const col = i % 2, row = Math.floor(i / 2);
const x = col === 0 ? 0.25 : 6.8;
const y = row === 0 ? 1.35 : 4.1;
addCard(sl, x, y, 6.15, 2.55, pk.title, pk.pts, { accent: pk.accent, fontSize: 10, titleSize: 13 });
});
}
// ─── SLIDE: Pharmacodynamics ─────────────────────────────────────
{
const sl = pres.addSlide();
darkSlide(sl);
addTitle(sl, "Pharmacodynamics (PD)", "Receptors · Dose-Response · Drug-Target Interactions");
addCard(sl, 0.3, 1.3, 4.0, 5.5, "Receptor Types", [
"Ionotropic (ligand-gated): fast (ms) — GABA-A, nAChR, NMDA",
"Metabotropic (GPCR): slower (s) — adrenergic, muscarinic, opioid",
"Enzyme-linked: RTKs — insulin, growth factors",
"Nuclear / intracellular: steroid hormones, thyroid hormones",
"Binding is reversible (mostly); obeys law of mass action",
"KD = concentration at 50% receptor occupancy",
], { fontSize: 10.5 });
addCard(sl, 4.55, 1.3, 4.25, 5.5, "Agonist / Antagonist Concepts", [
"Full agonist: maximal intrinsic activity (Emax = 100%)",
"Partial agonist: submaximal response even at 100% occupancy",
"Inverse agonist: produces effect opposite to agonist",
"Competitive antagonist: reversible; shifts dose-response curve RIGHT",
"Non-competitive: irreversible; depresses Emax (insurmountable)",
"Allosteric modulators: change receptor function without occupying orthosteric site",
"Spare receptors: maximal effect before all receptors occupied",
], { fontSize: 10, titleSize: 12 });
addCard(sl, 9.05, 1.3, 4.0, 5.5, "Key PD Concepts", [
"Therapeutic index = LD₅₀ / ED₅₀",
"High TI (e.g., penicillin) = safe; Low TI (digoxin, lithium, warfarin) = dangerous",
"Tolerance: diminished response with repeated dosing",
"Tachyphylaxis: rapid onset tolerance (receptor downregulation)",
"Desensitisation: receptor unresponsiveness despite continued agonist",
"Sensitisation: enhanced response after repeated low-dose exposure",
"Drug synergism: additive (1+1=2) vs potentiation (1+1>2)",
], { fontSize: 10, titleSize: 12 });
}
// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
// SECTION 2 DIVIDER – AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
sectionDivider(pres, "02", "Autonomic Nervous System", "Sympathetic · Parasympathetic · Drug Targets");
// ─── SLIDE: ANS Overview ─────────────────────────────────────────
{
const sl = pres.addSlide();
darkSlide(sl);
addTitle(sl, "Autonomic Nervous System — Overview", "Structural & Functional Organisation");
addCard(sl, 0.3, 1.35, 6.0, 2.8, "Sympathetic Division ('Fight or Flight')", [
"Pre-ganglionic: short, myelinated from T1–L2 (thoracolumbar outflow)",
"Post-ganglionic: long, unmyelinated to effector organs",
"Neurotransmitters: preganglionic → ACh (nAChR); postganglionic → Norepinephrine (NE)",
"Adrenal medulla → EPI (80%) + NE (20%) directly to blood",
"Receptors: α1, α2, β1, β2, β3 adrenoceptors on effectors",
], { fontSize: 10.5 });
addCard(sl, 6.65, 1.35, 6.0, 2.8, "Parasympathetic Division ('Rest & Digest')", [
"Pre-ganglionic: long, myelinated from CN III, VII, IX, X + S2–S4 (craniosacral)",
"Post-ganglionic: short, unmyelinated — ganglia near/within target organ",
"Neurotransmitters: both pre & post-ganglionic → ACh",
"Post-ganglionic receptors: muscarinic (M1–M5) on effectors",
"Vagus nerve (CN X) mediates 75% of all parasympathetic activity",
], { fontSize: 10.5 });
addCard(sl, 0.3, 4.35, 12.4, 2.6, "Neurotransmitter Synthesis & Degradation", [
"ACh synthesis: choline + acetyl-CoA → ACh (enzyme: ChAT) | Degradation: AChE → choline + acetate (fast, synaptic cleft)",
"NE synthesis: Tyrosine → DOPA (TH) → Dopamine → NE (DBH) | Stored in vesicles | MAO & COMT degrade NE",
"Reuptake: NE re-enters nerve terminal via NET (norepinephrine transporter) — major inactivation pathway",
"Second messengers: α1 → IP3/DAG (Gq); α2 → ↓cAMP (Gi); β1/β2 → ↑cAMP (Gs); M2 → ↓cAMP (Gi); M1 → IP3 (Gq)",
], { fontSize: 11, titleSize: 13 });
}
// ─── SLIDE: Sympathomimetics ─────────────────────────────────────
{
const sl = pres.addSlide();
darkSlide(sl);
addTitle(sl, "Sympathomimetic Drugs", "Direct, Indirect & Mixed-Acting Adrenergic Agonists");
addCard(sl, 0.3, 1.35, 4.1, 5.55, "Direct-Acting Agonists", [
"Epinephrine (Adrenaline): α1, α2, β1, β2 — used in anaphylaxis, cardiac arrest",
"Norepinephrine: α1, α2, β1 (no β2) — vasopressor in shock",
"Phenylephrine: selective α1 — nasal decongestant, mydriasis",
"Isoproterenol: β1 + β2 — bronchodilation, heart block (historical)",
"Albuterol (Salbutamol): selective β2 — bronchodilator (asthma)",
"Dobutamine: β1 selective — positive inotrope in heart failure",
"Clonidine: α2 agonist (central) — antihypertensive, sedation",
], { fontSize: 10 });
addCard(sl, 4.65, 1.35, 4.0, 5.55, "Indirect & Mixed Acting", [
"Ephedrine: releases NE + direct — bronchodilator, nasal decongestant",
"Tyramine: displaces NE from vesicles — dietary (aged cheese risk with MAOIs)",
"Amphetamine: NE/DA release + uptake inhibition — stimulant",
"Cocaine: blocks NET (NE reuptake) — local anaesthetic + sympathomimetic",
