Orris

Make MCQs from above ppt just like a professor did

Reading File
Running Command

python -m markitdown "/home/daytona/workspace/attachments/f3dad9b0-a727-4288-b259-7fc4a54be9ea/chromatography cognosy .pptx"

Running Command

cd /home/daytona/workspace && python3 -c " from pptx import Presentation import sys pptx_path = '/home/daytona/workspace/attachments/f3dad9b0-a727-4288-b259-7fc4a54be9ea/chromatography cognosy .pptx' prs = Presentation(pptx_path) for i, slide in enumerate(prs.slides): print(f'=== SLIDE {i+1} ===') for shape in slide.shapes: if shape.has_text_frame: for para in shape.text_frame.paragraphs: text = para.text.strip() if text: print(text) print() "

Running Command

pip install python-pptx --quiet && python3 -c " from pptx import Presentation pptx_path = '/home/daytona/workspace/attachments/f3dad9b0-a727-4288-b259-7fc4a54be9ea/chromatography cognosy .pptx' prs = Presentation(pptx_path) for i, slide in enumerate(prs.slides): print(f'=== SLIDE {i+1} ===') for shape in slide.shapes: if shape.has_text_frame: for para in shape.text_frame.paragraphs: text = para.text.strip() if text: print(text) print() "

Running Command

python3 -c " import zipfile, re pptx_path = '/home/daytona/workspace/attachments/f3dad9b0-a727-4288-b259-7fc4a54be9ea/chromatography cognosy .pptx' with zipfile.ZipFile(pptx_path) as z: slide_files = sorted([f for f in z.namelist() if f.startswith('ppt/slides/slide') and '.xml' in f]) print('Total slides:', len(slide_files)) for i, sf in enumerate(slide_files[:10]): with z.open(sf) as f: xml = f.read().decode('utf-8') # Extract all text between <a:t> tags texts = re.findall(r'<a:t[^>]*>(.*?)</a:t>', xml) texts = [t.strip() for t in texts if t.strip()] if texts: print(f'--- Slide {i+1} ---') print(' | '.join(texts)) print() "

Running Command

python3 -c " import zipfile, re, html pptx_path = '/home/daytona/workspace/attachments/f3dad9b0-a727-4288-b259-7fc4a54be9ea/chromatography cognosy .pptx' with zipfile.ZipFile(pptx_path) as z: slide_files = sorted([f for f in z.namelist() if f.startswith('ppt/slides/slide') and '.xml' in f and 'rels' not in f]) print('Total slides:', len(slide_files)) print() for i, sf in enumerate(slide_files): with z.open(sf) as f: xml = f.read().decode('utf-8') # Try broader text patterns # Look for all text content all_text = re.findall(r'<a:t>(.*?)</a:t>', xml, re.DOTALL) all_text = [html.unescape(t) for t in all_text if t.strip()] if all_text: print(f'--- Slide {i+1} ---') print(repr(all_text[:5])) print() " 2>&1 | head -60

Running Command

python3 -c " import zipfile pptx_path = '/home/daytona/workspace/attachments/f3dad9b0-a727-4288-b259-7fc4a54be9ea/chromatography cognosy .pptx' with zipfile.ZipFile(pptx_path) as z: print('All files in zip:') for f in z.namelist(): print(f) " 2>&1 | head -40

Running Command

python3 -c " import zipfile pptx_path = '/home/daytona/workspace/attachments/f3dad9b0-a727-4288-b259-7fc4a54be9ea/chromatography cognosy .pptx' with zipfile.ZipFile(pptx_path) as z: with z.open('ppt/slides/slide1.xml') as f: xml = f.read().decode('utf-8') print(xml[:3000]) "

Running Command

python3 -c " import zipfile, re, html pptx_path = '/home/daytona/workspace/attachments/f3dad9b0-a727-4288-b259-7fc4a54be9ea/chromatography cognosy .pptx' with zipfile.ZipFile(pptx_path) as z: slide_files = sorted([f for f in z.namelist() if f.startswith('ppt/slides/slide') and '.xml' in f and 'rels' not in f], key=lambda x: int(re.search(r'slide(\d+)', x).group(1))) for i, sf in enumerate(slide_files): with z.open(sf) as f: xml = f.read().decode('utf-8') # Extract descr attributes from images descrs = re.findall(r'descr=\"([^\"]+)\"', xml) descrs = [html.unescape(d) for d in descrs if d.strip()] if descrs: print(f'=== SLIDE {i+1} ===') for d in descrs: print(d) print() " 2>&1

Here are the MCQs generated from the PPT (Dr. Tahir Ali, RIPS - Riphah International University), covering every major topic:

Chromatography - Pharmacognosy MCQs

Dr. Tahir Ali | RIPS, Riphah International University

Section 1: History & Basic Concepts

Q1. Chromatography was first used by which scientist to separate plant pigments?
  • A) Robert Koch
  • B) Mikhail Tsvet
  • C) Mikhail Tsvet (Tswett)
  • D) Louis Pasteur
Answer: C - Tsvet used chromatography to separate plant pigments in 1906.
Q2. The literal meaning of the word "chromatography" is:
  • A) Color separation
  • B) Color writing
  • C) Light recording
  • D) Pigment analysis
Answer: B - "Chroma" = color, "graphe" = writing.
Q3. In chromatography, the phase that flows through the supporting medium is called:
  • A) Stationary phase
  • B) Mobile phase
  • C) Eluent phase
  • D) Adsorbed phase
Answer: B
Q4. The stationary phase in chromatography refers to:
  • A) A layer or coating on the support through which the mobile phase passes
  • B) A solvent that flows through the medium
  • C) The sample mixture being separated
  • D) The detector at the end of the column
Answer: A
Q5. "Adsorption" in chromatography is defined as:
  • A) Movement of solute with the mobile phase
  • B) Interaction of solute molecules with the surface of the stationary phase
  • C) Dissolution of solute in the mobile phase
  • D) Separation of solute based on molecular size
Answer: B
Q6. The mobile phase used to wash and carry the sample through the stationary phase is called:
  • A) Eluent
  • B) Adsorbent
  • C) Solute
  • D) Retentate
Answer: A
Q7. In normal phase chromatography:
  • A) Non-polar solutes interact strongly and run slowly
  • B) Polar solutes interact strongly and run slowly
  • C) Polar solutes run quickly
  • D) The stationary phase is modified
Answer: B - Normal phase uses an "unmodified" stationary phase where polar solutes interact strongly.
Q8. Reverse phase chromatography uses a _______ stationary phase:
  • A) Polar
  • B) Modified (non-polar)
  • C) Ion-exchange resin
  • D) Gel-based medium
Answer: B

Section 2: Classification of Chromatography

Q9. Which of the following is NOT a classification of chromatography based on mechanism of separation?
  • A) Ion-exchange chromatography
  • B) Affinity chromatography
  • C) Size-exclusion chromatography
  • D) Gas-solid chromatography
Answer: D - Gas-solid chromatography is classified based on the physical state of the mobile phase, not mechanism.
Q10. Chromatography classified on the basis of chromatographic bed shape includes:
  • A) Adsorption, partition, ion-exchange
  • B) Column chromatography, TLC, paper chromatography
  • C) Gas, liquid, supercritical
  • D) Affinity, size-exclusion, adsorption
Answer: B
Q11. Which technique uses the physical state of the mobile phase as the basis of classification?
  • A) Gas chromatography and Liquid chromatography
  • B) TLC and paper chromatography
  • C) Column and capillary chromatography
  • D) Ion-exchange and affinity chromatography
Answer: A

Section 3: Ion-Exchange Chromatography

Q12. Ion-exchange chromatography is primarily used to separate molecules based on:
  • A) Molecular size
  • B) Charge
  • C) Volatility
  • D) Polarity
Answer: B
Q13. Which of the following molecules CANNOT be separated by ion-exchange chromatography?
  • A) Large proteins
  • B) Small nucleotides
  • C) Amino acids
  • D) Non-polar lipids
Answer: D - Ion-exchange chromatography works on charged molecules; non-polar lipids have no charge.
Q14. If the stationary phase is represented by R⁻ and the sample by X⁺, ion retention in IEC is based on:
  • A) Size exclusion
  • B) Electrostatic attraction between opposite charges
  • C) Covalent bonding
  • D) Hydrophobic interaction
Answer: B

Section 4: Affinity Chromatography

Q15. Affinity chromatography separates biochemical mixtures based on:
  • A) Molecular weight
  • B) Charge
  • C) Highly specific interactions (e.g., enzyme-substrate, antigen-antibody)
  • D) Volatility
Answer: C
Q16. Which of the following is a valid application of affinity chromatography?
  • A) Separation of gases
  • B) Purification of recombinant proteins and antibodies
  • C) Identification of amino acids by Rf value
  • D) Separation based on molecular sieve effect
Answer: B

Section 5: Size-Exclusion Chromatography

Q17. Size-exclusion chromatography is also known as:
  • A) Ion chromatography
  • B) Affinity chromatography
  • C) Gel permeation or gel filtration chromatography
  • D) Reverse phase chromatography
Answer: C
Q18. In size-exclusion chromatography, which molecules elute FIRST?
  • A) Large molecules (excluded from pores)
  • B) Small molecules (enter pores)
  • C) Charged molecules
  • D) Polar molecules
Answer: A - Large molecules cannot enter the gel pores and elute first.
Q19. Size-exclusion chromatography is used for purification of which of the following?
  • A) Inorganic salts only
  • B) Small organic molecules only
  • C) Proteins, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids
  • D) Gases
Answer: C

Section 6: Adsorption Chromatography

Q20. In adsorption chromatography, separation occurs because:
  • A) Molecules differ in molecular weight
  • B) An equilibrium is established between molecules adsorbed on the stationary phase and dissolved in the mobile phase
  • C) Molecules differ in charge
  • D) The mobile phase reacts chemically with the stationary phase
Answer: B
Q21. Which of the following is NOT a type of adsorption chromatography?
  • A) Column chromatography
  • B) Thin layer chromatography
  • C) Gas-solid chromatography
  • D) Gel filtration chromatography
Answer: D - Gel filtration is size-exclusion, not adsorption chromatography.
Q22. An ideal adsorbent must be:
  • A) Soluble in the mobile phase
  • B) Reactive with solutes
  • C) Insoluble in the mobile phase and inert to solutes
  • D) Volatile at room temperature
Answer: C
Q23. Which of the following is a commonly used adsorbent in chromatography?
  • A) Sodium chloride
  • B) Silica gel
  • C) Activated charcoal only
  • D) Cellulose acetate only
Answer: B - Silica gel (various grades: G, H, N, GF254, etc.) is the most common adsorbent.
Q24. Kieselghur is also known as:
  • A) Activated alumina
  • B) Modified silica gel
  • C) Diatomaceous earth
  • D) Cellulose microcrystalline
Answer: C

