Thesis Mein Is Figure Ki Analysis Kaise Likhein

Figure ka Title (Thesis mein likhne ke liye)

Results Section mein likhne ka tarika:

English (Thesis ke liye):

The baseline serum creatinine levels among all 150 study participants showed a slightly right-skewed distribution, with a mean of 1.08 mg/dL (SD = 0.32; range approximately 0.5 to 1.9 mg/dL). The majority of patients had creatinine values clustered between 0.9 and 1.3 mg/dL, suggesting that most participants had near-normal renal function at baseline. One standard deviation above the mean was 1.40 mg/dL and below the mean was 0.76 mg/dL, encompassing approximately 68% of the sample as expected.

When stratified by surgical group, the Minimally Invasive group (blue) demonstrated a narrower, more concentrated distribution peaking around 0.9–1.0 mg/dL, whereas the Conventional surgery group (red/brown) showed a broader and higher distribution, with a notable peak at 1.1–1.2 mg/dL and a longer right tail extending up to 1.9 mg/dL. This suggests that patients in the conventional group may have had slightly higher baseline creatinine values, indicating a potentially greater baseline renal impairment compared to the minimally invasive group.

Urdu mein (samajhne ke liye):

• Left panel mein poore 150 patients ki creatinine values hain. Mean 1.08 mg/dL hai, jo normal range ke lower end pe hai. Distribution thodi right-skewed hai yani kuch patients mein values zyada thi.
• Right panel mein dono groups compare hain:
  • Blue (Minimally Invasive): Values zyada tar 0.8 se 1.0 ke darmiyan hain - yani kidney function relatively better tha
  • Red (Conventional): Values thodi zyada spread hain aur 1.2 tak zyada hain - yani baseline pe kidney thodi zyada affected thi

Discussion mein yeh point add karein:

The difference in baseline creatinine distribution between the two surgical groups warrants attention during comparative outcome analysis. Although both groups remained within clinically acceptable ranges, the higher creatinine values in the conventional surgery group may confound postoperative renal outcomes and should be accounted for in multivariate analysis.

Statistical Note (Methods/Results mein):

"The Shapiro-Wilk test was applied to assess normality of creatinine distribution. Given the slight skewness observed, [parametric/non-parametric] comparative tests were used accordingly."

• Figure 4.8 - Histogram image (centered)
• Caption: "Figure 4.8 Baseline Serum Creatinine Distribution (N = 150)."
• Note: Full explanation paragraph jismein mean 1.08 mg/dL, SD, distribution shape, aur dono surgical groups ka comparison likha hai

Figure 4.9 Baseline eGFR Distribution (N = 150).

Note: The overall distribution (left panel) reveals a mean baseline estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) of 75.70 mL/min/1.73m² (SD = 23.34), with values ranging from approximately 35 to 130 mL/min/1.73m². The distribution is slightly left-skewed, with the highest frequency observed in the 60–70 mL/min/1.73m² range. The majority of patients had eGFR values between 52.36 and 99.04 mL/min/1.73m² (within ±1 SD of the mean), indicating that most participants had mildly reduced to normal renal function at baseline. When stratified by surgical group (right panel), the Minimally Invasive group (blue) demonstrated a distribution skewed toward higher eGFR values, with a prominent peak at 85–90 mL/min/1.73m², whereas the Conventional sternotomy group (red) showed a broader distribution concentrated in the lower range of 60–75 mL/min/1.73m², suggesting comparatively lower baseline renal filtration capacity in the conventional group.

Baseline eGFR showed a mean of 75.70 mL/min/1.73m² (SD = 23.34), as depicted in Figure 4.9. Both groups had eGFR values predominantly within the mildly reduced to normal range; however, the Minimally Invasive group demonstrated a tendency toward higher eGFR values compared to the Conventional sternotomy group, as illustrated in the group-stratified distribution.

Figure 4.10 Baseline Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction (LVEF) Distribution (N = 150).