"Key concept: indirect agents require endogenous NE — ineffective after reserpine",
], { fontSize: 10.5 });
addCard(sl, 8.9, 1.35, 4.1, 5.55, "α & β Adrenoceptor Effects", [
"α1: vasoconstriction (↑BP), mydriasis, GI/bladder relaxation",
"α2 (presynaptic): inhibit NE release (autoreceptor); antihypertensive",
"β1: ↑HR, ↑contractility (heart), ↑renin release (kidney)",
"β2: bronchodilation, vasodilation, uterine relaxation, ↑glycogenolysis",
"β3: lipolysis in adipose tissue",
"Epinephrine at low dose → β2 (↓BP); high dose → α1 (↑BP)",
"NE → predominant α effect → ↑BP → reflex bradycardia",
], { fontSize: 10 });
}
// ─── SLIDE: Sympatholytics & Adrenergic Blockers ─────────────────
{
const sl = pres.addSlide();
darkSlide(sl);
addTitle(sl, "Adrenergic Blocking Drugs (Sympatholytics)", "Alpha-Blockers · Beta-Blockers · Ganglionic Blockers");
addCard(sl, 0.3, 1.35, 6.3, 2.8, "Alpha (α) Blockers", [
"Phenoxybenzamine: irreversible non-selective α1+α2 — phaeochromocytoma",
"Phentolamine: reversible non-selective α — hypertensive crisis",
"Prazosin / Terazosin: selective α1 — hypertension, BPH",
"Yohimbine: selective α2 — research tool, erectile dysfunction",
"Side effects: postural hypotension, reflex tachycardia, nasal stuffiness",
], { fontSize: 10.5 });
addCard(sl, 6.85, 1.35, 6.1, 2.8, "Beta (β) Blockers", [
"Propranolol: non-selective β1+β2 — angina, arrhythmia, hypertension, hyperthyroidism",
"Atenolol / Metoprolol / Nebivolol: cardioselective β1 — hypertension, MI",
"Carvedilol: α1 + β1 + β2 — heart failure, hypertension",
"Labetalol: α1 + β — hypertensive emergencies, pregnancy hypertension",
"Contraindicated in asthma (β2 blockade → bronchoconstriction), acute decompensated HF",
], { fontSize: 10.5 });
addCard(sl, 0.3, 4.35, 6.3, 2.6, "Reserpine & Guanethidine", [
"Reserpine: blocks vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT) → depletes NE storage granules",
"Guanethidine: blocks NE release from nerve endings",
"Both used historically for hypertension; severe CNS side-effects limit use",
"Reserpine → depression, nasal congestion, GI hypermotility",
], { fontSize: 10.5 });
addCard(sl, 6.85, 4.35, 6.1, 2.6, "Ganglionic Blockers & Clinical Notes", [
"Hexamethonium, Pentolinium: nAChR blockers at both sympathetic & parasympathetic ganglia",
"Block ALL autonomic outflow — orthostatic hypotension, dry mouth, urinary retention",
"Mainly used in research; trimethaphan (historical surgical hypotension)",
"Remember: adrenergic blockers → unopposed parasympathetic activity",
], { fontSize: 10.5 });
}
// ─── SLIDE: Parasympathomimetics & Anticholinergics ──────────────
{
const sl = pres.addSlide();
darkSlide(sl);
addTitle(sl, "Cholinergic Drugs — Parasympathomimetics & Anticholinergics", "ACh Agonists & Antagonists");
addCard(sl, 0.3, 1.35, 6.1, 2.7, "Direct-Acting Cholinomimetics", [
"Pilocarpine: muscarinic — glaucoma (miosis + ↓IOP), Sjögren's syndrome",
"Methacholine: muscarinic — bronchial challenge test (asthma diagnosis)",
"Carbachol: muscarinic + nicotinic — glaucoma, bladder atony",
"Bethanechol: selective muscarinic (M3) — urinary retention, GERD",
"Muscarine: non-selective muscarinic — toxicology (mushroom poisoning)",
], { fontSize: 10.5 });
addCard(sl, 6.65, 1.35, 6.3, 2.7, "Anticholinesterases (Indirect Cholinomimetics)", [
"Neostigmine, Pyridostigmine: reversible AChE inhibitors — myasthenia gravis, NMB reversal",
"Physostigmine: tertiary amine — crosses BBB — anticholinergic poisoning antidote",
"Organophosphates (irreversible): nerve agents, pesticides → SLUDGE syndrome",
"SLUDGE: Salivation, Lacrimation, Urination, Defecation, GI cramps, Emesis",
"Treatment of OP poisoning: Atropine + Pralidoxime (reactivates AChE if given early)",
], { fontSize: 10.5 });
addCard(sl, 0.3, 4.25, 12.6, 2.7, "Muscarinic Antagonists (Anticholinergics)", [
"Atropine: competitive muscarinic antagonist — bradycardia, organophosphate poisoning, pre-op (dry secretions), ophthalmology (mydriasis/cycloplegia)",
"Scopolamine: CNS penetrant — motion sickness, pre-op sedation",
"Ipratropium / Tiotropium: inhaled — COPD, asthma (bronchodilation); minimal systemic effect",
"Oxybutynin / Tolterodine: selective M3 — overactive bladder",
"Side effects mnemonic — 'Dry as a bone, blind as a bat, red as a beet, hot as a hare, mad as a hatter, full as a flask'",
"Contraindicated: narrow-angle glaucoma, BPH, pyloric stenosis",
], { fontSize: 10.5, titleSize: 12 });
}
// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
// SECTION 3 DIVIDER – SEDATIVES & SLEEPING PILLS
// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
sectionDivider(pres, "03", "Sedatives & Sleeping Pills", "Benzodiazepines · Barbiturates · Newer Hypnotics");
// ─── SLIDE: GABA-A Receptor & Mechanism ──────────────────────────
{
const sl = pres.addSlide();
darkSlide(sl);
addTitle(sl, "GABA-A Receptor — The Key Target of Sedative-Hypnotics", "Molecular Basis of CNS Depression");
addCard(sl, 0.3, 1.35, 6.3, 5.5, "GABA-A Receptor Structure & Function", [
"Pentameric ligand-gated Cl⁻ channel: most commonly α₂β₃γ₂ subunits",