Section 7: Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC)

Q25. TLC is defined as a technique involving:
  • A) Flowing of mobile phase through a column packed with adsorbent
  • B) Flowing of mobile phase over a thin layer of adsorbent applied on a flat surface
  • C) Flowing of a gas carrier through a liquid stationary phase
  • D) Partition between two immiscible liquids
Answer: B
Q26. The preferred glass for TLC plates is:
  • A) Soda-lime glass
  • B) Borosilicate glass
  • C) Quartz glass
  • D) Lead crystal glass
Answer: B
Q27. The most commonly used sizes for TLC plates are:
  • A) 10×5 cm and 15×10 cm
  • B) 20×20 cm and 20×10 cm
  • C) 5×5 cm and 10×10 cm
  • D) 30×20 cm and 25×15 cm
Answer: B
Q28. What is the purpose of applying a paper impregnated with mobile phase to the walls of the chromatography jar?
  • A) To prevent evaporation of the sample
  • B) To saturate the jar atmosphere with mobile phase vapors
  • C) To increase the speed of the mobile phase
  • D) To change the polarity of the stationary phase
Answer: B - Chamber saturation prevents uneven solvent front.
Q29. The sample in TLC is applied using a:
  • A) Syringe pump
  • B) Capillary tube
  • C) Micropipette
  • D) Dropper
Answer: B
Q30. If the separated components in TLC are colorless, their location is detected by:
  • A) Simple visual inspection
  • B) UV light or chemical spraying agents
  • C) Weighing each fraction
  • D) Measuring conductivity
Answer: B
Q31. Which of the following is an application of TLC?
  • A) Separation of gases
  • B) Identification of amino acids, alkaloids, fatty acids, and carbohydrates
  • C) Purification of recombinant proteins
  • D) Separation based on molecular size
Answer: B
Q32. Storage of TLC chromatograms is:
  • A) Easy because the plates are durable
  • B) Difficult; plates are usually employed for repeat use
  • C) Done by scanning the plate into digital format only
  • D) Not needed since TLC results are self-documenting
Answer: B - Documentation often involves photography and Rf value calculation.

Section 8: Partition Chromatography

Q33. Partition chromatography is based on:
  • A) Adsorption of solute onto the stationary phase
  • B) A thin film of liquid formed on the surface of a solid support acting as the stationary phase
  • C) Size differences of molecules
  • D) Charge differences of molecules
Answer: B
Q34. In partition chromatography, the stationary phase is coated with:
  • A) A gel matrix
  • B) An ion-exchange resin
  • C) A liquid that forms a film on the solid support
  • D) A polymer membrane
Answer: C
Q35. The two main types of partition chromatography are:
  • A) Gas-solid and liquid-solid
  • B) Liquid-liquid and gas-liquid chromatography
  • C) TLC and column chromatography
  • D) Normal phase and reverse phase only
Answer: B
Q36. In paper chromatography (a type of partition chromatography), the stationary phase is:
  • A) Activated silica gel
  • B) Alumina
  • C) Liquid-impregnated paper (water held on cellulose fibers)
  • D) A gel matrix
Answer: C
Q37. The Rf value in chromatography is calculated as:
  • A) Distance traveled by solvent / Distance traveled by solute
  • B) Distance traveled by solute / Distance traveled by solvent front
  • C) Molecular weight of solute / Molecular weight of solvent
  • D) Speed of mobile phase / Speed of stationary phase
Answer: B
Q38. Partition chromatography (paper) is used for identification of all EXCEPT:
  • A) Amino acids
  • B) Carbohydrates
  • C) Glycosides
  • D) Large proteins (>100 kDa)
Answer: D - Large proteins are separated by other methods (e.g., gel electrophoresis, SEC).

