mkdir -p /tmp/workspace/neet-pg && ls /tmp/workspace/neet-pg/

cat << 'PYEOF' > /tmp/workspace/neet-pg/generate_pdf.py from reportlab.lib.pagesizes import A4 from reportlab.lib.styles import getSampleStyleSheet, ParagraphStyle from reportlab.lib.units import cm from reportlab.lib import colors from reportlab.platypus import SimpleDocTemplate, Paragraph, Spacer, Table, TableStyle, HRFlowable, PageBreak from reportlab.lib.enums import TA_LEFT, TA_CENTER # ── 500 High-Yield NEET PG Topics ─────────────────────────────────────────── topics = { "1. ANATOMY": [ "Rotator cuff muscles – attachments, nerve supply, clinical tears", "Carpal tunnel syndrome – contents of carpal tunnel, median nerve", "Femoral triangle – boundaries and contents", "Inguinal canal – walls, contents, deep vs superficial ring", "Thoracic duct – origin, course, drainage", "Brachial plexus – roots, trunks, divisions, cords, branches", "Circle of Willis – components and clinical aneurysm sites", "Coronary arteries – LAD, RCA, LCx territories", "Eustachian tube – anatomy and clinical significance", "Fallopian tube – parts, blood supply, sites of ectopic pregnancy", "Porta hepatis – structures passing through", "Foramen of Winslow (epiploic foramen) – boundaries", "Lesser sac (omental bursa) – boundaries and relations", "Duodenum – parts, blood supply, relations", "Meckel's diverticulum – rule of 2s", "Ligament of Treitz – significance", "Rectum – relations, peritoneal reflections, blood supply", "Anal canal – dentate line, blood supply, lymphatics", "Kidney – relations, blood supply, renal fascia (Gerota's)", "Ureter – course, constrictions, blood supply", "Adrenal gland – zones, blood supply, venous drainage", "Thyroid gland – relations, blood supply, parathyroids", "Parathyroid glands – location, blood supply", "Parotid gland – contents, Stensen's duct", "Submandibular gland – Wharton's duct, lingual nerve relation", "Stellate ganglion – location, Horner's syndrome", "Sympathetic trunk – ganglia and white/grey rami", "Intercostal nerve – course, branches", "Phrenic nerve – roots, course, clinical palsy", "Recurrent laryngeal nerve – course, relations, injury", "Facial nerve – intracranial and extracranial course, branches", "Trigeminal nerve – divisions, exits from skull", "Optic canal vs superior orbital fissure – contents", "Cavernous sinus – contents, thrombosis", "Pterygoid venous plexus – connections", "Temporal bone – petrous part, foramina", "Cerebellum – fissures, lobes, connections, blood supply", "Blood-brain barrier – components", "Ventricular system – CSF pathway, sites of obstruction", "Limbic system – components, functions", "Subdural vs epidural hematoma – anatomy", "Middle meningeal artery – course, extradural hematoma", "Spinal cord – tracts, dermatomes, myotomes", "Dermatomes – key landmarks (C5-T10-L4-S1 etc.)", "Obturator nerve – roots, course, injury effects", "Sciatic nerve – composition, common peroneal palsy", "Tibial nerve – branches, tarsal tunnel", "Femoral nerve – roots, branches, femoral hernia relation", "Axillary nerve – quadrilateral space, deltoid", "Radial nerve – spiral groove, Saturday night palsy", "Ulnar nerve – cubital tunnel, claw hand", "Median nerve – anterior interosseous nerve, ape thumb", "Wrist drop, foot drop – nerves responsible", "McBurney's point – appendix surface anatomy", "Hesselbach's triangle – boundaries", "Calot's triangle – contents, importance", "Liver – lobes, ligaments, segmental anatomy (Couinaud)", "Gallbladder – blood supply, Hartmann's pouch", "Pancreas – parts, relations, blood supply", "Spleen – blood supply, notch, peritoneal relations", "Portal hypertension – sites of portosystemic anastomosis", "Diaphragm – openings and structures passing through", "Intercostal muscles – layers, nerve supply", "Pleura – layers, reflections, nerve supply", "Lung root – contents, left vs right differences", "Bronchopulmonary segments – number, clinical importance", "Heart – surfaces, borders, chambers, valves", "SA node / AV node – blood supply", "Conducting system of heart", "Pericardium – layers, sinuses (transverse, oblique)", "Venous drainage of head and neck", "Lymphatic drainage – breast, testis, ovary, rectum", "Testis – descent, blood supply, lymphatics", "Prostate – zones (McNeal), lobes, relations", "Uterus – ligaments, blood supply", "Ovary – blood supply, lymphatic drainage", "Perineum – urogenital triangle, anal triangle", "Ischioanal fossa – contents, relevance to abscess", "Eye – layers, chambers, aqueous drainage (Canal of Schlemm)", "Extraocular muscles – nerve supply, actions", "Lacrimal apparatus – drainage pathway", "Ear – ossicles, tympanic membrane, cochlea, vestibule", "Nasopharynx – relations, adenoids, Eustachian tube opening", "Larynx – cartilages, muscles, nerve supply, rima glottidis", "Trachea – relations, blood supply", "Oesophagus – constrictions, relations", "Stomach – blood supply, lymphatics, nerve supply", "Celiac trunk – branches", "Superior mesenteric artery – branches", "Inferior mesenteric artery – branches", "Aorta – branches, bifurcation level", "Inferior vena cava – tributaries", "Azygos system – components", "Pelvis – bony landmarks, diameters, pelvic floor", "Pudendal nerve – Alcock's canal, branches", "Obturator internus and piriformis – relations to sciatic", "Serratus anterior – nerve supply, winging of scapula", "Trapezius – nerve supply, spinal accessory nerve", "Lumbar plexus – components", "Sacral plexus – components", "Development of heart – septation defects (ASD, VSD, TGA)", "Development of gut – malrotation, midgut volvulus", "Development of kidney – horseshoe kidney, duplex ureter", "Branchial arches – derivatives", "Pharyngeal pouches – derivatives", ], "2. PHYSIOLOGY": [ "Resting membrane potential – Goldman equation, Nernst", "Action potential – phases, ion channels, refractory periods", "Neuromuscular junction – ACh release, curare, neostigmine", "Muscle contraction – sliding filament, cross-bridge cycle", "Starling's law of the heart", "Cardiac output – Fick's principle, measurement", "Stroke volume – preload, afterload, contractility", "Venous return – factors affecting", "Jugular venous pulse – waves (a, c, v) and abnormalities", "ECG – intervals, segments, axis determination", "Coronary blood flow – regulation, autoregulation", "Blood pressure regulation – short and long term", "Baroreceptor reflex – afferent/efferent pathways", "Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)", "Oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve – shifts", "CO2 transport – carbamino, bicarbonate, dissolved", "Respiratory control – central/peripheral chemoreceptors", "Surfactant – composition, role, deficiency (RDS)", "Dead space – anatomical vs physiological, Bohr equation", "Ventilation-perfusion ratio – zones of lung (West zones)", "Spirometry – FVC, FEV1, obstructive vs restrictive", "Hypoxia – types (hypoxic, anaemic, stagnant, histotoxic)", "Pulmonary oedema – Starling forces, PCWP", "GFR – measurement (inulin), creatinine clearance", "Tubular reabsorption – proximal tubule, loop, DCT", "ADH – mechanism of action, diabetes insipidus", "Aldosterone – mechanism, hyperaldosteronism", "Acid-base balance – Henderson-Hasselbalch", "Anion gap – calculation, causes of high/normal AG acidosis", "Titratable acidity and ammonium – renal acid excretion", "Juxtaglomerular apparatus – renin secretion", "Countercurrent mechanism – medullary gradient", "Potassium homeostasis – regulation, hyperkalemia ECG changes", "Calcium homeostasis – PTH, Vitamin D, calcitonin", "Salivary secretion – composition, regulation", "Gastric acid secretion – parietal cell, phases, drugs", "Pancreatic secretion – bicarbonate, enzymes, CCK, secretin", "Bile – composition, enterohepatic circulation", "Intestinal motility – MMC, peristalsis, segmentation", "Digestion and absorption of carbohydrates, proteins, fats", "Iron absorption – mechanism, factors affecting", "Vitamin B12 absorption – intrinsic factor", "Thyroid hormones – synthesis, transport, feedback", "Insulin – synthesis, secretion, mechanism, actions", "Glucagon – actions", "Cortisol – synthesis, regulation, circadian rhythm, stress response", "Catecholamines – synthesis, actions", "Growth hormone – actions, IGF-1, acromegaly physiology", "Prolactin – regulation, hyperprolactinaemia", "Hypothalamic-pituitary axis – feedback loops", "Menstrual cycle – hormonal changes, LH surge", "Ovulation – timing, hormones, detection", "Spermatogenesis – hormonal control, stages", "Gonadotropins – FSH, LH functions", "Pregnancy – hormonal changes, hCG", "Parturition – oxytocin, prostaglandins", "Haematopoiesis – site by age, growth factors", "Haemoglobin – types, structure, HbA1c", "Erythropoiesis – EPO, iron, folate, B12", "Platelet plug formation – primary haemostasis", "Coagulation cascade – intrinsic, extrinsic, common pathway", "Fibrinolysis – plasminogen, tPA, D-dimer", "Blood groups – ABO, Rh system, crossmatch", "Complement system – classical, alternative, lectin pathways", "Immunoglobulins – classes, functions", "T-cell activation – MHC I vs II, CD4 vs CD8", "Cytokines – IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-10 roles", "Pain physiology – nociceptors, gate control theory", "Sleep – stages, REM, neurotransmitters", "Cerebellum – functions, signs of lesion", "Basal ganglia – pathways, dopamine, disorders", "Autonomic nervous system – receptors, effects on organs", "Acetylcholine receptors – muscarinic subtypes, nicotinic", "Adrenergic receptors – α1, α2, β1, β2 effects", "Reflexes – deep tendon, plantar, clinical grading", "Sensory pathways – dorsal column, spinothalamic, Brown-Sequard", "Special senses – visual pathway, pupillary reflex arc", "Hearing – cochlea, hair cells, audiogram interpretation", "Vestibular system – semicircular canals, otoliths", "Exercise physiology – VO2 max, lactate threshold", "Dehydration and fluid compartments", "Shock – types, compensatory mechanisms", "High altitude – acclimatization responses", "Diving – nitrogen narcosis, decompression sickness", "Body temperature regulation – fever, hypothermia", ], "3. BIOCHEMISTRY": [ "Glycolysis – enzymes, regulation, net ATP yield", "TCA cycle – enzymes, regulation, anaplerosis", "Oxidative phosphorylation – complexes, uncouplers, ATP yield", "Gluconeogenesis – substrates, key enzymes, regulation", "Glycogen synthesis and breakdown – enzymes, glycogen storage diseases", "HMP shunt (Pentose phosphate pathway) – functions, G6PD deficiency", "Fatty acid oxidation (β-oxidation) – ATP yield, odd-chain FA", "Fatty acid synthesis – ACC, FAS, malonyl-CoA", "Ketogenesis – HMG-CoA pathway, diabetic ketoacidosis", "Cholesterol synthesis – HMG-CoA reductase, statins", "Lipoproteins – types, apolipoproteins, functions", "Lipoprotein lipase – function, LPL deficiency", "Urea cycle – enzymes, regulation, hyperammonaemia", "Amino acid catabolism – transamination, deamination", "Amino acid derived products – serotonin, dopamine, NO, creatine", "Essential amino acids – mnemonic (PVT TIM HALL)", "Protein structure – 1°, 2°, 3°, 4°, denaturation", "Collagen – synthesis, hydroxylation, cross-linking, diseases", "Enzyme kinetics – Km, Vmax, Michaelis-Menten, Lineweaver-Burk", "Allosteric regulation – cooperativity, Hill equation", "Enzyme inhibition – competitive, non-competitive, irreversible", "DNA replication – enzymes (helicase, primase, DNA pol III, ligase)", "DNA repair mechanisms – mismatch, nucleotide excision, BER", "Transcription – RNA polymerases, promoters, enhancers", "Translation – initiation, elongation, termination; antibiotics", "Post-translational modification – glycosylation, phosphorylation", "Mutations – types (missense, nonsense, frameshift, silent)", "PCR – principle, steps, clinical applications", "Restriction enzymes – types, applications", "Southern, Northern, Western blotting – uses", "ELISA – principle, types, uses", "Oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes – p53, Rb, Ras", "Apoptosis – intrinsic vs extrinsic pathway, Bcl-2, caspases", "Cell cycle – phases, checkpoints, cyclins, CDKs", "Vitamins – fat-soluble (A,D,E,K): deficiencies, toxicities", "Vitamins – water-soluble (B1-B12, C): co-enzyme roles, deficiencies", "Vitamin B12 – methylmalonyl-CoA mutase, methionine synthesis", "Folate – one-carbon metabolism, deficiency, methotrexate", "Niacin (B3) – NAD/NADP, pellagra, Hartnup disease", "Vitamin C – hydroxylation, collagen synthesis, scurvy", "Haem synthesis – ALA synthase, porphyrias", "Bilirubin metabolism – conjugation, jaundice types", "Iron metabolism – ferritin, transferrin, haemosiderin", "Calcium and phosphate metabolism – PTH, Vitamin D pathway", "Glycosaminoglycans – types, mucopolysaccharidoses", "Sphingolipids – metabolism, sphingolipidoses", "Purine and pyrimidine synthesis – de novo vs salvage, gout, HGPRT", "Signal transduction – cAMP, cGMP, IP3/DAG, receptor tyrosine kinase", "G-proteins – Gs, Gi, Gq pathways", "Nuclear receptors – steroid hormone mechanism", "Free radicals – types, antioxidant defenses, SOD, catalase", "Cytochrome P450 – inducers and inhibitors", "Plasma proteins – albumin, globulins, acute phase reactants", "Tumour markers – AFP, CEA, PSA, CA-125, CA 19-9, LDH", "Lysosomal storage diseases – Gaucher, Niemann-Pick, Tay-Sachs", "Peroxisomal disorders – X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy, Zellweger", "Mitochondrial