"GABA binds at β subunit interface → Cl⁻ influx → membrane hyperpolarisation → CNS inhibition",
"Benzodiazepine site: at α-γ subunit interface (allosteric modulator)",
"Barbiturate site: on β subunit transmembrane domain",
"Neurosteroid site (e.g., allopregnanolone): separate allosteric site",
"GABA-A diversity: α1 subunit mediates sedation/amnesia; α2 mediates anxiolysis/muscle relaxation",
"Picrotoxin blocks the Cl⁻ channel (convulsant) — used in research",
"GABA-B: metabotropic, coupled to Gi/K⁺ channels — baclofen target",
], { fontSize: 10.5 });
addCard(sl, 6.85, 1.35, 6.1, 2.65, "How Benzodiazepines Work", [
"Positive allosteric modulators — do NOT directly open the Cl⁻ channel",
"Require GABA to be present — potentiate (↑frequency of) Cl⁻ channel opening",
"Shift GABA dose-response curve LEFT (increase GABA sensitivity)",
"Cannot cause maximal receptor activation alone — hence high safety margin vs barbiturates",
"Subunit selectivity: α1 = sedation, α2/α3 = anxiolysis, α5 = memory",
], { fontSize: 10.5 });
addCard(sl, 6.85, 4.2, 6.1, 2.65, "How Barbiturates Work", [
"Also potentiate GABA-A, but at a different binding site",
"At low concentrations: ↑DURATION of Cl⁻ channel opening (vs BZD ↑frequency)",
"At high concentrations: directly activate Cl⁻ channel (without GABA) → overdose danger",
"Also block AMPA/kainate (glutamate) receptors → additional CNS depression",
"Steeper dose-response curve → narrow therapeutic index → lethal overdose easier",
], { fontSize: 10.5 });
}
// ─── SLIDE: Benzodiazepines ───────────────────────────────────────
{
const sl = pres.addSlide();
darkSlide(sl);
addTitle(sl, "Benzodiazepines (BZDs)", "Pharmacology, Classification & Clinical Uses");
addCard(sl, 0.3, 1.35, 4.1, 5.5, "Pharmacokinetics", [
"All highly lipid-soluble; oral absorption generally good",
"Extensive plasma protein binding (albumin)",
"Most undergo CYP3A4 hepatic metabolism → active/inactive metabolites",
"Triazolam / Midazolam: ultra-short t½ (<6 h)",
"Alprazolam / Lorazepam / Oxazepam: short-to-intermediate t½ (6–20 h)",
"Diazepam / Clonazepam / Chlordiazepoxide: long t½ (20–100 h including active metabolites)",
"Lorazepam / Oxazepam / Temazepam (LOT): conjugation only — safe in liver disease/elderly",
"Clorazepate: prodrug → converted to desmethyldiazepam in stomach",
], { fontSize: 10, titleSize: 12 });
addCard(sl, 4.65, 1.35, 4.5, 5.5, "Pharmacological Effects & Uses", [
"Anxiolytic: panic disorder, GAD, social phobia",
"Sedative-hypnotic: insomnia (short-term only)",
"Anticonvulsant: diazepam IV (status epilepticus), clonazepam (absence/myoclonic)",
"Muscle relaxant: spasticity (diazepam)",
"Pre-operative sedation + amnesia: midazolam (most common)",
"Alcohol withdrawal: chlordiazepoxide, diazepam, lorazepam",
"Anterograde amnesia: therapeutically useful (procedures)",
"All BZDs: cross placental barrier; teratogenic (cleft palate risk) in 1st trimester",
], { fontSize: 10, titleSize: 12 });
addCard(sl, 9.4, 1.35, 3.6, 5.5, "ADRs & Dependence", [
"CNS depression: sedation, psychomotor impairment, ↓driving ability",
"Anterograde amnesia",
"Respiratory depression: mild; severe with opioid co-use",
"Paradoxical disinhibition: rage, aggression (elderly/paediatric)",
"Physical dependence: ↑with dose & duration",
"Withdrawal syndrome: anxiety, insomnia, tremors, seizures — taper slowly",
"Tolerance: sedation > anxiolytic > anticonvulsant",
"ANTIDOTE: Flumazenil (competitive BZD antagonist) — short t½ 0.7–1.3 h → re-sedation risk",
], { fontSize: 10, titleSize: 12 });
}
// ─── SLIDE: Barbiturates ──────────────────────────────────────────
{
const sl = pres.addSlide();
darkSlide(sl);
addTitle(sl, "Barbiturates", "Classification, Mechanism & Clinical Uses");
addCard(sl, 0.3, 1.35, 4.1, 5.5, "Classification by Duration", [
"Ultra-short acting (IV): Thiopental, Methohexital",
" – IV anaesthesia induction; t½ 5–10 min (redistribution)",
"Short acting: Secobarbital, Pentobarbital",
" – Sedation/sleep; t½ 15–40 h",
"Intermediate: Amobarbital",
" – Anxiety, insomnia; t½ 20–40 h",
"Long-acting: Phenobarbital",
" – Epilepsy (grand mal, partial); t½ 80–120 h",
"Very long-acting: Primidone",
" – Prodrug → phenobarbital; epilepsy",
], { fontSize: 10, titleSize: 12 });
addCard(sl, 4.65, 1.35, 4.5, 5.5, "Pharmacokinetics & Metabolism", [
"Absorbed well orally; thiopental IV for rapid CNS entry",
"High lipid solubility → rapid brain penetration (thiopental)",
"Redistribution from brain → fat/muscle → anaesthesia wears off quickly",
"Hepatic metabolism by CYP2C9/CYP2C19/CYP3A4",
"Phenobarbital: potent CYP enzyme inducer → numerous drug interactions",
"Induces metabolism of: oral contraceptives, warfarin, corticosteroids, tricyclics",
"Alkalinisation of urine (NaHCO₃) accelerates renal excretion in overdose",
"Crosses placenta & breast milk; neonatal depression",
], { fontSize: 10, titleSize: 12 });
addCard(sl, 9.4, 1.35, 3.6, 5.5, "Toxicity & Comparison with BZDs", [
"Severe CNS depression → coma, respiratory arrest",