Section 9: HPTLC

Q39. HPTLC stands for:
  • A) High Performance Total Liquid Chromatography
  • B) High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography
  • C) High Pressure Thin Layer Chromatography
  • D) High Precision Temperature Liquid Chromatography
Answer: B
Q40. HPTLC is described as:
  • A) A sophisticated form of TLC employing the same physical principles of adsorption chromatography
  • B) A gas-based technique that replaces TLC
  • C) A partition-based technique entirely different from TLC
  • D) Only used for inorganic analysis
Answer: A
Q41. The main purpose of pre-washing TLC/HPTLC plates before use is:
  • A) To activate the adsorbent layer
  • B) To remove impurities including water vapors and organic contaminants
  • C) To increase the Rf value
  • D) To make the surface hydrophobic
Answer: B
Q42. An unsaturated chamber in HPTLC causes:
  • A) Low Rf values
  • B) High Rf values
  • C) No effect on Rf values
  • D) Complete separation failure
Answer: B - Unsaturated chambers cause uneven solvent front and artificially high Rf values.
Q43. Post-chromatography steps in HPTLC include:
  • A) Injection and separation only
  • B) Detection, photo documentation, and densitometry measurements
  • C) Column packing and conditioning
  • D) Distillation and extraction
Answer: B
Q44. In HPTLC, detection under UV light is preferred because it is:
  • A) The only method available
  • B) Non-destructive and can visualize fluorescent compounds
  • C) More sensitive than densitometry
  • D) Cheaper than chemical spraying
Answer: B
Q45. Densitometry in HPTLC measures:
  • A) The weight of separated compounds
  • B) Visible, UV absorbance, or fluorescence and converts spots/bands into chromatograms
  • C) The volume of mobile phase consumed
  • D) Temperature changes during separation
Answer: B
Q46. Which of the following is part of HPTLC instrumentation?
  • A) Flame ionization detector
  • B) Thermal conductivity detector
  • C) Monochromator, lamp selector, and densitometer
  • D) Mass selective detector
Answer: C

Section 10: Gas Chromatography (GC)

Q47. Gas chromatography is also called:
  • A) Gas-solid chromatography only
  • B) Gas-liquid chromatography (GLC)
  • C) High performance gas chromatography
  • D) Supercritical fluid chromatography
Answer: B
Q48. GC is based on:
  • A) Adsorption of analyte onto a solid stationary phase only
  • B) A partition equilibrium of analyte between a gaseous mobile phase and a liquid stationary phase
  • C) Ion exchange between analyte and stationary phase
  • D) Size exclusion of analyte molecules
Answer: B
Q49. High temperatures used in GC make it unsuitable for:
  • A) High molecular weight biopolymers or proteins (heat will denature them)
  • B) Volatile organic compounds
  • C) Small molecules with low boiling points
  • D) All organic compounds
Answer: A
Q50. Common mobile phases (carrier gases) used in GC include:
  • A) Water vapor, CO2, and air
  • B) He, Ar, N2, and H2
  • C) Methanol, acetonitrile, and chloroform
  • D) Oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur dioxide
Answer: B
Q51. The injection port in GC uses a _______ as a barrier:
  • A) Glass frit
  • B) Rubber septum
  • C) Metal diaphragm
  • D) Polymer membrane
Answer: B
Q52. Which type of column is densely packed with solid support material coated with liquid phase and is typically 2-3 m long?
  • A) Packed column
  • B) Capillary column (open tubular)
  • C) PLOT column
  • D) WCOT column
Answer: A
Q53. WCOT in GC column terminology stands for:
  • A) Wide Column Open Tubular
  • B) Wall-Coated Open Tubular
  • C) Water Column Open Tubular
  • D) Wide-bore Capillary Open Tubular
Answer: B
Q54. PLOT column in GC stands for:
  • A) Polymer Layer Open Tubular
  • B) Porous Layer Open Tubular
  • C) Packed Layer Open Tubular
  • D) Phase Liquid Open Tubular
Answer: B
Q55. Which GC detector works on the principle of thermal conductivity?
  • A) FID
  • B) MSD
  • C) TCD
  • D) ECD
Answer: C - TCD = Thermal Conductivity Detector.
Q56. FID in gas chromatography detectors stands for:
  • A) Fluid Ionization Detector
  • B) Flame Ionization Detector
  • C) Frequency Impulse Detector
  • D) Fluorescence Intensity Detector
Answer: B
Q57. MSD in GC detectors stands for:
  • A) Multiple Signal Detector
  • B) Molecular Size Detector
  • C) Mass Selective Detector
  • D) Microwave Spectrum Detector
Answer: C
Q58. In GC, the red molecules (more soluble in liquid/less volatile) compared to green molecules will:
  • A) Elute faster
  • B) Elute slower (take longer to pass through the column)
  • C) Elute at the same time
  • D) Not be detected by the detector
Answer: B - More soluble = more time in stationary phase = slower elution.

Section 11: Applications & General

Q59. Chromatography is used in which of the following fields?
  • A) Pharmaceuticals only
  • B) Forensics only
  • C) Research only
  • D) Forensics, research, and pharmaceutical industry
Answer: D
Q60. Chromatography is defined as:
  • A) A chemical separation method based on reactivity differences
  • B) A physical separation method in which components are separated by differences in their distribution between a stationary phase and a mobile phase
  • C) An electrical separation technique
  • D) A thermal separation technique
Answer: B
Q61. The primary difference between TLC and HPTLC is:
  • A) HPTLC uses a different principle of separation
  • B) HPTLC is a more sophisticated, automated, and precise version of TLC with better resolution
  • C) HPTLC is only used for gas analysis
  • D) TLC uses UV detection while HPTLC uses visible light only
Answer: B
Q62. Which chromatographic method would you choose to separate amino acids from a mixture?
  • A) Gas chromatography (due to high temperatures)
  • B) Size-exclusion chromatography (amino acids are too small)
  • C) Paper chromatography or TLC (identifying Rf values)
  • D) Gas-solid chromatography
Answer: C
Q63. Silica gel GF254 is a type of adsorbent where "F254" indicates:
  • A) It is used at 254°C
  • B) It contains a fluorescent indicator active at 254 nm UV wavelength
  • C) It has a particle size of 254 microns
  • D) It was developed in the year 1954
Answer: B