diseases – MERRF, MELAS, Leber's optic neuropathy", "Inborn errors of amino acid metabolism – PKU, homocystinuria, alkaptonuria, maple syrup urine disease", "Galactosaemia and fructose intolerance – enzyme defects", "Diabetes mellitus – biochemical basis, HbA1c, ketoacidosis vs HONKC", "Thyroid hormone biosynthesis – iodine, TPO, Wolff-Chaikoff", "Steroid hormone synthesis – cholesterol to cortisol, androgens, oestrogens", "Metabolic syndrome – criteria, insulin resistance pathway", ], "4. PATHOLOGY": [ "Cell injury – reversible vs irreversible, morphology", "Apoptosis – morphology, vs necrosis", "Types of necrosis – coagulative, liquefactive, caseous, fat, fibrinoid, gangrenous", "Free radical injury – reperfusion injury, CCl4", "Cellular adaptations – hypertrophy, hyperplasia, atrophy, metaplasia, dysplasia", "Oedema – mechanisms, types", "Hyperaemia vs congestion", "Thrombosis – Virchow's triad, types, fate", "Embolism – types (fat, air, amniotic fluid, DVT-PE)", "Infarction – red vs white, factors affecting", "Shock – pathophysiology, morphological changes in organs", "Acute inflammation – mediators (histamine, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, bradykinin, complement)", "Neutrophil recruitment – margination, rolling, adhesion, transmigration", "Chronic inflammation – cells (macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells, eosinophils, giant cells)", "Granuloma – types, diseases (TB, sarcoid, Crohn's)", "Wound healing – primary vs secondary intention, phases", "Keloid vs hypertrophic scar", "Amyloid – types (AL, AA, others), Congo red staining, clinical features", "Neoplasia – nomenclature, benign vs malignant features", "Carcinogenesis – chemical, radiation, viral", "Oncogenes – proto-oncogenes, activation mechanisms", "Tumour suppressor genes – Rb, p53, APC, BRCA1/2", "Tumour spread – local invasion, lymphatic, haematogenous, seeding", "Paraneoplastic syndromes – types", "Tumour markers – pathological significance", "Anaemia – classification (morphological, aetiological)", "Iron deficiency anaemia – pathogenesis, blood film, ferritin, TIBC", "Megaloblastic anaemia – B12 vs folate, morphology", "Haemolytic anaemia – intravascular vs extravascular", "Sickle cell disease – mutation, crisis types, complications", "Thalassaemia – α and β types, lab findings", "Haemophilia A and B – factor deficiencies, tests", "Von Willebrand disease – types, tests", "DIC – causes, lab findings", "Thrombotic microangiopathies – TTP vs HUS", "Leukaemia – ALL, AML, CML, CLL: morphology, cytogenetics", "Philadelphia chromosome – BCR-ABL, CML", "Lymphoma – Hodgkin's (Reed-Sternberg, types) vs Non-Hodgkin's", "Multiple myeloma – M-spike, Bence-Jones protein, lytic lesions", "Myeloproliferative disorders – PV, ET, MF", "Atherosclerosis – pathogenesis, foam cells, vulnerable plaque", "Myocardial infarction – zones of change, timeline of morphological changes", "Cardiac enzymes – Troponin, CK-MB timing", "Rheumatic heart disease – Aschoff bodies, Jones criteria", "Infective endocarditis – vegetation composition, organisms", "Cardiomyopathies – dilated, hypertrophic, restrictive pathology", "Hypertensive heart disease – concentric LVH", "Lobar vs bronchopneumonia – pathology", "Tuberculosis – primary, secondary, miliary, Ghon complex", "Sarcoidosis – non-caseating granulomas, organs involved", "Interstitial lung disease – UIP vs NSIP histology", "Lung carcinoma – types, location, markers", "Mesothelioma – asbestos, calretinin marker", "Peptic ulcer disease – H. pylori pathogenesis", "Gastric carcinoma – intestinal type (Lauren), Virchow's node, Krukenberg", "Colon polyps – tubular, villous, FAP, HNPCC/Lynch syndrome", "Colorectal carcinoma – APC pathway, microsatellite instability pathway", "Liver cirrhosis – morphology, complications", "Viral hepatitis – pathological changes, patterns", "Hepatocellular carcinoma – AFP, cirrhosis, HBV/HCV", "Pancreatitis – acute (fat necrosis, Ghost cells) vs chronic", "Glomerulonephritis – types, immune mechanism (IC vs pauci-immune)", "Nephrotic syndrome – minimal change, FSGS, membranous pathology", "Diabetic nephropathy – Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules", "Renal cell carcinoma – clear cell type, VHL gene", "Nephroblastoma (Wilms) – age, morphology", "Bladder carcinoma – transitional cell carcinoma, schistosomiasis", "Breast carcinoma – ductal vs lobular, molecular subtypes", "Cervical carcinoma – HPV, CIN grading, Schiller-Iodine, Pap smear", "Endometrial carcinoma – type I (oestrogen-related) vs type II", "Ovarian tumours – surface epithelial, germ cell, sex cord-stromal", "Testicular tumours – seminoma vs non-seminoma", "Prostate carcinoma – Gleason score, PSA, zones", "Thyroid carcinoma – papillary (Orphan Annie nuclei, psammoma bodies), follicular, medullary (calcitonin), anaplastic", "Adrenal cortex tumours – Conn's, Cushing's, virilising", "Phaeochromocytoma – chromaffin cells, Rule of 10s, VMA", "Pituitary tumours – prolactinoma, acromegaly, Cushing's disease", "Diabetes mellitus – pathology of Type 1 vs Type 2", "Gout and pseudogout – crystal morphology, tophi", "Osteosarcoma vs Ewing's sarcoma – age, location, histology, X-ray", "Osteoporosis – pathogenesis, DXA score", "Paget's disease of bone – mosaic pattern, alkaline phosphatase", "Rickets and osteomalacia – pathology", "Rheumatoid arthritis – pannus, synovial pathology", "SLE – LE cells, wire-loop lesions, anti-dsDNA, butterfly rash", "Vasculitis – classification by vessel size, key diseases", "CNS tumours – glioblastoma, meningioma, schwannoma, medulloblastoma, ependymoma", "Demyelinating diseases – MS plaques, Wallerian degeneration", "Alzheimer's disease – amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, tau", "Parkinson's disease – Lewy bodies, dopamine", "Skin tumours – BCC, SCC, melanoma – pathology and staging (Breslow, Clark)", "Wound infection and surgical site infection pathology", ], "5. PHARMACOLOGY": [ "Pharmacokinetics – absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion", "Volume of distribution – calculation, significance", "Half-life – calculation, relation to clearance", "First-pass metabolism – drugs affected", "Enzyme inducers – rifampicin, phenytoin, carbamazepine, phenobarbitone", "Enzyme inhibitors – erythromycin, ketoconazole, fluoxetine, ciprofloxacin", "Drug-receptor interactions – agonist, partial agonist, antagonist", "Therapeutic index – definition, narrow TI drugs", "Adverse drug reactions – types A–F", "Beta-blockers – classification, selective vs non-selective, uses, contraindications", "ACE inhibitors – mechanism, side effects (cough, angioedema), contraindications", "ARBs – differences from ACEi", "Calcium channel blockers – dihydropyridines vs non-dihydropyridines, uses", "Digoxin – mechanism, toxicity, antidote", "Anti-arrhythmics – Vaughan Williams classification, drugs per class", "Statins – mechanism, myopathy, drug interactions", "Anticoagulants – heparin (UFH vs LMWH), warfarin, DOACs", "Aspirin – mechanism, uses, doses, Reye syndrome", "Clopidogrel – mechanism, resistance, indications", "Thrombolytics – streptokinase, alteplase, indications, contraindications", "Diuretics – thiazide, loop, K+-sparing, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors – mechanism, uses, SE", "Furosemide – ototoxicity, electrolyte disturbances", "Spironolactone – mechanism, gynaecomastia, uses", "Mannitol – osmotic diuretic, uses", "NSAIDs – mechanism (COX inhibition), GI side effects, renal effects", "Paracetamol – mechanism, overdose (NAC treatment), hepatotoxicity", "Opioids – receptors (μ, κ, δ), morphine vs codeine, tolerance, dependence", "Naloxone – mechanism, uses, duration", "General anaesthesia – stages (Guedel), induction agents", "Inhalational anaesthetics – MAC, halothane hepatotoxicity", "IV anaesthetics – propofol, thiopentone, ketamine, etomidate", "Muscle relaxants – depolarising (suxamethonium) vs non-depolarising", "Local anaesthetics – mechanism, ester vs amide, max dose", "Benzodiazepines – mechanism, uses, antidote (flumazenil)", "Phenytoin – mechanism, toxicity, zero-order kinetics, gingival hyperplasia", "Valproate – mechanism, uses, teratogenicity (neural tube)", "Carbamazepine – mechanism, SIADH, enzyme induction", "Levodopa/carbidopa – mechanism, on-off phenomena, side effects", "Antipsychotics – typical vs atypical, EPS, tardive dyskinesia, clozapine agranulocytosis", "Antidepressants – SSRIs, TCAs, MAOIs – mechanisms and key side effects", "Lithium – mechanism, toxicity, monitoring, drug interactions", "Methylxanthines – theophylline, mechanism, toxicity", "Salbutamol – β2-agonist, tachycardia, hypokalaemia", "Corticosteroids – mechanism, systemic effects, topical potency", "Anti-TB drugs – rifampicin, INH, pyrazinamide, ethambutol – mechanisms, toxicities", "Penicillins – mechanism, beta-lactamase, allergy cross-reactivity", "Cephalosporins – generations, coverage", "Carbapenems – imipenem + cilastatin, meropenem, ESBL coverage", "Vancomycin – red man syndrome, nephrotoxicity, MRSA coverage", "Aminoglycosides – mechanism, nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity", "Tetracyclines – photosensitivity, teeth, Fanconi syndrome, doxycycline", "Macrolides – erythromycin, azithromycin, enzyme inhibition, QT prolongation", "Fluoroquinolones – ciprofloxacin, tendinopathy, QT, CNS side effects", "Metronidazole – mechanism, disulfiram-like, indications", "Antifungals – amphotericin B (nephrotoxicity), fluconazole, echinocandins", "Antivirals – acyclovir, oseltamivir, antiretrovirals (NRTIs, NNRTIs, PIs, INSTIs)", "Anti-malarials – chloroquine, primaquine (G6PD), artemisinin, mefloquine", "Anti-helminths – mebendazole, albendazole, praziquantel, ivermectin", "Immunosuppressants – cyclosporine, tacrolimus, azathioprine, mycophenolate, methotrexate", "Chemotherapy agents – alkylating agents, antimetabolites, vinca alkaloids, taxanes, topoisomerase inhibitors", "Targeted therapies – imatinib (BCR-ABL), trastuzumab (HER2), rituximab (CD20), bevacizumab (VEGF)", "Insulin types – rapid, short, intermediate, long acting, mechanisms", "Oral hypoglycaemics – metformin (AMPK), sulphonylureas, DPP4 inhibitors, SGLT2 inhibitors, GLP-1 agonists", "Thyroid drugs – carbimazole (agranulocytosis), propylthiouracil, levothyroxine", "Bisphosphonates – mechanism, osteonecrosis of jaw, oesophageal ulcers", "Uricosuric agents – probenecid, allopurinol, febuxostat", "Antihistamines – H1 vs H2, sedating vs non-sedating", "Proton pump inhibitors – mechanism, uses, hypomagnesaemia", "5-HT drugs – sumatriptan (migraine), ondansetron, serotonin syndrome", "Cholinomimetics and anticholinergics – key drugs and indications", "Alcohol – pharmacology, Wernicke-Korsakoff, disulfiram", "Teratogenic drugs – thalidomide, valproate, warfarin, ACEi, tetracyclines, retinoids", "Drugs in pregnancy – safe vs contraindicated categories", "Drugs in renal failure – dose adjustments, avoided drugs", "Drugs in liver failure – avoided drugs", "Antidotes – key drug-antidote pairs (digoxin, iron, opioids, paracetamol, benzodiazepines, organophosphates, heparin, warfarin, methanol)", ], "6. MICROBIOLOGY": [ "Bacterial cell wall – peptidoglycan, gram positive vs negative", "Beta-haemolytic Streptococci – Lancefield groups, Streptococcus pyogenes", "Staphylococcus aureus – toxins, MRSA, biofilm", "Streptococcus pneumoniae – quellung reaction, optochin sensitive", "Meningococcus – serotypes, Waterhouse-Friderichsen", "Gonorrhoea – culture (Thayer-Martin), diagnosis, resistance", "E. coli – pathotypes, EHEC O157:H7, HUS", "Salmonella – typhoidal vs non-typhoidal, Widal test, rose spots", "Shigella – dysentery, least infective dose, toxins", "Vibrio cholerae – El Tor, rice-water stools, cholera toxin mechanism", "Helicobacter pylori – urease test, virulence, treatment", "Mycobacterium tuberculosis – Ziehl-Neelsen, latent vs active, RNTCP/NTEP", "Mycobacterium leprae – lepromatous vs tuberculoid, Ridley-Jopling", "Clostridium difficile – pseudomembranous colitis, toxins A and B", "Clostridium tetani – tetanospasmin, risus sardonicus", "Clostridium botulinum – botulinum toxin, descending paralysis", "Clostridium perfringens – gas gangrene, alpha toxin (lecithinase)", "Anthrax – B. anthracis, cutaneous, inhalation, mediastinal widening", "Diphtheria – Corynebacterium, pseudomembrane, ADP-ribosylation (EF-2)", "Whooping cough – Bordetella pertussis, stages, lymphocytosis", "Typhoid – Salmonella Typhi, Widal, complications, rose spots", "Plague – Yersinia pestis, bubonic, pneumonic", "Spirochetes – Treponema pallidum (syphilis), Borrelia (Lyme), Leptospira", "Syphilis – stages, serological tests (VDRL, TPHA), Jarisch-Herxheimer", "Lyme disease – Borrelia burgdorferi, Ixodes tick, erythema migrans", "Rickettsiae – obligate intracellular, Weil-Felix reaction, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, scrub typhus", "Chlamydia – obligate intracellular, trachoma, LGV, inclusion bodies", "Mycoplasma – no cell wall, cold agglutinins, atypical pneumonia", "Fungi – basic classification (yeasts, moulds, dimorphic)", "Candida – pseudohyphae, germ tube test, fluconazole", "Aspergillus – septate hyphae, angle of branching, galactomannan", "Mucor/Rhizopus – non-septate hyphae, rhinocerebral mucormucosis, DM", "Cryptococcus – India ink, urease, meningitis in HIV", "Dermatophytes – tinea infections, Wood's lamp", "Histoplasma, Coccidioides, Blastomyces – dimorphic fungi, geographic", "Herpes viruses – HSV-1, HSV-2, VZV, EBV, CMV, HHV-6, HHV-8 (KSHV)", "Varicella-zoster – primary vs reactivation, Tzanck smear", "EBV – Paul-Bunnell test, heterophil antibodies, conditions", "CMV – owl eye inclusions, immunocompromised, congenital", "HIV – structure, life cycle, CD4 count thresholds for OIs", "Hepatitis viruses – A, B, C, D, E – transmission, serology, chronicity", "HBV serology – HBsAg, anti-HBs, HBeAg, anti-HBc IgM, window period", "Influenza – types, haemagglutinin, neuraminidase, antigenic drift vs shift", "Dengue – serotypes, NS1 antigen, tourniquet test, haemorrhagic fever", "Malaria – Plasmodium species, life cycle, Schuffner's dots, blackwater fever", "Toxoplasma – congenital toxoplasmosis, reactivation in HIV, sabin-Feldman dye test", "Leishmaniasis – species, vectors, Donovan bodies, K-39", "Trypanosomiasis – sleeping sickness, Chagas disease", "Amoebiasis – E. histolytica, flask-shaped ulcers, liver abscess", "Giardia – trophozoite, cysts, foul-smelling steatorrhoea", "Cryptosporidium – acid-fast oocysts, watery diarrhoea, HIV", "Ascaris – intestinal obstruction, eosinophilia, Loeffler's syndrome", "Enterobius – perianal itch, scotch tape test", "Hookworm – Ancylostoma vs Necator, iron deficiency anaemia", "Strongyloides – autoinfection, hyperinfection in immunosuppressed", "Filariae – lymphatic filariasis, loiasis, onchocerciasis", "Schistosomiasis – species, habitat, granuloma, bladder cancer", "Echinococcus – hydatid cyst, daughter cysts, Casoni's test", "Sterilisation and disinfection – methods, levels", "Normal flora – key sites, commensals", "Hospital-acquired infections – MRSA, VRE, MDR Gram-negatives", "Vaccine types – live-attenuated, killed, toxoid, subunit, mRNA", "Immunisation schedule – EPI vaccines, key ages", "Antibiotic resistance mechanisms – beta-lactamase, efflux pump, target modification", "Laboratory diagnostics – culture media (MacConkey, TCBS, Blood agar, Mannitol salt), staining methods", ], "7. MEDICINE (Internal Medicine)": [ "Hypertension – JNC/ISH classification, compelling indications for drug classes", "Heart failure – Framingham criteria, ejection fraction, BNP", "Acute MI – STEMI vs NSTEMI, ECG, management (MONA)", "Angina – stable vs unstable, investigations, management", "Atrial fibrillation – causes, rate vs rhythm control, anticoagulation (CHA2DS2-VASc)", "Complete heart block – degrees, Stokes-Adams attack", "Valvular heart disease – murmurs, investigations", "Mitral stenosis – MS pathology, opening snap, PCWP", "Aortic stenosis – haemodynamics, pulse character, syncope", "Infective endocarditis – Duke criteria, organisms", "Pericarditis and cardiac tamponade – Beck's triad, ECG", "Rheumatic fever – Jones criteria, prophylaxis", "Pulmonary embolism – Wells score, D-dimer, CTPA", "DVT – risk factors, Homan's sign, management", "Asthma – reversible obstruction, step-wise management", "COPD – GOLD classification, FEV1/FVC, complications", "Community-acquired pneumonia – CURB-65, organisms, treatment", "Pneumothorax – types, CXR findings, management", "Lung cancer – types, paraneoplastic syndromes, staging", "Pleural effusion – transudate vs exudate (Light's criteria)", "Interstitial lung disease – causes, HRCT patterns", "Obstructive sleep apnoea – AHI, CPAP", "Respiratory failure – type I vs type II, ABG interpretation", "Peptic ulcer disease – H. pylori eradication (triple therapy), complications", "GERD – LOS pressure, Barrett's oesophagus, management", "Inflammatory bowel disease – UC vs Crohn's distinguishing features", "Celiac disease – anti-tTG, anti-endomysial, HLA-DQ2/DQ8", "Irritable bowel syndrome – Rome IV criteria", "Liver cirrhosis – Child-Pugh score, MELD, complications", "Hepatic encephalopathy – pathogenesis, grading, treatment (lactulose, rifaximin)", "Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis – criteria, management", "Variceal bleeding – management, β-blockers", "Hepatitis B and C – serology, treatment indications", "Acute liver failure – causes, INR, King's College criteria", "Pancreatitis – Ranson's criteria, complications (pseudocyst, necrosis)", "Diabetes mellitus – diagnostic criteria (ADA 2024), types", "Diabetic ketoacidosis – management, complications of treatment", "HONKC/HHS – distinguishing from DKA, management", "Hypothyroidism – causes, myxoedema coma, management", "Hyperthyroidism – Graves' disease, thyroid storm, management", "Cushing's syndrome – causes, investigations (high-dose DST, CRH test)", "Addison's disease – primary vs secondary, crisis management", "Primary hyperaldosteronism – Conn's syndrome, hypokalemia", "Phaeochromocytoma – symptoms, 24-hr urine VMA, management", "Acromegaly – IGF-1, glucose suppression test, pituitary MRI", "Diabetes insipidus – central vs nephrogenic, water deprivation test", "SIADH – criteria, euvolaemic hyponatraemia, causes, management", "Hyper and hypocalcaemia – ECG changes, causes, management", "Chronic kidney disease – staging (GFR), complications, anaemia of CKD", "Acute kidney injury – KDIGO classification, causes (pre/intrinsic/post)", "Nephrotic syndrome – clinical features, investigations", "Nephritic syndrome – haematuria, hypertension, proteinuria, causes", "Polycystic kidney disease – ADPKD, PKD1/PKD2, complications", "Urinary tract infection – organisms, uncomplicated vs complicated, treatment", "Renal tubular acidosis – types I, II, IV", "Anaemia – investigation algorithm", "Rheumatoid arthritis – diagnostic criteria, DAS28, DMARDs", "SLE – ACR/EULAR criteria, anti-dsDNA, organ manifestations", "Gout – acute attack management (colchicine/NSAIDs), urate-lowering therapy", "Ankylosing spondylitis – HLA-B27, bamboo spine, sacroiliitis", "Osteoarthritis – clinical features, management", "Systemic sclerosis – anti-Scl-70 (topoisomerase I), anti-centromere, lung involvement", "Vasculitis – GCA (temporal arteritis), Wegener's (GPA), PAN", "Antiphospholipid syndrome – lupus anticoagulant, recurrent thrombosis", "Meningitis – bacterial vs viral, CSF analysis", "Encephalitis – HSV, management (acyclovir)", "Stroke – ischaemic vs haemorrhagic, thrombolysis criteria", "Subarachnoid haemorrhage – sentinel headache, CT, lumbar puncture (xanthochromia)", "Multiple sclerosis – Mc Donald criteria, oligoclonal bands, management", "Guillain-Barre syndrome – ascending paralysis, CSF (cytoalbuminous dissociation)", "Myasthenia gravis – AChR antibodies, Tensilon test, thymoma", "Parkinson's disease – TRAP, dopaminergic therapy", "Epilepsy – classification, first-line drugs", "Headache – migraine (POUND), cluster, tension – features and