Orris

Make MCQs from above ppt just like a professor did

Reading File
Running Command

python -m markitdown "/home/daytona/workspace/attachments/f3dad9b0-a727-4288-b259-7fc4a54be9ea/chromatography cognosy .pptx"

Running Command

cd /home/daytona/workspace && python3 -c " from pptx import Presentation import sys pptx_path = '/home/daytona/workspace/attachments/f3dad9b0-a727-4288-b259-7fc4a54be9ea/chromatography cognosy .pptx' prs = Presentation(pptx_path) for i, slide in enumerate(prs.slides): print(f'=== SLIDE {i+1} ===') for shape in slide.shapes: if shape.has_text_frame: for para in shape.text_frame.paragraphs: text = para.text.strip() if text: print(text) print() "

Running Command

pip install python-pptx --quiet && python3 -c " from pptx import Presentation pptx_path = '/home/daytona/workspace/attachments/f3dad9b0-a727-4288-b259-7fc4a54be9ea/chromatography cognosy .pptx' prs = Presentation(pptx_path) for i, slide in enumerate(prs.slides): print(f'=== SLIDE {i+1} ===') for shape in slide.shapes: if shape.has_text_frame: for para in shape.text_frame.paragraphs: text = para.text.strip() if text: print(text) print() "

The text is stored in XML - let me extract it from the raw XML directly.
Running Command

python3 -c " import zipfile, re pptx_path = '/home/daytona/workspace/attachments/f3dad9b0-a727-4288-b259-7fc4a54be9ea/chromatography cognosy .pptx' with zipfile.ZipFile(pptx_path) as z: slide_files = sorted([f for f in z.namelist() if f.startswith('ppt/slides/slide') and '.xml' in f]) print('Total slides:', len(slide_files)) for i, sf in enumerate(slide_files[:10]): with z.open(sf) as f: xml = f.read().decode('utf-8') # Extract all text between <a:t> tags texts = re.findall(r'<a:t[^>]*>(.*?)</a:t>', xml) texts = [t.strip() for t in texts if t.strip()] if texts: print(f'--- Slide {i+1} ---') print(' | '.join(texts)) print() "

Running Command

python3 -c " import zipfile, re, html pptx_path = '/home/daytona/workspace/attachments/f3dad9b0-a727-4288-b259-7fc4a54be9ea/chromatography cognosy .pptx' with zipfile.ZipFile(pptx_path) as z: slide_files = sorted([f for f in z.namelist() if f.startswith('ppt/slides/slide') and '.xml' in f and 'rels' not in f]) print('Total slides:', len(slide_files)) print() for i, sf in enumerate(slide_files): with z.open(sf) as f: xml = f.read().decode('utf-8') # Try broader text patterns # Look for all text content all_text = re.findall(r'<a:t>(.*?)</a:t>', xml, re.DOTALL) all_text = [html.unescape(t) for t in all_text if t.strip()] if all_text: print(f'--- Slide {i+1} ---') print(repr(all_text[:5])) print() " 2>&1 | head -60

Running Command

python3 -c " import zipfile pptx_path = '/home/daytona/workspace/attachments/f3dad9b0-a727-4288-b259-7fc4a54be9ea/chromatography cognosy .pptx' with zipfile.ZipFile(pptx_path) as z: print('All files in zip:') for f in z.namelist(): print(f) " 2>&1 | head -40

Running Command

python3 -c " import zipfile pptx_path = '/home/daytona/workspace/attachments/f3dad9b0-a727-4288-b259-7fc4a54be9ea/chromatography cognosy .pptx' with zipfile.ZipFile(pptx_path) as z: with z.open('ppt/slides/slide1.xml') as f: xml = f.read().decode('utf-8') print(xml[:3000]) "

The content is in images! The slides use pictures, not text boxes. The text is in the descr attribute (alt text). Let me extract all descriptions from all slides.
Running Command

python3 -c " import zipfile, re, html pptx_path = '/home/daytona/workspace/attachments/f3dad9b0-a727-4288-b259-7fc4a54be9ea/chromatography cognosy .pptx' with zipfile.ZipFile(pptx_path) as z: slide_files = sorted([f for f in z.namelist() if f.startswith('ppt/slides/slide') and '.xml' in f and 'rels' not in f], key=lambda x: int(re.search(r'slide(\d+)', x).group(1))) for i, sf in enumerate(slide_files): with z.open(sf) as f: xml = f.read().decode('utf-8') # Extract descr attributes from images descrs = re.findall(r'descr=\"([^\"]+)\"', xml) descrs = [html.unescape(d) for d in descrs if d.strip()] if descrs: print(f'=== SLIDE {i+1} ===') for d in descrs: print(d) print() " 2>&1

I now have all the content. Let me create the MCQs based on this comprehensive chromatography content from pharmacognosy.Here are the MCQs generated from the PPT (Dr. Tahir Ali, RIPS - Riphah International University), covering every major topic:

Chromatography - Pharmacognosy MCQs

Dr. Tahir Ali | RIPS, Riphah International University

Section 1: History & Basic Concepts

Q1. Chromatography was first used by which scientist to separate plant pigments?
  • A) Robert Koch
  • B) Mikhail Tsvet
  • C) Mikhail Tsvet (Tswett)
  • D) Louis Pasteur
Answer: C - Tsvet used chromatography to separate plant pigments in 1906.
Q2. The literal meaning of the word "chromatography" is:
  • A) Color separation
  • B) Color writing
  • C) Light recording
  • D) Pigment analysis
Answer: B - "Chroma" = color, "graphe" = writing.
Q3. In chromatography, the phase that flows through the supporting medium is called:
  • A) Stationary phase
  • B) Mobile phase
  • C) Eluent phase
  • D) Adsorbed phase
Answer: B
Q4. The stationary phase in chromatography refers to:
  • A) A layer or coating on the support through which the mobile phase passes
  • B) A solvent that flows through the medium
  • C) The sample mixture being separated
  • D) The detector at the end of the column
Answer: A
Q5. "Adsorption" in chromatography is defined as:
  • A) Movement of solute with the mobile phase
  • B) Interaction of solute molecules with the surface of the stationary phase
  • C) Dissolution of solute in the mobile phase
  • D) Separation of solute based on molecular size
Answer: B
Q6. The mobile phase used to wash and carry the sample through the stationary phase is called:
  • A) Eluent
  • B) Adsorbent
  • C) Solute
  • D) Retentate
Answer: A
Q7. In normal phase chromatography:
  • A) Non-polar solutes interact strongly and run slowly
  • B) Polar solutes interact strongly and run slowly
  • C) Polar solutes run quickly
  • D) The stationary phase is modified
Answer: B - Normal phase uses an "unmodified" stationary phase where polar solutes interact strongly.
Q8. Reverse phase chromatography uses a _______ stationary phase:
  • A) Polar
  • B) Modified (non-polar)
  • C) Ion-exchange resin
  • D) Gel-based medium
Answer: B

Section 2: Classification of Chromatography

Q9. Which of the following is NOT a classification of chromatography based on mechanism of separation?
  • A) Ion-exchange chromatography
  • B) Affinity chromatography
  • C) Size-exclusion chromatography
  • D) Gas-solid chromatography
Answer: D - Gas-solid chromatography is classified based on the physical state of the mobile phase, not mechanism.
Q10. Chromatography classified on the basis of chromatographic bed shape includes:
  • A) Adsorption, partition, ion-exchange
  • B) Column chromatography, TLC, paper chromatography
  • C) Gas, liquid, supercritical
  • D) Affinity, size-exclusion, adsorption
Answer: B
Q11. Which technique uses the physical state of the mobile phase as the basis of classification?
  • A) Gas chromatography and Liquid chromatography
  • B) TLC and paper chromatography
  • C) Column and capillary chromatography
  • D) Ion-exchange and affinity chromatography
Answer: A

Section 3: Ion-Exchange Chromatography

Q12. Ion-exchange chromatography is primarily used to separate molecules based on:
  • A) Molecular size
  • B) Charge
  • C) Volatility
  • D) Polarity
Answer: B
Q13. Which of the following molecules CANNOT be separated by ion-exchange chromatography?
  • A) Large proteins
  • B) Small nucleotides
  • C) Amino acids
  • D) Non-polar lipids
Answer: D - Ion-exchange chromatography works on charged molecules; non-polar lipids have no charge.
Q14. If the stationary phase is represented by R⁻ and the sample by X⁺, ion retention in IEC is based on:
  • A) Size exclusion
  • B) Electrostatic attraction between opposite charges
  • C) Covalent bonding
  • D) Hydrophobic interaction
Answer: B

Section 4: Affinity Chromatography

Q15. Affinity chromatography separates biochemical mixtures based on:
  • A) Molecular weight
  • B) Charge
  • C) Highly specific interactions (e.g., enzyme-substrate, antigen-antibody)
  • D) Volatility
Answer: C
Q16. Which of the following is a valid application of affinity chromatography?
  • A) Separation of gases
  • B) Purification of recombinant proteins and antibodies
  • C) Identification of amino acids by Rf value
  • D) Separation based on molecular sieve effect
Answer: B

Section 5: Size-Exclusion Chromatography

Q17. Size-exclusion chromatography is also known as:
  • A) Ion chromatography
  • B) Affinity chromatography
  • C) Gel permeation or gel filtration chromatography
  • D) Reverse phase chromatography
Answer: C
Q18. In size-exclusion chromatography, which molecules elute FIRST?
  • A) Large molecules (excluded from pores)
  • B) Small molecules (enter pores)
  • C) Charged molecules
  • D) Polar molecules
Answer: A - Large molecules cannot enter the gel pores and elute first.
Q19. Size-exclusion chromatography is used for purification of which of the following?
  • A) Inorganic salts only
  • B) Small organic molecules only
  • C) Proteins, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids
  • D) Gases
Answer: C