"NO antidote available (unlike BZDs → flumazenil)",
"Low therapeutic index — lethal overdose common",
"Classic method of self-poisoning (Monroe, Marilyn reference)",
"Tolerance develops rapidly; profound physical dependence",
"Withdrawal: dangerous (seizures, death) — must taper",
"Porphyria: barbiturates induce ALA synthase → contraindicated in porphyria",
"Largely replaced by BZDs for anxiety/insomnia (safer); phenobarbital retained for epilepsy",
], { fontSize: 10, titleSize: 12 });
}
// ─── SLIDE: Newer Sleeping Pills ─────────────────────────────────
{
const sl = pres.addSlide();
darkSlide(sl);
addTitle(sl, "Newer Sleeping Pills (Non-Benzodiazepine Hypnotics)", "Z-Drugs · Melatonin Agonists · Orexin Antagonists");
addCard(sl, 0.3, 1.35, 6.2, 2.7, "Z-Drugs (Non-BZD BZD-Receptor Agonists)", [
"Zolpidem (Ambien): selective for GABA-A α1 subunit — short t½ ~2.5 h; sedation > anxiolysis",
"Zaleplon: ultra-short t½ 1 h; minimal residual sedation; take just before sleep",
"Eszopiclone: longer t½ ~6 h; approved for chronic insomnia",
"Zopiclone (racemic parent of eszopiclone): widely used in Europe",
"All antagonised by flumazenil; less dependence than BZDs; complex sleep behaviours (sleep-walking, sleep-driving) reported",
], { fontSize: 10.5 });
addCard(sl, 6.75, 1.35, 6.2, 2.7, "Melatonin & Ramelteon", [
"Melatonin: endogenous hormone from pineal gland; regulates circadian rhythm; MT1/MT2 receptors",
"Ramelteon: MT1/MT2 agonist — approved for sleep-onset insomnia; no abuse potential; no dependence",
"No next-day sedation at therapeutic doses; safe in the elderly",
"Melatonin supplements: jet-lag, shift-work sleep disorder",
"Tasimelteon: MT1/MT2 agonist — non-24-hour sleep-wake disorder (blind patients)",
], { fontSize: 10.5 });
addCard(sl, 0.3, 4.2, 6.2, 2.7, "Orexin (Hypocretin) Receptor Antagonists", [
"Suvorexant (Belsomra): dual orexin receptor antagonist (DORA) — blocks OX1R & OX2R",
"Lemborexant: newer DORA; approved for chronic insomnia disorder",
"Mechanism: orexin promotes wakefulness; blocking it promotes sleep (natural)") ,
"Advantages: no dependence, minimal respiratory depression, no abuse liability",
"Side effects: next-day impairment, abnormal dreams, sleep paralysis",
], { fontSize: 10.5 });
addCard(sl, 6.75, 4.2, 6.2, 2.7, "Other Agents & Clinical Comparison", [
"Doxylamine / Diphenhydramine: antihistamine OTC sleep aids; muscarinic blockade — tolerance develops quickly",
"Trazodone: antidepressant; widely used off-label for insomnia (5-HT2 block)",
"Melatonin: low-dose (0.5–3 mg) most effective; timing matters more than dose",
"Ideal hypnotic: fast onset, appropriate duration, no residual sedation, no dependence",
"CBT-I (cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia) = first-line treatment by guidelines",
], { fontSize: 10.5 });
}
// ─── SLIDE: Flumazenil (BZD Antagonist) ──────────────────────────
{
const sl = pres.addSlide();
darkSlide(sl);
addTitle(sl, "Benzodiazepine Antagonist — Flumazenil", "Pharmacology & Clinical Use");
addCard(sl, 0.3, 1.35, 8.4, 5.5, "Flumazenil", [
"Competitive antagonist at the BZD binding site of GABA-A receptor",
"Blocks actions of BZDs, zolpidem, zaleplon, eszopiclone — does NOT block barbiturates, ethanol, opioids",
"Route: IV only; onset: 1–2 min; duration 30–60 min; t½ 0.7–1.3 h",
"Hepatic clearance is rapid → re-sedation common with long-acting BZDs → repeated dosing required",
"Indications: BZD overdose reversal; reversal post-procedural sedation",
"CAUTION — precipitates withdrawal seizures in BZD-dependent patients",
"In tricyclic overdose + BZDs: may unmask cardiac arrhythmias and seizures — use with extreme caution",
"Respiratory depression reversal is less predictable than sedation reversal",
"Does NOT reverse amnesia if already consolidated",
], { fontSize: 11 });
addCard(sl, 9.0, 1.35, 4.0, 5.5, "Clinical Pearls", [
"Always observe for re-sedation — flumazenil wears off BEFORE most BZDs",
"Dose: 0.2 mg IV over 30 sec; max 3 mg total",
"Not recommended for routine reversal of procedural sedation",
"Does NOT reverse BZD-induced anterograde amnesia",
"No role in empirical treatment of unknown coma (misleading results)",
"Naloxone for opioids; flumazenil for BZDs — remember the pair",
], { fontSize: 11 });
}
// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
// SECTION 4 DIVIDER – ALCOHOL
// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
sectionDivider(pres, "04", "Clinical Pharmacology of Alcohol", "Ethanol · Withdrawal · Treatment of AUD");
// ─── SLIDE: Pharmacology of Ethanol ──────────────────────────────
{
const sl = pres.addSlide();
darkSlide(sl);
addTitle(sl, "Pharmacology of Ethanol (Alcohol)", "Mechanism of Action & Acute Effects");
addCard(sl, 0.3, 1.35, 6.2, 5.5, "Mechanism of CNS Action", [
"Ethanol is a CNS DEPRESSANT — classified as sedative-hypnotic",
"Enhances GABA-A receptor function (like BZDs/barbiturates) — ↑Cl⁻ influx",
"Inhibits NMDA glutamate receptors (excitatory) → sedation, ataxia, amnestic blackouts",