Answer Key (Quick Reference)

QAnsQAnsQAns
1C23B45B
2B24C46C
3B25B47B
4A26B48B
5B27B49A
6A28B50B
7B29B51B
8B30B52A
9D31B53B
10B32B54B
11A33B55C
12B34C56B
13D35B57C
14B36C58B
15C37B59D
16B38D60B
17C39B61B
18A40A62C
19C41B63B
20B42B
21D43B
22C44B
Total: 63 MCQs covering all major topics from your PPT:
  • History & Basic Concepts (Q1-8)
  • Classification (Q9-11)
  • Ion-Exchange Chromatography (Q12-14)
  • Affinity Chromatography (Q15-16)
  • Size-Exclusion Chromatography (Q17-19)
  • Adsorption Chromatography (Q20-24)
  • TLC (Q25-32)
  • Partition/Paper Chromatography (Q33-38)
  • HPTLC (Q39-46)
  • Gas Chromatography (Q47-58)
  • Applications & General (Q59-63)

Give correct option in the last of each question

Chromatography - Pharmacognosy MCQs

Dr. Tahir Ali | RIPS, Riphah International University

Section 1: History & Basic Concepts

Q1. Chromatography was first used by which scientist to separate plant pigments?
  • A) Robert Koch
  • B) Louis Pasteur
  • C) Marie Curie
  • D) Mikhail Tsvet (Tswett)
✅ Correct Answer: D) Mikhail Tsvet (Tswett)
Q2. The literal meaning of the word "chromatography" is:
  • A) Color separation
  • B) Light recording
  • C) Pigment analysis
  • D) Color writing
✅ Correct Answer: D) Color writing
Q3. In chromatography, the phase that flows through the supporting medium is called:
  • A) Stationary phase
  • B) Adsorbed phase
  • C) Eluent phase
  • D) Mobile phase
✅ Correct Answer: D) Mobile phase
Q4. The stationary phase in chromatography refers to:
  • A) A solvent that flows through the medium
  • B) The sample mixture being separated
  • C) The detector at the end of the column
  • D) A layer or coating on the support through which the mobile phase passes
✅ Correct Answer: D) A layer or coating on the support through which the mobile phase passes
Q5. "Adsorption" in chromatography is defined as:
  • A) Movement of solute with the mobile phase
  • B) Dissolution of solute in the mobile phase
  • C) Separation of solute based on molecular size
  • D) Interaction of solute molecules with the surface of the stationary phase
✅ Correct Answer: D) Interaction of solute molecules with the surface of the stationary phase
Q6. The mobile phase used to wash and carry the sample through the stationary phase is called:
  • A) Adsorbent
  • B) Solute
  • C) Retentate
  • D) Eluent
✅ Correct Answer: D) Eluent
Q7. In normal phase chromatography:
  • A) Non-polar solutes interact strongly and run slowly
  • B) Polar solutes run quickly
  • C) The stationary phase is modified
  • D) Polar solutes interact strongly and run slowly
✅ Correct Answer: D) Polar solutes interact strongly and run slowly
Q8. Reverse phase chromatography uses a _______ stationary phase:
  • A) Polar
  • B) Ion-exchange resin
  • C) Gel-based medium
  • D) Modified (non-polar)
✅ Correct Answer: D) Modified (non-polar)

Section 2: Classification of Chromatography

Q9. Which of the following is NOT a classification of chromatography based on mechanism of separation?
  • A) Ion-exchange chromatography
  • B) Affinity chromatography
  • C) Size-exclusion chromatography
  • D) Gas-solid chromatography
✅ Correct Answer: D) Gas-solid chromatography
Q10. Chromatography classified on the basis of chromatographic bed shape includes:
  • A) Adsorption, partition, ion-exchange
  • B) Gas, liquid, supercritical
  • C) Affinity, size-exclusion, adsorption
  • D) Column chromatography, TLC, paper chromatography
✅ Correct Answer: D) Column chromatography, TLC, paper chromatography
Q11. Which technique uses the physical state of the mobile phase as the basis of classification?
  • A) TLC and paper chromatography
  • B) Column and capillary chromatography
  • C) Ion-exchange and affinity chromatography
  • D) Gas chromatography and Liquid chromatography
✅ Correct Answer: D) Gas chromatography and Liquid chromatography

Section 3: Ion-Exchange Chromatography

Q12. Ion-exchange chromatography is primarily used to separate molecules based on:
  • A) Molecular size
  • B) Volatility
  • C) Polarity
  • D) Charge
✅ Correct Answer: D) Charge
Q13. Which of the following molecules CANNOT be separated by ion-exchange chromatography?
  • A) Large proteins
  • B) Small nucleotides
  • C) Amino acids
  • D) Non-polar lipids
✅ Correct Answer: D) Non-polar lipids
Q14. If the stationary phase is represented by R⁻ and the sample by X⁺, ion retention in IEC is based on:
  • A) Size exclusion
  • B) Covalent bonding
  • C) Hydrophobic interaction
  • D) Electrostatic attraction between opposite charges
✅ Correct Answer: D) Electrostatic attraction between opposite charges