Section 6: Adsorption Chromatography

Q20. In adsorption chromatography, separation occurs because:
  • A) Molecules differ in molecular weight
  • B) An equilibrium is established between molecules adsorbed on the stationary phase and dissolved in the mobile phase
  • C) Molecules differ in charge
  • D) The mobile phase reacts chemically with the stationary phase
Answer: B
Q21. Which of the following is NOT a type of adsorption chromatography?
  • A) Column chromatography
  • B) Thin layer chromatography
  • C) Gas-solid chromatography
  • D) Gel filtration chromatography
Answer: D - Gel filtration is size-exclusion, not adsorption chromatography.
Q22. An ideal adsorbent must be:
  • A) Soluble in the mobile phase
  • B) Reactive with solutes
  • C) Insoluble in the mobile phase and inert to solutes
  • D) Volatile at room temperature
Answer: C
Q23. Which of the following is a commonly used adsorbent in chromatography?
  • A) Sodium chloride
  • B) Silica gel
  • C) Activated charcoal only
  • D) Cellulose acetate only
Answer: B - Silica gel (various grades: G, H, N, GF254, etc.) is the most common adsorbent.
Q24. Kieselghur is also known as:
  • A) Activated alumina
  • B) Modified silica gel
  • C) Diatomaceous earth
  • D) Cellulose microcrystalline
Answer: C

Section 7: Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC)

Q25. TLC is defined as a technique involving:
  • A) Flowing of mobile phase through a column packed with adsorbent
  • B) Flowing of mobile phase over a thin layer of adsorbent applied on a flat surface
  • C) Flowing of a gas carrier through a liquid stationary phase
  • D) Partition between two immiscible liquids
Answer: B
Q26. The preferred glass for TLC plates is:
  • A) Soda-lime glass
  • B) Borosilicate glass
  • C) Quartz glass
  • D) Lead crystal glass
Answer: B
Q27. The most commonly used sizes for TLC plates are:
  • A) 10×5 cm and 15×10 cm
  • B) 20×20 cm and 20×10 cm
  • C) 5×5 cm and 10×10 cm
  • D) 30×20 cm and 25×15 cm
Answer: B
Q28. What is the purpose of applying a paper impregnated with mobile phase to the walls of the chromatography jar?
  • A) To prevent evaporation of the sample
  • B) To saturate the jar atmosphere with mobile phase vapors
  • C) To increase the speed of the mobile phase
  • D) To change the polarity of the stationary phase
Answer: B - Chamber saturation prevents uneven solvent front.
Q29. The sample in TLC is applied using a:
  • A) Syringe pump
  • B) Capillary tube
  • C) Micropipette
  • D) Dropper
Answer: B
Q30. If the separated components in TLC are colorless, their location is detected by:
  • A) Simple visual inspection
  • B) UV light or chemical spraying agents
  • C) Weighing each fraction
  • D) Measuring conductivity
Answer: B
Q31. Which of the following is an application of TLC?
  • A) Separation of gases
  • B) Identification of amino acids, alkaloids, fatty acids, and carbohydrates
  • C) Purification of recombinant proteins
  • D) Separation based on molecular size
Answer: B
Q32. Storage of TLC chromatograms is:
  • A) Easy because the plates are durable
  • B) Difficult; plates are usually employed for repeat use
  • C) Done by scanning the plate into digital format only
  • D) Not needed since TLC results are self-documenting
Answer: B - Documentation often involves photography and Rf value calculation.

Section 8: Partition Chromatography

Q33. Partition chromatography is based on:
  • A) Adsorption of solute onto the stationary phase
  • B) A thin film of liquid formed on the surface of a solid support acting as the stationary phase
  • C) Size differences of molecules
  • D) Charge differences of molecules
Answer: B
Q34. In partition chromatography, the stationary phase is coated with:
  • A) A gel matrix
  • B) An ion-exchange resin
  • C) A liquid that forms a film on the solid support
  • D) A polymer membrane
Answer: C
Q35. The two main types of partition chromatography are:
  • A) Gas-solid and liquid-solid
  • B) Liquid-liquid and gas-liquid chromatography
  • C) TLC and column chromatography
  • D) Normal phase and reverse phase only
Answer: B
Q36. In paper chromatography (a type of partition chromatography), the stationary phase is:
  • A) Activated silica gel
  • B) Alumina
  • C) Liquid-impregnated paper (water held on cellulose fibers)
  • D) A gel matrix
Answer: C
Q37. The Rf value in chromatography is calculated as:
  • A) Distance traveled by solvent / Distance traveled by solute
  • B) Distance traveled by solute / Distance traveled by solvent front
  • C) Molecular weight of solute / Molecular weight of solvent
  • D) Speed of mobile phase / Speed of stationary phase
Answer: B
Q38. Partition chromatography (paper) is used for identification of all EXCEPT:
  • A) Amino acids
  • B) Carbohydrates
  • C) Glycosides
  • D) Large proteins (>100 kDa)
Answer: D - Large proteins are separated by other methods (e.g., gel electrophoresis, SEC).