management", "Malaria – diagnosis, severe malaria criteria, treatment", "Typhoid – Widal, complications, treatment (azithromycin, ceftriaxone)", "HIV/AIDS – OI prophylaxis, when to start ART, CD4 thresholds", "Tuberculosis – RNTCP/NTEP, drug regimens, drug resistance (MDR, XDR)", ], "8. SURGERY": [ "Shock – classification, management, fluid resuscitation (Parkland formula for burns)", "Burns – TBSA calculation (rule of nines), Lund-Browder chart, fluid management", "Wound healing – factors affecting, types of closure", "Surgical site infection – classification, prophylaxis", "Preoperative assessment – ASA classification, investigations", "Coagulation testing – PT, aPTT, INR, significance", "Acid-base disturbances in surgery", "Abdominal pain – acute abdomen, peritonism, causes", "Intestinal obstruction – small vs large, strangulation vs simple, management", "Appendicitis – Alvarado score, Rovsing's sign, retrocaecal appendix", "Perforation peritonitis – causes, Cullen's sign, Grey-Turner's sign", "Hernia – types (inguinal-direct vs indirect, femoral, umbilical), complications", "Intestinal fistula – classification, management, TPN", "Diverticular disease – Hinchey classification, complications", "Colorectal cancer – Dukes' classification, staging, surgery", "Haemorrhoids – classification, treatment", "Fistula-in-ano – Goodsall's rule, Parks classification", "Pilonidal sinus – cause, treatment", "Ano-rectal abscess – types, ischioanal fossa", "Thyroid surgery – complications (nerve, parathyroid), Chvostek's sign", "Thyroid nodule – FNAC, TIRADS, indications for surgery", "Hyperparathyroidism – primary (adenoma), investigations, surgery", "Adrenal surgery – phaeochromocytoma workup, Conn's syndrome", "Breast cancer – TNM staging, SLNB, mastectomy types", "Breast lump evaluation – ANDI classification, triple assessment", "Upper GI bleeding – Rockall score, Blatchford score, endoscopy", "Acute pancreatitis – Atlanta classification, surgical indications", "Chronic pancreatitis – steatorrhoea, ductal dilation, Puestow procedure", "Obstructive jaundice – causes, surgical vs medical, ERCP, Whipple", "Portal hypertension – Child-Pugh, TIPSS, shunt surgery", "Liver abscess – pyogenic vs amoebic, management", "Gallstones – types, complications, cholecystectomy", "Acute cholecystitis – Murphy's sign, Charcot's triad, management", "Cholangiocarcinoma – Bismuth-Corlette classification", "Renal cell carcinoma – radical vs partial nephrectomy, VHL", "Bladder cancer – TURBT, intravesical BCG, cystectomy", "Prostate cancer – PSA, TRUS biopsy, RP, EBRT", "Urolithiasis – stone types, colic, ESWL, PCNL, ureteroscopy", "BPH – IPSS score, TURP, 5α-reductase inhibitors", "Testicular torsion – bell-clapper deformity, 6-hour window, Doppler", "Hydrocele and varicocele – types, clinical features", "Undescended testis (cryptorchidism) – orchidopexy timing, malignancy risk", "Hypospadias – types, chordee, repair timing", "Orthopaedic fractures – types, healing stages, complications", "Compartment syndrome – 5 Ps, fasciotomy", "Vascular – ABI, critical limb ischaemia, embolus vs thrombosis", "AAA – screening, rupture, endovascular vs open repair", "Varicose veins – saphenofemoral junction, Trendelenburg test", "Transplantation – types of rejection (hyperacute, acute, chronic), immunosuppression", "ICU – mechanical ventilation, ARDS (Berlin criteria), sepsis (Sepsis-3 criteria)", ], "9. OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY": [ "Normal menstrual cycle – hormones, phases", "Amenorrhoea – primary vs secondary, causes", "Polycystic ovarian syndrome – Rotterdam criteria, management", "Endometriosis – chocolate cysts, CA-125, treatment", "Uterine fibroids (leiomyoma) – types, effects on fertility", "Cervical cancer – screening, colposcopy, LEEP, staging", "Ovarian cancer – staging, debulking surgery, CA-125", "Endometrial cancer – endometrial biopsy, staging", "Gestational trophoblastic disease – hydatidiform mole, choriocarcinoma, hCG", "Normal pregnancy – physiological changes (cardiovascular, respiratory, haematological)", "Antenatal care – schedule, investigations, nuchal translucency", "Prenatal diagnosis – amniocentesis, CVS, indications", "Anaemia in pregnancy – iron requirement, types", "Hypertension in pregnancy – classification, pre-eclampsia criteria", "Pre-eclampsia and eclampsia – management, magnesium sulphate (Pritchard regimen)", "Antepartum haemorrhage – placenta previa vs abruptio placentae", "Placenta previa – grades, management", "Abruptio placentae – concealed vs revealed, Couvelaire uterus, coagulopathy", "Ectopic pregnancy – risk factors, β-hCG, management", "Gestational diabetes – screening (GCT, OGTT), management, risk to fetus", "Thyroid in pregnancy – changes, hypothyroidism effects", "Rh incompatibility – prophylaxis (anti-D), Kleihauer-Betke test", "Normal labour – mechanism, stages, cardinal movements", "Induction of labour – indications, Bishop score, methods", "Fetal monitoring – CTG interpretation (FHR patterns, decelerations)", "Caesarean section – indications, types of incision, complications", "Postpartum haemorrhage – 4Ts, management (oxytocin, misoprostol, B-Lynch)", "Postpartum fever – causes by day, endometritis", "Amniotic fluid index – oligohydramnios vs polyhydramnios, causes", "Intrauterine growth restriction – symmetric vs asymmetric, Doppler", "Preterm labour – management, tocolytics, corticosteroids for fetal lung maturity", "PROM and PPROM – management", "Cord prolapse – risk factors, emergency management", "Multiple pregnancy – types, complications (TTTS)", "Puerperal sepsis – organisms, management", "Contraception – types, failure rates, COC contraindications", "Emergency contraception – levonorgestrel, ulipristal, Cu-IUCD", "Infertility – male factor, female factor, investigation", "IVF – process, indications, complications (OHSS)", "Menopause – definition, FSH, HRT indications and contraindications", "Pelvic inflammatory disease – organisms, Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome", "Sexually transmitted infections – gonorrhoea, chlamydia, syphilis, HSV, HPV", "Pelvic organ prolapse – grades, management", "Urinary incontinence – types, urodynamics, management", "Neonatal resuscitation – Apgar score, steps", "Normal fetal growth – biometry, parameters", "Rh-ve mother – management protocol", "Vacuum and forceps delivery – indications, contraindications", ], "10. PAEDIATRICS": [ "Developmental milestones – gross motor, fine motor, language, social", "Immunisation schedule – India NIS and IAP schedule", "Nutritional assessment – weight-for-height, MUAC, Gomez, IAP classification", "Protein energy malnutrition – kwashiorkor vs marasmus, F-75 