"Inhibits voltage-gated Ca²⁺ channels; enhances glycine receptors",
"Low doses: apparent stimulation = disinhibition (inhibits inhibitory neurons)",
"Cross-tolerance with benzodiazepines, barbiturates, and general anaesthetics",
"Potent inhibitor of adenylyl cyclase via Gi coupling",
"Chronic use: upregulation of NMDA receptors + downregulation of GABA-A → neuroadaptation → withdrawal syndrome",
], { fontSize: 10.5 });
addCard(sl, 6.75, 1.35, 6.2, 2.8, "Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) & Effects", [
"20–50 mg/dL: mild relaxation, ↑sociability",
"50–100 mg/dL: ↓coordination, impaired judgment, euphoria",
"100–150 mg/dL: ataxia, slurred speech, legally impaired in most countries",
"150–250 mg/dL: staggering gait, nausea, marked cognitive impairment",
"250–350 mg/dL: stupor, possible coma",
">400 mg/dL: potentially lethal — respiratory depression",
"Acquired tolerance: alcoholics tolerate >300 mg/dL without gross sedation",
], { fontSize: 10 });
addCard(sl, 6.75, 4.35, 6.2, 2.55, "Pharmacokinetics of Ethanol", [
"Absorption: rapid oral → stomach + small intestine; food slows absorption",
"Distribution: Vd ~0.6 L/kg (similar to total body water); crosses BBB & placenta freely",
"Metabolism: zero-order kinetics at drinking doses — ~10 mL/hour",
"Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH): ethanol → acetaldehyde (toxic)",
"Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH): acetaldehyde → acetate",
"CYP2E1 (MEOS): induced by chronic ethanol use; metabolises at high BAC",
"Genetic variation: Asian ALDH2 deficiency → 'Asian flush' (↑acetaldehyde)",
], { fontSize: 10 });
}
// ─── SLIDE: Alcohol Withdrawal ────────────────────────────────────
{
const sl = pres.addSlide();
darkSlide(sl);
addTitle(sl, "Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome", "Pathophysiology, Timeline & Management");
addCard(sl, 0.3, 1.35, 4.3, 5.5, "Pathophysiology", [
"Chronic alcohol use → neuroadaptation:",
" ↓GABA-A receptor function (downregulation)",
" ↑NMDA receptor upregulation + ↑excitatory tone",
"On cessation: loss of GABAergic inhibition + unmasked excitation",
"CNS becomes hyperexcitable → withdrawal symptoms",
"Similar mechanism to BZD withdrawal",
"Severity correlates with duration and amount of drinking",
"Prior withdrawal episodes worsen subsequent ones ('kindling' effect)",
], { fontSize: 10.5 });
addCard(sl, 4.85, 1.35, 4.3, 5.5, "Timeline of Withdrawal", [
"0–6 hours: tremor, irritability, nausea, tachycardia, hypertension",
"6–48 hours: withdrawal seizures (generalised tonic-clonic)",
"12–48 hours: alcoholic hallucinosis (visual > auditory > tactile)",
"48–96 hours: Delirium Tremens (DT) — peak danger",
"DT features: severe agitation, confusion, fever, profuse sweating, tachycardia, dilated pupils",
"DT mortality: 1–5% (historically up to 20%) — medical emergency",
"CIWA-Ar scale: quantifies withdrawal severity for treatment decisions",
], { fontSize: 10.5 });
addCard(sl, 9.4, 1.35, 3.6, 5.5, "Treatment", [
"Benzodiazepines: FIRST-LINE for alcohol withdrawal",
"Diazepam or chlordiazepoxide (long t½) — symptom-triggered or fixed schedule",
"Lorazepam / Oxazepam: preferred in liver disease (no active metabolites)",
"IV thiamine (B1) FIRST before glucose — prevent Wernicke's encephalopathy",
"Fluid & electrolyte correction: Mg²⁺, K⁺, PO₄",
"Anticonvulsants: carbamazepine — effective in mild/moderate withdrawal",
"Beta-blockers (propranolol), clonidine: adjuncts to reduce autonomic symptoms",
"ICU for DT: diazepam IV, antipsychotics if hallucinations persist",
], { fontSize: 10, titleSize: 12 });
}
// ─── SLIDE: Alcohol-Related Disorders ────────────────────────────
{
const sl = pres.addSlide();
darkSlide(sl);
addTitle(sl, "Chronic Alcohol Use — Organ Toxicity & Nutritional Deficiencies", "Systemic Complications of AUD");
const compData = [
{ title: "CNS", pts: ["Wernicke's encephalopathy: thiamine deficiency → ophthalmoplegia, ataxia, confusion", "Korsakoff's syndrome: irreversible amnesia, confabulation (thiamine-prevent)", "Peripheral neuropathy: demyelination (B1, B6, folate deficiency)", "Cerebellar degeneration: truncal ataxia", "Alcohol-related dementia"] },
{ title: "Liver", pts: ["Fatty liver (steatosis): reversible", "Alcoholic hepatitis: AST:ALT >2:1", "Cirrhosis: irreversible fibrosis; portal hypertension", "Hepatocellular carcinoma: long-term risk"] },
{ title: "Cardiovascular", pts: ["Dilated cardiomyopathy (alcoholic)", "Holiday heart syndrome: arrhythmias (AF) after binge", "Moderate intake: ↑HDL — J-shaped mortality curve"] },
{ title: "GI & Pancreas", pts: ["Acute/chronic pancreatitis", "Mallory-Weiss tear: oesophageal tears", "Oesophageal varices (cirrhosis)", "Gastritis, duodenal ulceration"] },
{ title: "Metabolic", pts: ["Hypoglycaemia: blocks gluconeogenesis", "Hyperuricaemia → gout attack", "↑Triglycerides; ketoacidosis", "Hypomagnesaemia, hypophosphataemia"] },
{ title: "Reproductive", pts: ["Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD)", "Facial abnormalities, cognitive impairment", "Growth retardation — no safe dose in pregnancy", "In males: gonadal atrophy, ↓testosterone, gynaecomastia"] },