Section 9: HPTLC

Q39. HPTLC stands for:
  • A) High Performance Total Liquid Chromatography
  • B) High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography
  • C) High Pressure Thin Layer Chromatography
  • D) High Precision Temperature Liquid Chromatography
Answer: B
Q40. HPTLC is described as:
  • A) A sophisticated form of TLC employing the same physical principles of adsorption chromatography
  • B) A gas-based technique that replaces TLC
  • C) A partition-based technique entirely different from TLC
  • D) Only used for inorganic analysis
Answer: A
Q41. The main purpose of pre-washing TLC/HPTLC plates before use is:
  • A) To activate the adsorbent layer
  • B) To remove impurities including water vapors and organic contaminants
  • C) To increase the Rf value
  • D) To make the surface hydrophobic
Answer: B
Q42. An unsaturated chamber in HPTLC causes:
  • A) Low Rf values
  • B) High Rf values
  • C) No effect on Rf values
  • D) Complete separation failure
Answer: B - Unsaturated chambers cause uneven solvent front and artificially high Rf values.
Q43. Post-chromatography steps in HPTLC include:
  • A) Injection and separation only
  • B) Detection, photo documentation, and densitometry measurements
  • C) Column packing and conditioning
  • D) Distillation and extraction
Answer: B
Q44. In HPTLC, detection under UV light is preferred because it is:
  • A) The only method available
  • B) Non-destructive and can visualize fluorescent compounds
  • C) More sensitive than densitometry
  • D) Cheaper than chemical spraying
Answer: B
Q45. Densitometry in HPTLC measures:
  • A) The weight of separated compounds
  • B) Visible, UV absorbance, or fluorescence and converts spots/bands into chromatograms
  • C) The volume of mobile phase consumed
  • D) Temperature changes during separation
Answer: B
Q46. Which of the following is part of HPTLC instrumentation?
  • A) Flame ionization detector
  • B) Thermal conductivity detector
  • C) Monochromator, lamp selector, and densitometer
  • D) Mass selective detector
Answer: C

Section 10: Gas Chromatography (GC)

Q47. Gas chromatography is also called:
  • A) Gas-solid chromatography only
  • B) Gas-liquid chromatography (GLC)
  • C) High performance gas chromatography
  • D) Supercritical fluid chromatography
Answer: B
Q48. GC is based on:
  • A) Adsorption of analyte onto a solid stationary phase only
  • B) A partition equilibrium of analyte between a gaseous mobile phase and a liquid stationary phase
  • C) Ion exchange between analyte and stationary phase
  • D) Size exclusion of analyte molecules
Answer: B
Q49. High temperatures used in GC make it unsuitable for:
  • A) High molecular weight biopolymers or proteins (heat will denature them)
  • B) Volatile organic compounds
  • C) Small molecules with low boiling points
  • D) All organic compounds
Answer: A
Q50. Common mobile phases (carrier gases) used in GC include:
  • A) Water vapor, CO2, and air
  • B) He, Ar, N2, and H2
  • C) Methanol, acetonitrile, and chloroform
  • D) Oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur dioxide
Answer: B
Q51. The injection port in GC uses a _______ as a barrier:
  • A) Glass frit
  • B) Rubber septum
  • C) Metal diaphragm
  • D) Polymer membrane
Answer: B
Q52. Which type of column is densely packed with solid support material coated with liquid phase and is typically 2-3 m long?
  • A) Packed column
  • B) Capillary column (open tubular)
  • C) PLOT column
  • D) WCOT column
Answer: A
Q53. WCOT in GC column terminology stands for:
  • A) Wide Column Open Tubular
  • B) Wall-Coated Open Tubular
  • C) Water Column Open Tubular
  • D) Wide-bore Capillary Open Tubular
Answer: B
Q54. PLOT column in GC stands for:
  • A) Polymer Layer Open Tubular
  • B) Porous Layer Open Tubular
  • C) Packed Layer Open Tubular
  • D) Phase Liquid Open Tubular
Answer: B
Q55. Which GC detector works on the principle of thermal conductivity?
  • A) FID
  • B) MSD
  • C) TCD
  • D) ECD
Answer: C - TCD = Thermal Conductivity Detector.
Q56. FID in gas chromatography detectors stands for:
  • A) Fluid Ionization Detector
  • B) Flame Ionization Detector
  • C) Frequency Impulse Detector
  • D) Fluorescence Intensity Detector
Answer: B
Q57. MSD in GC detectors stands for:
  • A) Multiple Signal Detector
  • B) Molecular Size Detector
  • C) Mass Selective Detector
  • D) Microwave Spectrum Detector
Answer: C
Q58. In GC, the red molecules (more soluble in liquid/less volatile) compared to green molecules will:
  • A) Elute faster
  • B) Elute slower (take longer to pass through the column)
  • C) Elute at the same time
  • D) Not be detected by the detector
Answer: B - More soluble = more time in stationary phase = slower elution.

Section 11: Applications & General

Q59. Chromatography is used in which of the following fields?
  • A) Pharmaceuticals only
  • B) Forensics only
  • C) Research only
  • D) Forensics, research, and pharmaceutical industry
Answer: D
Q60. Chromatography is defined as:
  • A) A chemical separation method based on reactivity differences
  • B) A physical separation method in which components are separated by differences in their distribution between a stationary phase and a mobile phase
  • C) An electrical separation technique
  • D) A thermal separation technique
Answer: B
Q61. The primary difference between TLC and HPTLC is:
  • A) HPTLC uses a different principle of separation
  • B) HPTLC is a more sophisticated, automated, and precise version of TLC with better resolution
  • C) HPTLC is only used for gas analysis
  • D) TLC uses UV detection while HPTLC uses visible light only
Answer: B
Q62. Which chromatographic method would you choose to separate amino acids from a mixture?
  • A) Gas chromatography (due to high temperatures)
  • B) Size-exclusion chromatography (amino acids are too small)
  • C) Paper chromatography or TLC (identifying Rf values)
  • D) Gas-solid chromatography
Answer: C
Q63. Silica gel GF254 is a type of adsorbent where "F254" indicates:
  • A) It is used at 254°C
  • B) It contains a fluorescent indicator active at 254 nm UV wavelength
  • C) It has a particle size of 254 microns
  • D) It was developed in the year 1954
Answer: B