Section 4: Affinity Chromatography

Q15. Affinity chromatography separates biochemical mixtures based on:
  • A) Molecular weight
  • B) Charge
  • C) Volatility
  • D) Highly specific interactions (e.g., enzyme-substrate, antigen-antibody)
✅ Correct Answer: D) Highly specific interactions (e.g., enzyme-substrate, antigen-antibody)
Q16. Which of the following is a valid application of affinity chromatography?
  • A) Separation of gases
  • B) Identification of amino acids by Rf value
  • C) Separation based on molecular sieve effect
  • D) Purification of recombinant proteins and antibodies
✅ Correct Answer: D) Purification of recombinant proteins and antibodies

Section 5: Size-Exclusion Chromatography

Q17. Size-exclusion chromatography is also known as:
  • A) Ion chromatography
  • B) Affinity chromatography
  • C) Reverse phase chromatography
  • D) Gel permeation or gel filtration chromatography
✅ Correct Answer: D) Gel permeation or gel filtration chromatography
Q18. In size-exclusion chromatography, which molecules elute FIRST?
  • A) Small molecules (enter pores)
  • B) Charged molecules
  • C) Polar molecules
  • D) Large molecules (excluded from pores)
✅ Correct Answer: D) Large molecules (excluded from pores)
Q19. Size-exclusion chromatography is used for purification of which of the following?
  • A) Inorganic salts only
  • B) Small organic molecules only
  • C) Gases
  • D) Proteins, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids
✅ Correct Answer: D) Proteins, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids

Section 6: Adsorption Chromatography

Q20. In adsorption chromatography, separation occurs because:
  • A) Molecules differ in molecular weight
  • B) Molecules differ in charge
  • C) The mobile phase reacts chemically with the stationary phase
  • D) An equilibrium is established between molecules adsorbed on the stationary phase and dissolved in the mobile phase
✅ Correct Answer: D) An equilibrium is established between molecules adsorbed on the stationary phase and dissolved in the mobile phase
Q21. Which of the following is NOT a type of adsorption chromatography?
  • A) Column chromatography
  • B) Thin layer chromatography
  • C) Gas-solid chromatography
  • D) Gel filtration chromatography
✅ Correct Answer: D) Gel filtration chromatography
Q22. An ideal adsorbent must be:
  • A) Soluble in the mobile phase
  • B) Reactive with solutes
  • C) Volatile at room temperature
  • D) Insoluble in the mobile phase and inert to solutes
✅ Correct Answer: D) Insoluble in the mobile phase and inert to solutes
Q23. Which of the following is a commonly used adsorbent in chromatography?
  • A) Sodium chloride
  • B) Activated charcoal only
  • C) Cellulose acetate only
  • D) Silica gel
✅ Correct Answer: D) Silica gel
Q24. Kieselghur is also known as:
  • A) Activated alumina
  • B) Modified silica gel
  • C) Cellulose microcrystalline
  • D) Diatomaceous earth
✅ Correct Answer: D) Diatomaceous earth

Section 7: Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC)

Q25. TLC is defined as a technique involving:
  • A) Flowing of mobile phase through a column packed with adsorbent
  • B) Flowing of a gas carrier through a liquid stationary phase
  • C) Partition between two immiscible liquids
  • D) Flowing of mobile phase over a thin layer of adsorbent applied on a flat surface
✅ Correct Answer: D) Flowing of mobile phase over a thin layer of adsorbent applied on a flat surface
Q26. The preferred glass for TLC plates is:
  • A) Soda-lime glass
  • B) Quartz glass
  • C) Lead crystal glass
  • D) Borosilicate glass
✅ Correct Answer: D) Borosilicate glass
Q27. The most commonly used sizes for TLC plates are:
  • A) 10×5 cm and 15×10 cm
  • B) 5×5 cm and 10×10 cm
  • C) 30×20 cm and 25×15 cm
  • D) 20×20 cm and 20×10 cm
✅ Correct Answer: D) 20×20 cm and 20×10 cm
Q28. What is the purpose of applying a paper impregnated with mobile phase to the walls of the chromatography jar?
  • A) To prevent evaporation of the sample
  • B) To increase the speed of the mobile phase
  • C) To change the polarity of the stationary phase
  • D) To saturate the jar atmosphere with mobile phase vapors
✅ Correct Answer: D) To saturate the jar atmosphere with mobile phase vapors
Q29. The sample in TLC is applied using a:
  • A) Syringe pump
  • B) Micropipette
  • C) Dropper
  • D) Capillary tube
✅ Correct Answer: D) Capillary tube
Q30. If the separated components in TLC are colorless, their location is detected by:
  • A) Simple visual inspection
  • B) Weighing each fraction
  • C) Measuring conductivity
  • D) UV light or chemical spraying agents
✅ Correct Answer: D) UV light or chemical spraying agents
Q31. Which of the following is an application of TLC?
  • A) Separation of gases
  • B) Purification of recombinant proteins
  • C) Separation based on molecular size
  • D) Identification of amino acids, alkaloids, fatty acids, and carbohydrates
✅ Correct Answer: D) Identification of amino acids, alkaloids, fatty acids, and carbohydrates
Q32. Storage of TLC chromatograms is considered:
  • A) Easy because the plates are durable
  • B) Done by scanning only
  • C) Not needed since TLC is self-documenting
  • D) Difficult; plates are usually employed for repeat use
✅ Correct Answer: D) Difficult; plates are usually employed for repeat use