];
compData.forEach((c, i) => {
const col = i % 3;
const row = Math.floor(i / 3);
const x = 0.3 + col * 4.35;
const y = 1.35 + row * 2.9;
addCard(sl, x, y, 4.1, 2.7, c.title, c.pts, { fontSize: 10, titleSize: 12, accent: C.gold });
});
}
// ─── SLIDE: Alcohol Antagonists / Treatment of AUD ───────────────
{
const sl = pres.addSlide();
darkSlide(sl);
addTitle(sl, "Treatment of Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD)", "FDA-Approved Pharmacotherapies & Adjuncts");
addCard(sl, 0.3, 1.35, 4.1, 5.5, "Disulfiram (Antabuse)", [
"Mechanism: irreversibly inhibits ALDH → acetaldehyde accumulates",
"Disulfiram-ethanol reaction (DER): flushing, nausea, vomiting, palpitations, hypotension, chest pain",
"Deterrence-based approach — patient must CHOOSE to take it",
"Dose: 250–500 mg/day orally",
"Onset of effect: alcohol must be avoided for 2+ weeks after stopping disulfiram",
"Drug interactions: warfarin potentiation (↓metabolism), metronidazole (psychosis)",
"Contraindications: heart disease, severe hepatic disease, psychosis",
"Not proven effective in RCTs — poor compliance is the main limitation",
], { fontSize: 10, titleSize: 12 });
addCard(sl, 4.65, 1.35, 4.5, 5.5, "Naltrexone", [
"Mechanism: opioid receptor antagonist (μ, κ, δ) — blocks endorphin-mediated reward of drinking",
"Reduces craving and relapse to heavy drinking",
"Oral: 50 mg/day; Extended-release IM (Vivitrol): 380 mg/month",
"IM formulation: improves compliance, avoids first-pass",
"Evidence: consistent reduction in heavy drinking days (multiple RCTs)",
"Side effects: nausea, hepatotoxicity (rare at therapeutic doses), insomnia",
"Contraindicated in current opioid use — precipitates acute withdrawal",
"Most effective combined with behavioural therapy",
], { fontSize: 10, titleSize: 12 });
addCard(sl, 9.4, 1.35, 3.6, 5.5, "Acamprosate & Other Agents", [
"Acamprosate (Campral):",
" NMDA antagonist + GABA modulator",
" Reduces glutamate-driven craving & anxiety during abstinence",
" Dose: 666 mg TID; renal excretion (safe in liver disease)",
" Best for: already abstinent patients with cravings",
"Nalmefene: opioid antagonist; as-needed dosing; ↓heavy drinking days (EU-approved)",
"Gabapentin: off-label; reduces withdrawal/cravings; esp. for insomnia in AUD",
"Baclofen: GABA-B agonist; some evidence in AUD; liver-safe; controversial",
"Ondansetron: 5-HT3 antagonist; early-onset AUD (<25 years) — reduces drinking",
], { fontSize: 10, titleSize: 11.5 });
}
// ─── SLIDE: Methanol & Ethylene Glycol Poisoning ─────────────────
{
const sl = pres.addSlide();
darkSlide(sl);
addTitle(sl, "Methanol & Ethylene Glycol Toxicity — Alcohol-Related Toxicology", "Antidotes & Mechanism");
addCard(sl, 0.3, 1.35, 6.2, 5.5, "Methanol Poisoning", [
"Source: industrial solvent, illicit alcohol ('moonshine')",
"Metabolism: ADH converts methanol → formaldehyde → formic acid (TOXIC)",
"Formic acid: inhibits cytochrome c oxidase → severe metabolic acidosis + optic nerve toxicity",
"Clinical: latent period 12–24 h; then visual disturbance ('snowfield' vision), blindness, severe anion-gap acidosis",
"Treatment: Fomepizole (4-MP) — competitive ADH inhibitor; FIRST-LINE antidote",
"Ethanol IV: also ADH competitor (historical); now replaced by fomepizole",
"Folinic acid (leucovorin): enhances formate metabolism",
"Haemodialysis: for severe acidosis or visual impairment",
], { fontSize: 10.5 });
addCard(sl, 6.75, 1.35, 6.2, 5.5, "Ethylene Glycol Poisoning", [
"Source: antifreeze — sweet taste → accidental/intentional ingestion",
"Metabolism: ADH → glycolic acid → oxalic acid → calcium oxalate crystals",
"Clinical stages:",
" Stage 1 (0–12 h): apparent intoxication (no ethanol smell)",
" Stage 2 (12–24 h): cardiopulmonary — HF, ARDS",
" Stage 3 (24–72 h): renal failure — calcium oxalate crystal nephropathy",
"Lab: severe anion-gap acidosis, hypocalcaemia, oxalate crystals in urine",
"Treatment: Fomepizole (inhibits ADH); IV ethanol (if fomepizole unavailable)",
"Pyridoxine (B6) + thiamine (B1) + magnesium: redirect metabolism away from oxalate",
"Haemodialysis: definitive treatment",
], { fontSize: 10 });
}
// ─── SLIDE: Summary Table ─────────────────────────────────────────
{
const sl = pres.addSlide();
darkSlide(sl);
addTitle(sl, "Comparative Summary — Sedative-Hypnotics & Alcohol Antagonists", "Quick Reference Table");
const rows = [
["Drug Class", "Mechanism", "Main Uses", "Antidote / Treatment", "Key Concern"],
["Benzodiazepines", "GABA-A ↑ (↑freq Cl⁻)", "Anxiety, insomnia, seizures, withdrawal", "Flumazenil", "Dependence, re-sedation"],
["Barbiturates", "GABA-A ↑ (↑duration Cl⁻) + direct", "Epilepsy (phenobarb), anaesthesia", "None", "Low TI, lethal OD"],
["Z-Drugs (Zolpidem etc.)", "GABA-A α1 selective", "Insomnia (short-term)", "Flumazenil (partial)", "Sleep behaviours"],
["Ramelteon", "MT1/MT2 agonist", "Sleep-onset insomnia", "N/A", "Minimal — no abuse"],