Answer Key (Quick Reference)

QAnsQAnsQAns
1C23B45B
2B24C46C
3B25B47B
4A26B48B
5B27B49A
6A28B50B
7B29B51B
8B30B52A
9D31B53B
10B32B54B
11A33B55C
12B34C56B
13D35B57C
14B36C58B
15C37B59D
16B38D60B
17C39B61B
18A40A62C
19C41B63B
20B42B
21D43B
22C44B
Total: 63 MCQs covering all major topics from your PPT:
  • History & Basic Concepts (Q1-8)
  • Classification (Q9-11)
  • Ion-Exchange Chromatography (Q12-14)
  • Affinity Chromatography (Q15-16)
  • Size-Exclusion Chromatography (Q17-19)
  • Adsorption Chromatography (Q20-24)
  • TLC (Q25-32)
  • Partition/Paper Chromatography (Q33-38)
  • HPTLC (Q39-46)
  • Gas Chromatography (Q47-58)
  • Applications & General (Q59-63)

Give correct option in the last of each question

Chromatography - Pharmacognosy MCQs

Dr. Tahir Ali | RIPS, Riphah International University

Section 1: History & Basic Concepts

Q1. Chromatography was first used by which scientist to separate plant pigments?
  • A) Robert Koch
  • B) Louis Pasteur
  • C) Marie Curie
  • D) Mikhail Tsvet (Tswett)
✅ Correct Answer: D) Mikhail Tsvet (Tswett)
Q2. The literal meaning of the word "chromatography" is:
  • A) Color separation
  • B) Light recording
  • C) Pigment analysis
  • D) Color writing
✅ Correct Answer: D) Color writing
Q3. In chromatography, the phase that flows through the supporting medium is called:
  • A) Stationary phase
  • B) Adsorbed phase
  • C) Eluent phase
  • D) Mobile phase
✅ Correct Answer: D) Mobile phase
Q4. The stationary phase in chromatography refers to:
  • A) A solvent that flows through the medium
  • B) The sample mixture being separated
  • C) The detector at the end of the column
  • D) A layer or coating on the support through which the mobile phase passes
✅ Correct Answer: D) A layer or coating on the support through which the mobile phase passes
Q5. "Adsorption" in chromatography is defined as:
  • A) Movement of solute with the mobile phase
  • B) Dissolution of solute in the mobile phase
  • C) Separation of solute based on molecular size
  • D) Interaction of solute molecules with the surface of the stationary phase
✅ Correct Answer: D) Interaction of solute molecules with the surface of the stationary phase
Q6. The mobile phase used to wash and carry the sample through the stationary phase is called:
  • A) Adsorbent
  • B) Solute
  • C) Retentate
  • D) Eluent
✅ Correct Answer: D) Eluent
Q7. In normal phase chromatography:
  • A) Non-polar solutes interact strongly and run slowly
  • B) Polar solutes run quickly
  • C) The stationary phase is modified
  • D) Polar solutes interact strongly and run slowly
✅ Correct Answer: D) Polar solutes interact strongly and run slowly
Q8. Reverse phase chromatography uses a _______ stationary phase:
  • A) Polar
  • B) Ion-exchange resin
  • C) Gel-based medium
  • D) Modified (non-polar)
✅ Correct Answer: D) Modified (non-polar)

Section 2: Classification of Chromatography

Q9. Which of the following is NOT a classification of chromatography based on mechanism of separation?
  • A) Ion-exchange chromatography
  • B) Affinity chromatography
  • C) Size-exclusion chromatography
  • D) Gas-solid chromatography
✅ Correct Answer: D) Gas-solid chromatography
Q10. Chromatography classified on the basis of chromatographic bed shape includes:
  • A) Adsorption, partition, ion-exchange
  • B) Gas, liquid, supercritical
  • C) Affinity, size-exclusion, adsorption
  • D) Column chromatography, TLC, paper chromatography
✅ Correct Answer: D) Column chromatography, TLC, paper chromatography
Q11. Which technique uses the physical state of the mobile phase as the basis of classification?
  • A) TLC and paper chromatography
  • B) Column and capillary chromatography
  • C) Ion-exchange and affinity chromatography
  • D) Gas chromatography and Liquid chromatography
✅ Correct Answer: D) Gas chromatography and Liquid chromatography

Section 3: Ion-Exchange Chromatography

Q12. Ion-exchange chromatography is primarily used to separate molecules based on:
  • A) Molecular size
  • B) Volatility
  • C) Polarity
  • D) Charge
✅ Correct Answer: D) Charge
Q13. Which of the following molecules CANNOT be separated by ion-exchange chromatography?
  • A) Large proteins
  • B) Small nucleotides
  • C) Amino acids
  • D) Non-polar lipids
✅ Correct Answer: D) Non-polar lipids
Q14. If the stationary phase is represented by R⁻ and the sample by X⁺, ion retention in IEC is based on:
  • A) Size exclusion
  • B) Covalent bonding
  • C) Hydrophobic interaction
  • D) Electrostatic attraction between opposite charges
✅ Correct Answer: D) Electrostatic attraction between opposite charges