Section 8: Partition Chromatography

Q33. Partition chromatography is based on:
  • A) Adsorption of solute onto the stationary phase
  • B) Size differences of molecules
  • C) Charge differences of molecules
  • D) A thin film of liquid formed on the surface of a solid support acting as the stationary phase
✅ Correct Answer: D) A thin film of liquid formed on the surface of a solid support acting as the stationary phase
Q34. In partition chromatography, the stationary phase is coated with:
  • A) A gel matrix
  • B) An ion-exchange resin
  • C) A polymer membrane
  • D) A liquid that forms a film on the solid support
✅ Correct Answer: D) A liquid that forms a film on the solid support
Q35. The two main types of partition chromatography are:
  • A) Gas-solid and liquid-solid
  • B) TLC and column chromatography
  • C) Normal phase and reverse phase only
  • D) Liquid-liquid and gas-liquid chromatography
✅ Correct Answer: D) Liquid-liquid and gas-liquid chromatography
Q36. In paper chromatography (a type of partition chromatography), the stationary phase is:
  • A) Activated silica gel
  • B) Alumina
  • C) A gel matrix
  • D) Liquid-impregnated paper (water held on cellulose fibers)
✅ Correct Answer: D) Liquid-impregnated paper (water held on cellulose fibers)
Q37. The Rf value in chromatography is calculated as:
  • A) Distance traveled by solvent ÷ Distance traveled by solute
  • B) Molecular weight of solute ÷ Molecular weight of solvent
  • C) Speed of mobile phase ÷ Speed of stationary phase
  • D) Distance traveled by solute ÷ Distance traveled by solvent front
✅ Correct Answer: D) Distance traveled by solute ÷ Distance traveled by solvent front
Q38. Partition (paper) chromatography is used for identification of all EXCEPT:
  • A) Amino acids
  • B) Carbohydrates
  • C) Glycosides
  • D) Large proteins (>100 kDa)
✅ Correct Answer: D) Large proteins (>100 kDa)

Section 9: HPTLC

Q39. HPTLC stands for:
  • A) High Performance Total Liquid Chromatography
  • B) High Pressure Thin Layer Chromatography
  • C) High Precision Temperature Liquid Chromatography
  • D) High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography
✅ Correct Answer: D) High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography
Q40. HPTLC is best described as:
  • A) A gas-based technique that replaces TLC
  • B) A partition-based technique entirely different from TLC
  • C) Only used for inorganic analysis
  • D) A sophisticated form of TLC employing the same physical principles of adsorption chromatography
✅ Correct Answer: D) A sophisticated form of TLC employing the same physical principles of adsorption chromatography
Q41. The main purpose of pre-washing HPTLC plates before use is:
  • A) To activate the adsorbent layer
  • B) To increase the Rf value
  • C) To make the surface hydrophobic
  • D) To remove impurities including water vapors and organic contaminants
✅ Correct Answer: D) To remove impurities including water vapors and organic contaminants
Q42. An unsaturated chamber in HPTLC causes:
  • A) Low Rf values
  • B) No effect on Rf values
  • C) Complete separation failure
  • D) High Rf values
✅ Correct Answer: D) High Rf values
Q43. Post-chromatography steps in HPTLC include:
  • A) Injection and separation only
  • B) Column packing and conditioning
  • C) Distillation and extraction
  • D) Detection, photo documentation, and densitometry measurements
✅ Correct Answer: D) Detection, photo documentation, and densitometry measurements
Q44. In HPTLC, detection under UV light is preferred because it is:
  • A) The only method available
  • B) More sensitive than densitometry
  • C) Cheaper than chemical spraying
  • D) Non-destructive and can visualize fluorescent compounds
✅ Correct Answer: D) Non-destructive and can visualize fluorescent compounds
Q45. Densitometry in HPTLC measures:
  • A) The weight of separated compounds
  • B) The volume of mobile phase consumed
  • C) Temperature changes during separation
  • D) Visible, UV absorbance, or fluorescence and converts spots/bands into chromatograms
✅ Correct Answer: D) Visible, UV absorbance, or fluorescence and converts spots/bands into chromatograms
Q46. Which of the following is part of HPTLC instrumentation?
  • A) Flame ionization detector
  • B) Thermal conductivity detector
  • C) Mass selective detector
  • D) Monochromator, lamp selector, and densitometer
✅ Correct Answer: D) Monochromator, lamp selector, and densitometer

Section 10: Gas Chromatography (GC)

