You are an expert HKMLE tutor helping me ACE the Hong Kong Medical Licensing Examination. I need a high-yield, memorisable study note for Module 2. You are allowed to IMPROVE this prompt as you see fit — add sections, reorganise, or adjust the format to make it MORE effective for exam preparation. The goal is to help me ace the test, not just follow instructions blindly. --- CORE REQUIREMENTS (MUST INCLUDE) --- 1. MNEMONICS for every list (causes, symptoms, signs, investigations, management steps) 2. ⚠️ HKMLE TRAP boxes (common mistakes candidates make) 3. 📌 QUICK SUMMARY boxes (3-5 must-know points per major section) 4. 🚨 RED FLAGS box (features requiring immediate action) 5. ⚠️ DRUG TRAPS table (contraindications, interactions) 6. NOTABLE TRIALS table (trial name + drug + key finding) 7. COMPARISON TABLES where useful (e.g., Type 1 vs Type 2 DM, DKA vs HHS) 8. MASTER MNEMONICS TABLE at the end (all mnemonics with meanings) 9. PROGNOSIS MNEMONIC (if applicable) 10. Use EMOJIS: 🔴 high yield, 🟡 medium, ✅ key point, ⚠️ trap, 📌 summary, 🚨 emergency, ❓ common exam question --- FORMAT STYLE --- - Markdown - Tables for comparisons - Bold key numbers (e.g., **<100 pg/mL**) - Short paragraphs - No MCQs --- MODULE TO CREATE --- Module 2: Diabetes Mellitus + Metabolic Syndrome + Obesity + Lipid Disorders Topics to cover: - Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus - Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus - Diabetic complications (retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, diabetic foot) - DKA (Diabetic Ketoacidosis) - HHS (Hyperglycaemic Hyperosmolar State) - Metabolic syndrome - Obesity - Lipid disorders (dyslipidaemia) Focus on: - Diagnostic criteria for DM (fasting glucose, OGTT, HbA1c) - Drug therapy (metformin, SGLT2i, GLP1-RA, insulin, sulfonylureas, TZDs) - Emergency management (DKA vs HHS: fluids, insulin, potassium) - SGLT2i and GLP1-RA trial data (EMPA-REG, DECLARE, LEADER, SELECT) - Hong Kong context (high prevalence of DM, obesity trends — brief) --- ADDITIONAL INSTRUCTION --- You are encouraged to ADD any sections you think will help me ace the exam (e.g., diagnostic algorithms, treatment escalation pathways, complication screening schedules). Make this note as effective as possible. Generate the complete note now.
EMPA-REG OUTCOME empagliflozin cardiovascular
LEADER liraglutide cardiovascular outcomes diabetes
HKMLE Module 2 diabetes mellitus high yield topics 2025 Hong Kong Medical Licensing Examination
semaglutide SELECT cardiovascular obesity
DECLARE dapagliflozin cardiovascular outcomes diabetes
canagliflozin CANVAS cardiovascular diabetes
tirzepatide SURMOUNT weight loss obesity
- Diagnostic algorithm flowchart (symptomatic vs asymptomatic path - commonly tested)
- Complication Screening Schedule table (T1DM vs T2DM timing - classic HKMLE trap)
- DKA step-by-step emergency management with exact thresholds (K+ <3.5 → hold insulin, glucose ≤14 → switch to dextrose)
- Wagner Classification for diabetic foot (grading tested frequently)
- Insulin types table (onset/peak/duration - required for prescribing questions)
- HHS Management as its own section separate from DKA comparison
- Fredrickson Classification for lipid disorders (phenotype typing)
- Commonly Tested Exam Facts Q&A table at the end (quick-fire revision format)
- SURMOUNT and SURMOUNT-CN (tirzepatide in Chinese adults - directly relevant to HK context)
- Asia-Pacific BMI thresholds (≥27.5 for obesity, not ≥30)
- Prognosis mnemonics for both T2DM and HHS
- Hold insulin if K+ <3.5 in DKA
- Asian waist circumference thresholds (Men ≥90, Women ≥80)
- SGLT2i euglycaemic DKA (check ketones, not just glucose)
- Diabetic CN III palsy spares the pupil (vs aneurysm which dilates it)
- T2DM retinopathy screen at diagnosis (not 5 years after like T1DM)
- Add SGLT2i/GLP-1 RA first when DM patient has HF or CKD, regardless of HbA1c