and F-100", "Vitamin A deficiency – Bitot's spots, Xerophthalmia, treatment", "Rickets – types (nutritional, hypophosphataemic), X-ray changes", "Iron deficiency anaemia in children – causes, treatment", "Sickle cell disease in children – dactylitis, autosplenectomy, vaccinations", "Neonatal jaundice – physiological vs pathological, kernicterus, phototherapy", "Neonatal sepsis – early vs late onset, organisms, management", "Respiratory distress syndrome – surfactant, X-ray (ground-glass), management", "Bronchiolitis – RSV, hyperinflation, management", "Pneumonia in children – WHO classification, organisms by age", "Acute diarrhoea – ORS composition, WHO plan A/B/C", "Intussusception – target sign, dance sign, management", "Pyloric stenosis – age, hypochloraemic alkalosis, ultrasound, Ramstedt", "Congenital heart disease – acyanotic (VSD, ASD, PDA, coarctation) vs cyanotic (TOF, TGA)", "Tetralogy of Fallot – components, boot-shaped heart, tet spells, management", "Patent ductus arteriosus – continuous murmur, indomethacin, surgical ligation", "ASD – fixed split S2, left-to-right shunt", "Ventricular septal defect – most common CHD, Eisenmenger's", "Kawasaki disease – diagnostic criteria, coronary aneurysms, IVIG", "Febrile seizures – simple vs complex, management", "Meningitis in children – causative organisms by age, management", "Cerebral palsy – types, causes, management", "Epilepsy – classification, childhood epilepsy syndromes (West, Lennox-Gastaut)", "ADHD – diagnostic criteria, management", "Autism spectrum disorder – red flags, management", "Down syndrome (Trisomy 21) – features, investigations", "Turner syndrome (45X) – features, management", "Klinefelter syndrome (47XXY) – features", "Congenital hypothyroidism – screening, cretinism", "Nephrotic syndrome in children – minimal change disease, steroid response", "Nephritic syndrome – post-streptococcal GN, management", "UTI in children – organisms, imaging (MCUG, DMSA scan)", "Vesicoureteric reflux – grades, management", "Wilms tumour – staging, treatment", "Neuroblastoma – VMA, catecholamines, favourable vs unfavourable", "Leukaemia in children – ALL (most common), treatment", "Thalassaemia – transfusion-dependent, chelation therapy", "Haemophilia – factor replacement, desmopressin", "Acute rheumatic fever – Jones criteria, prophylaxis", "Juvenile idiopathic arthritis – types (pauciarticular, polyarticular, systemic)", "Child abuse – fracture types (spiral, metaphyseal), retinal haemorrhages", "SIDS – risk factors, safe sleeping", "Hirschsprung's disease – aganglionic segment, biopsy, pull-through", "Tracheo-oesophageal fistula – H-type, VACTERL, management", ], "11. OPHTHALMOLOGY": [ "Anatomy of the eye – layers, chambers, refractive media", "Visual acuity testing – Snellen chart, LogMAR", "Refraction errors – myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, presbyopia", "Cataract – types, nuclear sclerosis, PCIOL, complications", "Glaucoma – primary open-angle vs angle-closure, IOP, optic disc changes", "Tonometry – Goldmann, non-contact, digital", "Diabetic retinopathy – NPDR vs PDR, CSME, anti-VEGF, laser", "Hypertensive retinopathy – Keith-Wagener-Barker grading", "Age-related macular degeneration – dry vs wet, Drusen, anti-VEGF", "Retinal detachment – rhegmatogenous vs exudative, management", "Retinal vein occlusion – CRVO vs BRVO, management", "Retinal artery occlusion – cherry-red spot", "Optic neuritis – MS, pain with eye movement, VEP", "Papilloedema – causes, Frisen grading", "Corneal ulcer – bacterial, viral (HSV dendritic), fungal", "Trachoma – Chlamydia trachomatis, WHO grading, SAFE strategy", "Uveitis – anterior, intermediate, posterior, panuveitis, causes", "Conjunctivitis – bacterial, viral, allergic, neonatal", "Strabismus – types, Hirschberg test, management", "Amblyopia – causes, critical period, treatment (patching)", "Colour blindness – Ishihara, types", "Night blindness – Vit A, retinitis pigmentosa", "Pupillary reflexes – RAPD (Marcus Gunn), Argyll Robertson", "Ocular motility – cranial nerve palsies (III, IV, VI), INO", "Lacrimal system – dacryocystitis, nasolacrimal duct block, DCR", "Eyelid disorders – ptosis, ectropion, entropion, chalazion, hordeolum", "Orbital cellulitis – preseptal vs postseptal, complications", "Retinoblastoma – leukocoria, Rb gene, bilateral/hereditary", "Ocular trauma – hyphema, lens dislocation, traumatic iritis", ], "12. ENT (Otorhinolaryngology)": [ "Hearing loss – conductive vs sensorineural – Rinne and Weber tests", "Audiometry – pure tone, speech, tympanometry (types A, B, C)", "CSOM – tubotympanic vs atticoantral, cholesteatoma", "Acute otitis media – organisms, management, complications", "Otosclerosis – Schwartze sign, Carhart notch, stapedectomy", "Meniere's disease – triad (episodic vertigo, tinnitus, hearing loss), endolymphatic hydrops", "Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo – Dix-Hallpike, Epley manoeuvre", "Vestibular neuritis and labyrinthitis", "Acoustic neuroma (vestibular schwannoma) – MRI, surgical approaches", "Noise-induced hearing loss – 4 kHz dip, NIHL", "Epistaxis – Little's area (Kiesselbach's plexus), management", "Sinusitis – acute vs chronic, organisms, imaging", "Nasal polyps – bilateral vs unilateral, FESS", "Deviated nasal septum – causes, correction", "Rhinitis – allergic, vasomotor, management", "Tonsillitis – peritonsillar abscess (quinsy), management, tonsillectomy", "Adenoid hypertrophy – features, adenoidectomy", "Stridor – inspiratory vs expiratory, causes by age", "Epiglottitis – H. influenzae type b, thumb sign, emergency", "Laryngomalacia – most common cause of stridor in infants", "Vocal cord paralysis – causes, bilateral (airway compromise)", "Laryngeal carcinoma – supraglottic vs glottic, staging, management", "Salivary gland tumours – pleomorphic adenoma (parotid), Warthin's, mucoepidermoid", "Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo – Epley manoeuvre", "Head and neck cancers – squamous cell carcinoma, risk factors, HPV", "Thyroid nodule evaluation – FNAC, indications for surgery", "Deep neck space infections – Ludwig's angina, parapharyngeal, retropharyngeal", ], "13. DERMATOLOGY": [ "Lesion morphology – macule, papule, plaque, vesicle, bulla, pustule, wheal", "Psoriasis – plaques, silvery scales, Auspitz sign, Koebner, nail changes", "Eczema/Atopic dermatitis – IgE, Th2 response, flexural involvement", "Contact dermatitis – allergic vs irritant, patch testing", "Urticaria – H1 blockers, chronic urticaria, angioedema", "Acne vulgaris – pathogenesis, comedones, grading, isotretinoin", "Rosacea – phymatous, papulopustular, telangiectatic", "Tinea – dermatophytes, Wood's