Note: The overall distribution (left panel) demonstrates a mean baseline LVEF of 50.09% (SD = 9.09), with values ranging from approximately 28% to 75%. The distribution is slightly right-skewed, with the highest frequency observed in the 48–52% range. The majority of patients had LVEF values between 41.01% and 59.18% (within ±1 SD of the mean), indicating that most participants had mildly reduced to low-normal left ventricular function at baseline, consistent with a cardiac surgical population. When stratified by surgical group (right panel), both the Minimally Invasive group (blue) and the Conventional sternotomy group (red) showed overlapping distributions centered around 48–52%; however, the Minimally Invasive group demonstrated a broader spread extending toward higher LVEF values (60–75%), while the Conventional group was more concentrated in the mildly reduced range (40–55%), suggesting a slightly better preserved systolic function in the minimally invasive group at baseline.

Baseline LVEF had a mean of 50.09% (SD = 9.09), as shown in Figure 4.10. The distribution of LVEF categories was comparable between the two groups (p > 0.05), as confirmed in Table 4.1. Both groups predominantly consisted of patients with mildly reduced ejection fraction (41–54%), though the Minimally Invasive group showed a tendency toward relatively higher LVEF values compared to the Conventional sternotomy group.

Figure 4.11 Distribution of LVEF Categories Among Study Participants (N = 150).

Note: This figure illustrates the categorical distribution of baseline Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction (LVEF) among all 150 study participants. The majority of patients (84, 56.0%) had a mildly reduced ejection fraction in the 41–54% range, while 24 patients (16.0%) had severely reduced LVEF of less than 40%, indicating significant left ventricular dysfunction in a notable proportion of the study population. Notably, none of the patients (0, 0.0%) had a preserved LVEF of ≥55%, reflecting that all enrolled patients had at least some degree of systolic impairment, which is consistent with the high-risk cardiac surgical profile of the study cohort.

As shown in Figure 4.11, categorical analysis of LVEF revealed that the majority of patients (56.0%) fell in the mildly reduced category (41–54%), followed by 16.0% with severely reduced LVEF (<40%). No patient had a preserved LVEF of ≥55%, underscoring the compromised baseline cardiac function across the entire study sample.

Note: The majority of patients (84, 56.0%) had mildly reduced LVEF (41–54%), while 24 patients (16.0%) had severely reduced LVEF (<40%). No patient had preserved LVEF (≥55%), indicating that all enrolled participants had at least some degree of systolic impairment at baseline.

Figure 4.12 Preoperative Haemoglobin Distribution (N = 150).

Note: The mean preoperative haemoglobin was 13.35 g/dL (SD = 1.49), with values ranging from approximately 9.5 to 17 g/dL. The distribution is approximately normal and slightly left-skewed, with the highest frequency around 13.5–14.0 g/dL. Most patients fell within ±1 SD (11.86–14.84 g/dL), indicating acceptable preoperative haemoglobin levels. When stratified by surgical group, the Conventional group (red) showed a concentration of values in the 12–14 g/dL range, while the Minimally Invasive group (blue) demonstrated a broader spread with relatively more patients having higher haemoglobin values (14–17 g/dL), suggesting slightly better preoperative haematological status in the minimally invasive group.

Preoperative haemoglobin had a mean of 13.35 g/dL (SD = 1.49), as illustrated in Figure 4.12. The distribution was approximately normal, with most patients presenting with haemoglobin levels within the acceptable preoperative range. The Minimally Invasive group showed a tendency toward higher haemoglobin values compared to the Conventional sternotomy group.

Note: The mean preoperative haemoglobin was 13.35 g/dL (SD = 1.49), with most patients falling within the acceptable range of 11.86–14.84 g/dL. The Minimally Invasive group showed relatively higher haemoglobin values compared to the Conventional sternotomy group.

Figure 4.13 Distribution of Surgical Approach Among Study Participants (N = 150).

Note: Patients were equally allocated between the two surgical groups, with 75 patients (50.0%) in the Minimally Invasive (MICS-CABG) group and 75 patients (50.0%) in the Conventional median sternotomy group, confirming balanced randomization between the two arms of the study.