Section 4: Affinity Chromatography

Q15. Affinity chromatography separates biochemical mixtures based on:
  • A) Molecular weight
  • B) Charge
  • C) Volatility
  • D) Highly specific interactions (e.g., enzyme-substrate, antigen-antibody)
✅ Correct Answer: D) Highly specific interactions (e.g., enzyme-substrate, antigen-antibody)
Q16. Which of the following is a valid application of affinity chromatography?
  • A) Separation of gases
  • B) Identification of amino acids by Rf value
  • C) Separation based on molecular sieve effect
  • D) Purification of recombinant proteins and antibodies
✅ Correct Answer: D) Purification of recombinant proteins and antibodies

Section 5: Size-Exclusion Chromatography

Q17. Size-exclusion chromatography is also known as:
  • A) Ion chromatography
  • B) Affinity chromatography
  • C) Reverse phase chromatography
  • D) Gel permeation or gel filtration chromatography
✅ Correct Answer: D) Gel permeation or gel filtration chromatography
Q18. In size-exclusion chromatography, which molecules elute FIRST?
  • A) Small molecules (enter pores)
  • B) Charged molecules
  • C) Polar molecules
  • D) Large molecules (excluded from pores)
✅ Correct Answer: D) Large molecules (excluded from pores)
Q19. Size-exclusion chromatography is used for purification of which of the following?
  • A) Inorganic salts only
  • B) Small organic molecules only
  • C) Gases
  • D) Proteins, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids
✅ Correct Answer: D) Proteins, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids

Section 6: Adsorption Chromatography

Q20. In adsorption chromatography, separation occurs because:
  • A) Molecules differ in molecular weight
  • B) Molecules differ in charge
  • C) The mobile phase reacts chemically with the stationary phase
  • D) An equilibrium is established between molecules adsorbed on the stationary phase and dissolved in the mobile phase
✅ Correct Answer: D) An equilibrium is established between molecules adsorbed on the stationary phase and dissolved in the mobile phase
Q21. Which of the following is NOT a type of adsorption chromatography?
  • A) Column chromatography
  • B) Thin layer chromatography
  • C) Gas-solid chromatography
  • D) Gel filtration chromatography
✅ Correct Answer: D) Gel filtration chromatography
Q22. An ideal adsorbent must be:
  • A) Soluble in the mobile phase
  • B) Reactive with solutes
  • C) Volatile at room temperature
  • D) Insoluble in the mobile phase and inert to solutes
✅ Correct Answer: D) Insoluble in the mobile phase and inert to solutes
Q23. Which of the following is a commonly used adsorbent in chromatography?
  • A) Sodium chloride
  • B) Activated charcoal only
  • C) Cellulose acetate only
  • D) Silica gel
✅ Correct Answer: D) Silica gel
Q24. Kieselghur is also known as:
  • A) Activated alumina
  • B) Modified silica gel
  • C) Cellulose microcrystalline
  • D) Diatomaceous earth
✅ Correct Answer: D) Diatomaceous earth

Section 7: Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC)

Q25. TLC is defined as a technique involving:
  • A) Flowing of mobile phase through a column packed with adsorbent
  • B) Flowing of a gas carrier through a liquid stationary phase
  • C) Partition between two immiscible liquids
  • D) Flowing of mobile phase over a thin layer of adsorbent applied on a flat surface
✅ Correct Answer: D) Flowing of mobile phase over a thin layer of adsorbent applied on a flat surface
Q26. The preferred glass for TLC plates is:
  • A) Soda-lime glass
  • B) Quartz glass
  • C) Lead crystal glass
  • D) Borosilicate glass
✅ Correct Answer: D) Borosilicate glass
Q27. The most commonly used sizes for TLC plates are:
  • A) 10×5 cm and 15×10 cm
  • B) 5×5 cm and 10×10 cm
  • C) 30×20 cm and 25×15 cm
  • D) 20×20 cm and 20×10 cm
✅ Correct Answer: D) 20×20 cm and 20×10 cm
Q28. What is the purpose of applying a paper impregnated with mobile phase to the walls of the chromatography jar?
  • A) To prevent evaporation of the sample
  • B) To increase the speed of the mobile phase
  • C) To change the polarity of the stationary phase
  • D) To saturate the jar atmosphere with mobile phase vapors
✅ Correct Answer: D) To saturate the jar atmosphere with mobile phase vapors
Q29. The sample in TLC is applied using a:
  • A) Syringe pump
  • B) Micropipette
  • C) Dropper
  • D) Capillary tube
✅ Correct Answer: D) Capillary tube
Q30. If the separated components in TLC are colorless, their location is detected by:
  • A) Simple visual inspection
  • B) Weighing each fraction
  • C) Measuring conductivity
  • D) UV light or chemical spraying agents
✅ Correct Answer: D) UV light or chemical spraying agents
Q31. Which of the following is an application of TLC?
  • A) Separation of gases
  • B) Purification of recombinant proteins
  • C) Separation based on molecular size
  • D) Identification of amino acids, alkaloids, fatty acids, and carbohydrates
✅ Correct Answer: D) Identification of amino acids, alkaloids, fatty acids, and carbohydrates
Q32. Storage of TLC chromatograms is considered:
  • A) Easy because the plates are durable
  • B) Done by scanning only
  • C) Not needed since TLC is self-documenting
  • D) Difficult; plates are usually employed for repeat use
✅ Correct Answer: D) Difficult; plates are usually employed for repeat use