Q47. Gas chromatography is also called:
  • A) Gas-solid chromatography only
  • B) High performance gas chromatography
  • C) Supercritical fluid chromatography
  • D) Gas-liquid chromatography (GLC)
✅ Correct Answer: D) Gas-liquid chromatography (GLC)
Q48. GC is based on:
  • A) Adsorption of analyte onto a solid stationary phase only
  • B) Ion exchange between analyte and stationary phase
  • C) Size exclusion of analyte molecules
  • D) A partition equilibrium of analyte between a gaseous mobile phase and a liquid stationary phase
✅ Correct Answer: D) A partition equilibrium of analyte between a gaseous mobile phase and a liquid stationary phase
Q49. High temperatures used in GC make it unsuitable for:
  • A) Volatile organic compounds
  • B) Small molecules with low boiling points
  • C) All organic compounds
  • D) High molecular weight biopolymers or proteins (heat will denature them)
✅ Correct Answer: D) High molecular weight biopolymers or proteins (heat will denature them)
Q50. Common mobile phases (carrier gases) used in GC include:
  • A) Water vapor, CO2, and air
  • B) Methanol, acetonitrile, and chloroform
  • C) Oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur dioxide
  • D) He, Ar, N2, and H2
✅ Correct Answer: D) He, Ar, N2, and H2
Q51. The injection port in GC uses a _______ as a barrier:
  • A) Glass frit
  • B) Metal diaphragm
  • C) Polymer membrane
  • D) Rubber septum
✅ Correct Answer: D) Rubber septum
Q52. Which type of column is densely packed with solid support material coated with liquid phase and is typically 2-3 m long with 2-4 mm internal diameter?
  • A) PLOT column
  • B) WCOT column
  • C) Capillary column
  • D) Packed column
✅ Correct Answer: D) Packed column
Q53. WCOT in GC column terminology stands for:
  • A) Wide Column Open Tubular
  • B) Water Column Open Tubular
  • C) Wide-bore Capillary Open Tubular
  • D) Wall-Coated Open Tubular
✅ Correct Answer: D) Wall-Coated Open Tubular
Q54. PLOT column in GC stands for:
  • A) Polymer Layer Open Tubular
  • B) Packed Layer Open Tubular
  • C) Phase Liquid Open Tubular
  • D) Porous Layer Open Tubular
✅ Correct Answer: D) Porous Layer Open Tubular
Q55. Which GC detector works on the principle of thermal conductivity?
  • A) FID
  • B) MSD
  • C) ECD
  • D) TCD
✅ Correct Answer: D) TCD (Thermal Conductivity Detector)
Q56. FID in gas chromatography stands for:
  • A) Fluid Ionization Detector
  • B) Frequency Impulse Detector
  • C) Fluorescence Intensity Detector
  • D) Flame Ionization Detector
✅ Correct Answer: D) Flame Ionization Detector
Q57. MSD in GC detectors stands for:
  • A) Multiple Signal Detector
  • B) Molecular Size Detector
  • C) Microwave Spectrum Detector
  • D) Mass Selective Detector
✅ Correct Answer: D) Mass Selective Detector
Q58. In GC, molecules that are more soluble in the liquid stationary phase (less volatile) will:
  • A) Elute faster
  • B) Elute at the same time as volatile molecules
  • C) Not be detected by the detector
  • D) Elute slower (spend more time in the stationary phase)
✅ Correct Answer: D) Elute slower (spend more time in the stationary phase)

Section 11: Applications & General

Q59. Chromatography is used in which of the following fields?
  • A) Pharmaceuticals only
  • B) Forensics only
  • C) Research only
  • D) Forensics, research, and pharmaceutical industry
✅ Correct Answer: D) Forensics, research, and pharmaceutical industry
Q60. Chromatography is best defined as:
  • A) A chemical separation method based on reactivity differences
  • B) An electrical separation technique
  • C) A thermal separation technique
  • D) A physical separation method in which components are separated by differences in their distribution between a stationary and a mobile phase
✅ Correct Answer: D) A physical separation method in which components are separated by differences in their distribution between a stationary and a mobile phase
Q61. The primary difference between TLC and HPTLC is:
  • A) HPTLC uses a completely different principle of separation
  • B) HPTLC is only used for gas analysis
  • C) TLC uses UV detection while HPTLC uses visible light only
  • D) HPTLC is a more sophisticated, automated, and precise version of TLC with better resolution
✅ Correct Answer: D) HPTLC is a more sophisticated, automated, and precise version of TLC with better resolution
Q62. Which chromatographic method is most suitable to separate and identify amino acids?
  • A) Gas chromatography (requires high temperatures unsuitable for amino acids)
  • B) Size-exclusion chromatography (amino acids are too small)
  • C) Gas-solid chromatography
  • D) Paper chromatography or TLC (based on Rf values)
✅ Correct Answer: D) Paper chromatography or TLC (based on Rf values)
Q63. Silica gel GF254 is a type of adsorbent where "F254" indicates:
  • A) It is used at 254°C
  • B) It has a particle size of 254 microns
  • C) It was developed in the year 1954
  • D) It contains a fluorescent indicator active at 254 nm UV wavelength
✅ Correct Answer: D) It contains a fluorescent indicator active at 254 nm UV wavelength
Total: 63 MCQs | All correct answers placed at option D for easy pattern recognition during self-testing. Topics covered: History, Basic Concepts, Classification, Ion-Exchange, Affinity, Size-Exclusion, Adsorption, TLC, Partition/Paper Chromatography, HPTLC, Gas Chromatography, and Applications.
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