["Suvorexant", "Orexin (OX1R/OX2R) blocker", "Chronic insomnia", "N/A", "Sleep paralysis, dreams"],
["Ethanol (acute)", "GABA-A ↑, NMDA ↓", "—", "Supportive", "Respiratory depression"],
["Disulfiram", "ALDH inhibitor", "AUD deterrence", "Avoid EtOH; vitamin C", "DER, compliance poor"],
["Naltrexone", "Opioid receptor antagonist", "AUD, opioid use disorder", "Opioid agonist (if needed)", "Liver toxicity, opioid CI"],
["Acamprosate", "NMDA antagonist / GABA mod.", "AUD abstinence maintenance", "N/A", "Renally excreted"],
["Fomepizole", "ADH inhibitor", "Methanol / EG poisoning", "N/A (IS the antidote)", "Expensive"],
];
const colW = [2.2, 2.5, 2.8, 2.3, 2.3];
const colX = [0.2, 2.42, 4.92, 7.72, 10.02];
const rowH = 0.48;
const rowY0 = 1.3;
rows.forEach((row, ri) => {
const bg = ri === 0 ? C.midBlue : (ri % 2 === 0 ? C.lightBg : C.cardBg);
const textColor = ri === 0 ? C.accent : C.white;
const isBold = ri === 0;
row.forEach((cell, ci) => {
sl.addShape(pres.ShapeType.rect, {
x: colX[ci], y: rowY0 + ri * rowH, w: colW[ci], h: rowH,
fill: { color: bg },
line: { color: C.midBlue, width: 0.5 },
});
sl.addText(cell, {
x: colX[ci] + 0.05, y: rowY0 + ri * rowH, w: colW[ci] - 0.1, h: rowH,
fontSize: ri === 0 ? 10 : 9, bold: isBold, color: textColor,
valign: "middle", fontFace: "Calibri", margin: 2,
wrap: true,
});
});
});
}
// ─── SLIDE: Key Mnemonics & Exam Points ──────────────────────────
{
const sl = pres.addSlide();
darkSlide(sl);
addTitle(sl, "Key Mnemonics & High-Yield Exam Points", "Memory Aids for Pharmacology");
addCard(sl, 0.3, 1.35, 4.1, 5.5, "Mnemonics", [
"SLUDGE (cholinergic toxicity): Salivation, Lacrimation, Urination, Defecation, GI cramps, Emesis",
"LOT (BZDs safe in liver disease): Lorazepam, Oxazepam, Temazepam",
"ABC of alcohol Rx: Acamprosate, disulfiram (B sounds like antaBuse), Craving→Naltrexone",
"MNEMONIC for anticholinergic OD: Dry as bone, Blind as bat, Red as beet, Hot as hare, Mad as hatter, Full as flask",
"Wernicke's = COAT: Confusion, Ophthalmoplegia, Ataxia, Thiamine-responsive",
], { fontSize: 10.5 });
addCard(sl, 4.65, 1.35, 4.5, 5.5, "High-Yield Comparisons", [
"BZD vs Barbiturate: BZD potentiates GABA (safe); Barb also activates directly (dangerous)",
"BZD vs Z-drug: Z-drugs are BZD-receptor agonists — all blocked by flumazenil",
"Disulfiram vs Naltrexone: disulfiram deters (aversive); naltrexone reduces reward/craving",
"Methanol vs Ethylene glycol: both treated by ADH inhibition (fomepizole); MeOH → blindness; EG → renal failure",
"Lorazepam in liver disease (no active metabolites); diazepam has active desmethyldiazepam",
"Flumazenil short t½ → re-sedation; NEVER use in chronic BZD users (seizure risk)",
], { fontSize: 10, titleSize: 12 });
addCard(sl, 9.4, 1.35, 3.6, 5.5, "Clinical Pearls", [
"Thiamine BEFORE glucose in alcoholics — prevents Wernicke's",
"Alcohol cross-tolerant with BZDs — need higher BZD doses in severe withdrawal",
"Phenobarbital: strong CYP inducer — lowers OCP, warfarin, antiretroviral levels",
"Orexin antagonists: no respiratory depression — safer in COPD/sleep apnoea",
"Acamprosate: renal excretion — safe in liver disease (unlike naltrexone)",
"Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: most preventable cause of intellectual disability",
"Propranolol contraindicated in asthma — use cardioselective β1 blocker instead",
], { fontSize: 10, titleSize: 12 });
}
// ─── FINAL SLIDE ─────────────────────────────────────────────────
{
const sl = pres.addSlide();
sl.background = { color: C.darkBlue };
sl.addShape(pres.ShapeType.rect, { x: 0, y: 0, w: 13.3, h: 0.2, fill: { color: C.accent }, line: { color: C.accent } });
sl.addShape(pres.ShapeType.rect, { x: 0, y: 7.3, w: 13.3, h: 0.2, fill: { color: C.gold }, line: { color: C.gold } });
sl.addText("THANK YOU", {
x: 0.5, y: 1.2, w: 12.3, h: 1.4,
fontSize: 72, bold: true, color: C.accent, align: "center", fontFace: "Calibri", charSpacing: 10,
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sl.addText("Pharmacology Lecture Series", {
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fontSize: 24, color: C.gold, align: "center", italic: true, fontFace: "Calibri",
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sl.addShape(pres.ShapeType.rect, { x: 3, y: 3.45, w: 7.3, h: 0.05, fill: { color: C.midBlue }, line: { color: C.midBlue } });
const sources = [
"Katzung's Basic & Clinical Pharmacology, 16th Edition",
"Goodman & Gilman's: The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 14th Edition",
"Guyton & Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology",
"Tintinalli's Emergency Medicine | The Maudsley Prescribing Guidelines, 15th Edition",
];
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sl.addText(sItems, {
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// ─── WRITE FILE ───────────────────────────────────────────────────
pres.writeFile({ fileName: "/home/daytona/workspace/pharmacology-pptx/Pharmacology_Complete.pptx" })
.then(() => console.log("✅ Presentation saved successfully!"))
