1. General nosology 1. Pathological process, pathological reaction and pathological condition, their difference from disease. Typical pathological processes (definition, examples). 2. The concept of etiology. Modern understanding of the role of causes and conditions in the occurrence of diseases. Classification of etiological factors. 3. The concept of pathogenesis. The main mechanisms of action of pathogenic factors. 4. Pathogenetic factors, their types. Pathogenetic therapy. The main pathogenetic factor and vicious cycles in the pathogenesis of diseases. 5. Outcomes of the disease. Mechanisms of recovery. The main types of protective adaptive reactions. Structural and functional compensation. 6. Pathogenic action of mechanical factors. Crash syndrome: etiology and pathogenesis. 7. Shock - definition, types. The general pathogenesis of shock and the leading pathogenetic factors of its individual types. 8. Pathogenic action of low temperature. Hypothermia. 9. Pathogenic action of high temperature. Overheating. Heat stroke. Burn disease. 10. Pathogenic action of low barometric and oxygen partial pressure (compensation and decompensation stages). Altitude sickness. 11. Pathogenic action of high barometric pressure. Caisson disease. 12. Factors determining the degree of pathogenic effect of electricity on the organism. Local and general disorders in electric trauma, mechanism of their development. 13. Mechanisms of pathogenic action of sounds, noise and ultrasound. 14. Pathogenic action of ionizing radiation. Radiation sickness (definition). Characteristics of changes in the body in chronic radiation sickness. 15. Acute radiation sickness, its forms. Characteristics of changes in the body in acute radiation sickness. 16. Cell injury (definition). Classification of cell injury. 17. Typical manifestations of cell injury. Changes in intracellular metabolism in response to cell injury. 18. Disturbance of the barrier function of the cytoplasmic membrane. The main pathogenetic factors of damage to the lipid bilayer: mechanical stretching of the membrane, the action of membrane phospholipases, lipid peroxidation. 19. Causes, pathogenesis and consequences of impairments of the matrix (structural) functions of the plasma membrane of cells. 20. The main forms of cell death - necrosis, apoptosis. Types of necrosis by etiology and by type of reactions (coagulative and colliquative). 21. Signs of apoptosis. Mechanisms of apoptosis – receptor-mediated, mitochondrial, p53-mediated, perforin-granzyme. 22. Mechanisms of cell damage during hypoxia. The role of free radical oxidation in cell damage. "Vicious cycle" of cellular pathology in the pathogenesis of cell damage. 23. Mutations, the causes of their occurrence, types, role in the development of hereditary diseases. Classification of hereditary diseases. 24. Chromosomal diseases. Etiology, pathogenesis, classification. 25. Multifactorial diseases, genetic diseases of somatic cells, hereditary diseases with non-traditional type of inheritance: features of etiology and pathogenesis. 26. Single-gene diseases. Etiology, pathogenesis, classification. 27. The concept of reactivity, its kinds, dependence on sex, age, nutrition and other internal and external factors. Dependence of reactivity on the functional state of regulatory systems of the organism (nervous, endocrine, immune systems). 28. The concept of resistance, its kinds and their examples. Difference between resistance and reactivity. 29. Definition of the concept of stress, its etiology and types. "Selier’s triad" and the stage of the general adaptation syndrome (stress). 30. The scheme of the pathogenesis of the general adaptation syndrome (stress). Mechanisms of protective and damaging effects of stress hormones. Explain All answers in 80 to 100 words limited.