Section 8: Partition Chromatography

Q33. Partition chromatography is based on:
  • A) Adsorption of solute onto the stationary phase
  • B) Size differences of molecules
  • C) Charge differences of molecules
  • D) A thin film of liquid formed on the surface of a solid support acting as the stationary phase
✅ Correct Answer: D) A thin film of liquid formed on the surface of a solid support acting as the stationary phase
Q34. In partition chromatography, the stationary phase is coated with:
  • A) A gel matrix
  • B) An ion-exchange resin
  • C) A polymer membrane
  • D) A liquid that forms a film on the solid support
✅ Correct Answer: D) A liquid that forms a film on the solid support
Q35. The two main types of partition chromatography are:
  • A) Gas-solid and liquid-solid
  • B) TLC and column chromatography
  • C) Normal phase and reverse phase only
  • D) Liquid-liquid and gas-liquid chromatography
✅ Correct Answer: D) Liquid-liquid and gas-liquid chromatography
Q36. In paper chromatography (a type of partition chromatography), the stationary phase is:
  • A) Activated silica gel
  • B) Alumina
  • C) A gel matrix
  • D) Liquid-impregnated paper (water held on cellulose fibers)
✅ Correct Answer: D) Liquid-impregnated paper (water held on cellulose fibers)
Q37. The Rf value in chromatography is calculated as:
  • A) Distance traveled by solvent ÷ Distance traveled by solute
  • B) Molecular weight of solute ÷ Molecular weight of solvent
  • C) Speed of mobile phase ÷ Speed of stationary phase
  • D) Distance traveled by solute ÷ Distance traveled by solvent front
✅ Correct Answer: D) Distance traveled by solute ÷ Distance traveled by solvent front
Q38. Partition (paper) chromatography is used for identification of all EXCEPT:
  • A) Amino acids
  • B) Carbohydrates
  • C) Glycosides
  • D) Large proteins (>100 kDa)
✅ Correct Answer: D) Large proteins (>100 kDa)

Section 9: HPTLC

Q39. HPTLC stands for:
  • A) High Performance Total Liquid Chromatography
  • B) High Pressure Thin Layer Chromatography
  • C) High Precision Temperature Liquid Chromatography
  • D) High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography
✅ Correct Answer: D) High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography
Q40. HPTLC is best described as:
  • A) A gas-based technique that replaces TLC
  • B) A partition-based technique entirely different from TLC
  • C) Only used for inorganic analysis
  • D) A sophisticated form of TLC employing the same physical principles of adsorption chromatography
✅ Correct Answer: D) A sophisticated form of TLC employing the same physical principles of adsorption chromatography
Q41. The main purpose of pre-washing HPTLC plates before use is:
  • A) To activate the adsorbent layer
  • B) To increase the Rf value
  • C) To make the surface hydrophobic
  • D) To remove impurities including water vapors and organic contaminants
✅ Correct Answer: D) To remove impurities including water vapors and organic contaminants
Q42. An unsaturated chamber in HPTLC causes:
  • A) Low Rf values
  • B) No effect on Rf values
  • C) Complete separation failure
  • D) High Rf values
✅ Correct Answer: D) High Rf values
Q43. Post-chromatography steps in HPTLC include:
  • A) Injection and separation only
  • B) Column packing and conditioning
  • C) Distillation and extraction
  • D) Detection, photo documentation, and densitometry measurements
✅ Correct Answer: D) Detection, photo documentation, and densitometry measurements
Q44. In HPTLC, detection under UV light is preferred because it is:
  • A) The only method available
  • B) More sensitive than densitometry
  • C) Cheaper than chemical spraying
  • D) Non-destructive and can visualize fluorescent compounds
✅ Correct Answer: D) Non-destructive and can visualize fluorescent compounds
Q45. Densitometry in HPTLC measures:
  • A) The weight of separated compounds
  • B) The volume of mobile phase consumed
  • C) Temperature changes during separation
  • D) Visible, UV absorbance, or fluorescence and converts spots/bands into chromatograms
✅ Correct Answer: D) Visible, UV absorbance, or fluorescence and converts spots/bands into chromatograms
Q46. Which of the following is part of HPTLC instrumentation?
  • A) Flame ionization detector
  • B) Thermal conductivity detector
  • C) Mass selective detector
  • D) Monochromator, lamp selector, and densitometer
✅ Correct Answer: D) Monochromator, lamp selector, and densitometer

Section 10: Gas Chromatography (GC)