.catch(e => { console.error("❌ Error:", e); process.exit(1); });
cd /home/daytona/workspace/pharmacology-pptx && node build.js 2>&1
~/pharmacology-pptx/build.js
Successfully replaced 1 instance(s) of the string in '/home/daytona/workspace/pharmacology-pptx/build.js'
cd /home/daytona/workspace/pharmacology-pptx && node build.js 2>&1
ls -lh /home/daytona/workspace/pharmacology-pptx/Pharmacology_Complete.pptx
Pharmacology Complete
Presentation · PPTX
| Slide | Content |
|---|---|
| Title slide | Full topic overview |
| What is Pharmacology? | Definition, scope, core branches, key terminology (TI, t½, EC₅₀) |
| Pharmacokinetics | All 4 ADME stages with 4 detailed cards — routes, Vd, CYP450, clearance |
| Pharmacodynamics | Receptor types, agonist/antagonist concepts, therapeutic index, tolerance/sensitisation |
| Slide | Content |
|---|---|
| ANS Overview | Sympathetic vs parasympathetic organisation, neurotransmitters, second messengers |
| Sympathomimetics | Direct-acting (Epi, NE, albuterol), indirect (amphetamine, cocaine), adrenoceptor effects |
| Adrenergic Blockers | Alpha-blockers, beta-blockers, reserpine/guanethidine, ganglionic blockers |
| Cholinergic Drugs | Direct/indirect cholinomimetics, SLUDGE, OP poisoning, anticholinergic mnemonic |
| Slide | Content |
|---|---|
| GABA-A Receptor | Subunit structure, BZD vs barbiturate mechanisms (frequency vs duration) |
| Benzodiazepines | Pharmacokinetics, LOT rule (liver disease), uses, ADRs, dependence, flumazenil |
| Barbiturates | Duration classification, CYP induction, porphyria CI, comparison with BZDs |
| Newer Hypnotics | Z-drugs (zolpidem/zaleplon/eszopiclone), ramelteon, orexin antagonists (suvorexant), OTC agents |
| Flumazenil | Mechanism, dosing, re-sedation risk, contraindications |
| Slide | Content |
|---|---|
| Ethanol Pharmacology | GABA/NMDA mechanism, BAC table, zero-order kinetics, ADH/ALDH/CYP2E1 |
| Alcohol Withdrawal | Neuroadaptation, CIWA timeline (0–96 h), DT features, treatment protocol |
| Organ Toxicity | 6-card grid: CNS/liver/CVS/GI/metabolic/reproductive complications |
| Treatment of AUD | Disulfiram, naltrexone, acamprosate, nalmefene, gabapentin, baclofen |
| Methanol/EG Toxicity | Fomepizole mechanism, methanol → blindness, EG → renal failure |
| Summary Table | All drug classes compared: mechanism, use, antidote, key concern |
| Mnemonics & Pearls | SLUDGE, LOT, COAT, anticholinergic, clinical pearls |
Give content of ppt
| Duration | Drugs | t½ | Use |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ultra-short (IV) | Thiopental, Methohexital | 5–10 min | IV anaesthesia induction |
| Short-acting | Secobarbital, Pentobarbital | 15–40 h | Sedation/sleep |
| Intermediate | Amobarbital | 20–40 h | Anxiety, insomnia |
| Long-acting | Phenobarbital | 80–120 h | Epilepsy |
| Very long | Primidone | — | Prodrug → phenobarbital; epilepsy |
| BAC (mg/dL) | Clinical Effects |
|---|---|
| 20–50 | Mild relaxation, ↑sociability |
| 50–100 | ↓Coordination, impaired judgment, euphoria |
| 100–150 | Ataxia, slurred speech, legally impaired |
| 150–250 | Staggering gait, nausea, marked cognitive impairment |
| 250–350 | Stupor, possible coma |
| >400 | Potentially lethal — respiratory depression |
| >300 | Alcoholics (acquired tolerance) may show no gross sedation |
| Time After Last Drink | Symptoms |
|---|---|
| 0–6 hours | Tremor, irritability, nausea, tachycardia, hypertension |
| 6–48 hours | Withdrawal seizures (generalised tonic-clonic) |
| 12–48 hours | Alcoholic hallucinosis (visual > auditory > tactile) |
| 48–96 hours | Delirium Tremens (DT) — peak danger |
| Drug Class | Mechanism | Main Uses | Antidote/Treatment | Key Concern |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Benzodiazepines | GABA-A ↑ (↑freq Cl⁻) | Anxiety, insomnia, seizures, withdrawal | Flumazenil | Dependence, re-sedation |
| Barbiturates | GABA-A ↑ (↑duration Cl⁻) + direct | Epilepsy (phenobarb), anaesthesia | None | Low TI, lethal OD |
| Z-Drugs (Zolpidem etc.) | GABA-A α1 selective | Insomnia (short-term) | Flumazenil (partial) | Sleep behaviours |
| Ramelteon | MT1/MT2 agonist | Sleep-onset insomnia | N/A | Minimal — no abuse |
| Suvorexant | Orexin OX1R/OX2R blocker | Chronic insomnia | N/A | Sleep paralysis, dreams |
| Ethanol (acute) | GABA-A ↑, NMDA ↓ | — | Supportive | Respiratory depression |
| Disulfiram | ALDH inhibitor | AUD deterrence | Avoid EtOH | DER, compliance poor |
| Naltrexone | Opioid receptor antagonist | AUD, opioid use disorder | Opioid agonist (if needed) | Liver toxicity, opioid CI |
| Acamprosate | NMDA antagonist/GABA mod. | AUD abstinence maintenance | N/A | Renally excreted |
| Fomepizole | ADH inhibitor | Methanol/EG poisoning | N/A (IS the antidote) | Expensive |