Q47. Gas chromatography is also called:
  • A) Gas-solid chromatography only
  • B) High performance gas chromatography
  • C) Supercritical fluid chromatography
  • D) Gas-liquid chromatography (GLC)
✅ Correct Answer: D) Gas-liquid chromatography (GLC)
Q48. GC is based on:
  • A) Adsorption of analyte onto a solid stationary phase only
  • B) Ion exchange between analyte and stationary phase
  • C) Size exclusion of analyte molecules
  • D) A partition equilibrium of analyte between a gaseous mobile phase and a liquid stationary phase
✅ Correct Answer: D) A partition equilibrium of analyte between a gaseous mobile phase and a liquid stationary phase
Q49. High temperatures used in GC make it unsuitable for:
  • A) Volatile organic compounds
  • B) Small molecules with low boiling points
  • C) All organic compounds
  • D) High molecular weight biopolymers or proteins (heat will denature them)
✅ Correct Answer: D) High molecular weight biopolymers or proteins (heat will denature them)
Q50. Common mobile phases (carrier gases) used in GC include:
  • A) Water vapor, CO2, and air
  • B) Methanol, acetonitrile, and chloroform
  • C) Oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur dioxide
  • D) He, Ar, N2, and H2
✅ Correct Answer: D) He, Ar, N2, and H2
Q51. The injection port in GC uses a _______ as a barrier:
  • A) Glass frit
  • B) Metal diaphragm
  • C) Polymer membrane
  • D) Rubber septum
✅ Correct Answer: D) Rubber septum
Q52. Which type of column is densely packed with solid support material coated with liquid phase and is typically 2-3 m long with 2-4 mm internal diameter?
  • A) PLOT column
  • B) WCOT column
  • C) Capillary column
  • D) Packed column
✅ Correct Answer: D) Packed column
Q53. WCOT in GC column terminology stands for:
  • A) Wide Column Open Tubular
  • B) Water Column Open Tubular
  • C) Wide-bore Capillary Open Tubular
  • D) Wall-Coated Open Tubular
✅ Correct Answer: D) Wall-Coated Open Tubular
Q54. PLOT column in GC stands for:
  • A) Polymer Layer Open Tubular
  • B) Packed Layer Open Tubular
  • C) Phase Liquid Open Tubular
  • D) Porous Layer Open Tubular
✅ Correct Answer: D) Porous Layer Open Tubular
Q55. Which GC detector works on the principle of thermal conductivity?
  • A) FID
  • B) MSD
  • C) ECD
  • D) TCD
✅ Correct Answer: D) TCD (Thermal Conductivity Detector)
Q56. FID in gas chromatography stands for:
  • A) Fluid Ionization Detector
  • B) Frequency Impulse Detector
  • C) Fluorescence Intensity Detector
  • D) Flame Ionization Detector
✅ Correct Answer: D) Flame Ionization Detector
Q57. MSD in GC detectors stands for:
  • A) Multiple Signal Detector
  • B) Molecular Size Detector
  • C) Microwave Spectrum Detector
  • D) Mass Selective Detector
✅ Correct Answer: D) Mass Selective Detector
Q58. In GC, molecules that are more soluble in the liquid stationary phase (less volatile) will:
  • A) Elute faster
  • B) Elute at the same time as volatile molecules
  • C) Not be detected by the detector
  • D) Elute slower (spend more time in the stationary phase)
✅ Correct Answer: D) Elute slower (spend more time in the stationary phase)

Section 11: Applications & General

Q59. Chromatography is used in which of the following fields?
  • A) Pharmaceuticals only
  • B) Forensics only
  • C) Research only
  • D) Forensics, research, and pharmaceutical industry
✅ Correct Answer: D) Forensics, research, and pharmaceutical industry
Q60. Chromatography is best defined as:
  • A) A chemical separation method based on reactivity differences
  • B) An electrical separation technique
  • C) A thermal separation technique
  • D) A physical separation method in which components are separated by differences in their distribution between a stationary and a mobile phase
✅ Correct Answer: D) A physical separation method in which components are separated by differences in their distribution between a stationary and a mobile phase
Q61. The primary difference between TLC and HPTLC is:
  • A) HPTLC uses a completely different principle of separation
  • B) HPTLC is only used for gas analysis
  • C) TLC uses UV detection while HPTLC uses visible light only
  • D) HPTLC is a more sophisticated, automated, and precise version of TLC with better resolution
✅ Correct Answer: D) HPTLC is a more sophisticated, automated, and precise version of TLC with better resolution
Q62. Which chromatographic method is most suitable to separate and identify amino acids?
  • A) Gas chromatography (requires high temperatures unsuitable for amino acids)
  • B) Size-exclusion chromatography (amino acids are too small)
  • C) Gas-solid chromatography
  • D) Paper chromatography or TLC (based on Rf values)
✅ Correct Answer: D) Paper chromatography or TLC (based on Rf values)
Q63. Silica gel GF254 is a type of adsorbent where "F254" indicates:
  • A) It is used at 254°C
  • B) It has a particle size of 254 microns
  • C) It was developed in the year 1954
  • D) It contains a fluorescent indicator active at 254 nm UV wavelength
✅ Correct Answer: D) It contains a fluorescent indicator active at 254 nm UV wavelength
Total: 63 MCQs | All correct answers placed at option D for easy pattern recognition during self-testing. Topics covered: History, Basic Concepts, Classification, Ion-Exchange, Affinity, Size-Exclusion, Adsorption, TLC, Partition/Paper Chromatography, HPTLC, Gas Chromatography, and Applications.
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