lamp, treatment", "Candidiasis – pseudohyphae, risk factors, treatment", "Scabies – Sarcoptes, burrows, Norwegian scabies, treatment (permethrin)", "Pediculosis – head lice, body lice, crabs", "Leprosy – classification, treatment (MDT), reactions", "Syphilis – primary (chancre), secondary (palmoplantar rash), tertiary", "Herpes simplex – HSV-1 vs HSV-2, Tzanck smear, acyclovir", "Varicella (chickenpox) and Herpes zoster – treatment, complications", "Molluscum contagiosum – umbilicated papules, immunocompromised", "Warts (HPV) – common, plantar, condyloma acuminata", "Pemphigus vulgaris – suprabasal, acantholysis, desmoglein-3, Nikolsky", "Bullous pemphigoid – subepidermal, anti-BP180/BP230, negative Nikolsky", "Dermatitis herpetiformis – coeliac, IgA deposits, dapsone", "Steven-Johnson syndrome / TEN – drug causes, SCORTEN score", "Drug reactions – fixed drug eruption, DRESS, exfoliative dermatitis", "Vitiligo – autoimmune, melanocyte loss, management", "Alopecia areata – autoimmune, exclamation mark hair, nail pitting", "Skin cancer – BCC (never metastasises), SCC, melanoma (ABCDE, Breslow)", "Kaposi's sarcoma – HHV-8, AIDS-defining illness", "Lupus erythematosus – DLE vs SLE cutaneous, malar rash, photosensitivity", "Pityriasis rosea – Herald patch, Christmas tree pattern", "Lichen planus – 4Ps (pruritic, planar, purple, polygonal), Wickham striae", "Erythema multiforme – target lesions, HSV association", ], "14. PSYCHIATRY": [ "Mental status examination – components", "Schizophrenia – Schneider's first-rank symptoms, positive/negative symptoms", "Antipsychotics – typical (haloperidol) vs atypical (clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone)", "EPS – types (akathisia, dystonia, parkinsonism, tardive dyskinesia), management", "Clozapine – agranulocytosis, monitoring, indications (refractory schizophrenia)", "Bipolar disorder – Type I vs II, hypomania vs mania, mood stabilisers", "Lithium – therapeutic range, toxicity signs, interactions", "Depression – DSM-5 criteria, SIGECAPS, severity assessment", "SSRIs – mechanism, starting dose, sexual side effects, discontinuation syndrome", "MAOIs – irreversible, cheese reaction (tyramine), interactions", "Suicide risk assessment – SAD PERSONS scale, high-risk features", "Anxiety disorders – GAD, panic disorder, social anxiety, OCD, PTSD, phobias", "OCD – ego-dystonic, obsessions vs compulsions, first-line treatment", "PTSD – flashbacks, hyperarousal, avoidance, treatment (trauma-focused CBT, sertraline)", "Eating disorders – anorexia vs bulimia, ARFID, complications, management", "Alcohol use disorder – AUDIT, CAGE, withdrawal (DTs), Wernicke-Korsakoff", "Alcohol withdrawal – timeline, seizures (24-48h), delirium tremens, management (benzodiazepines)", "Delirium vs dementia – distinguishing features", "Dementia – Alzheimer's, vascular, Lewy body, FTD – clinical features", "Childhood psychiatric disorders – ADHD, autism, conduct disorder", "Personality disorders – cluster A/B/C, borderline PD features", "Forensic psychiatry – McNaghten's rules, fitness to plead", "Somatoform disorders – somatization, hypochondriasis, body dysmorphic, conversion", "Electroconvulsive therapy – indications, contraindications, mechanism", "Cognitive behavioural therapy – principles, indications", "Mental Health Act – involuntary admission criteria (India)", "Sleep disorders – insomnia, narcolepsy, parasomnias", "Psychopharmacology – drug classes, mechanisms, clinical use", ], "15. PREVENTIVE AND SOCIAL MEDICINE (Community Medicine)": [ "Epidemiology – incidence vs prevalence, attack rate", "Study designs – RCT, cohort, case-control, cross-sectional – advantages and limitations", "Bias – selection, information, observer, Berkson, Neyman", "Confounding – definition, control methods", "Relative risk vs odds ratio – calculation, interpretation", "Attributable risk and PAR – public health significance", "Screening criteria (Wilson & Jungner) – sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV", "Sensitivity vs specificity – trade-off, ROC curve", "Normal distribution – mean, median, mode, standard deviation", "Hypothesis testing – p-value, type I and type II errors, power", "Statistical tests – t-test, chi-square, ANOVA, correlation", "Demographic cycle (demographic transition)", "Malthusian theory and population growth", "IMR, NMR, PMR, MMR – definitions, India figures", "Vital statistics – birth rate, death rate, fertility rates", "Family planning – methods, LARC, national programme", "Reproductive and Child Health Programme (RCH)", "National immunisation schedule – vaccines, cold chain", "Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS)", "Reproductive Tract Infections and STI prevention", "Nutrition programmes – POSHAN Abhiyan, mid-day meal", "WHO essential drugs list – concept", "National Health Mission – NHM (NRHM + NUHM)", "Ayushman Bharat – PM-JAY, Health and Wellness Centres", "RNTCP / NTEP – treatment regimens, DOTS", "National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme – malaria, dengue, JE", "Filariasis elimination programme", "HIV/AIDS control programme – NACP, ICTC, PMTCT", "Leprosy elimination programme – MDT regimens", "Universal Health Coverage – components", "Disability assessment – WHODAS, Indian Persons with Disabilities Act", "Occupational health – silicosis, asbestosis, byssinosis, coal worker's pneumoconiosis", "Water quality – permissible limits, purification methods", "Milk-borne diseases and pasteurisation", "Food adulteration – FSSAI, common adulterants", "Communicable disease control – herd immunity, quarantine, surveillance", "Eradication vs elimination vs control", "Smallpox eradication – historical significance", "Polio eradication – OPV vs IPV, GPEI", "Outbreak investigation – steps", "Primary Health Centre – population served, infrastructure, functions", "Health indicators – composite indices, HDI", "Tobacco control – COTPA, MPOWER strategy, nicotine replacement", "Alcohol – global burden, brief interventions", "Mental health policy – National Mental Health Programme", "School health programme – components", "Geriatric health – NPOP, age-related changes", "Disaster management – phases, health response", "Environmental health – air pollution (PM2.5, PM10, AQI), WHO standards", "Climate change and health – heat wave, vector expansion", ], "16. FORENSIC MEDICINE": [ "Thanatology – signs of death, time of death estimation (PM changes: livor mortis, rigor mortis, decomposition)", "Rigor mortis – onset, duration, cadaveric spasm, heat stiffening", "Putrefaction – stages, floatation of body", "Forensic autopsy – medicolegal autopsy vs clinical", "Manner vs cause vs mechanism of death", "Hanging – judicial vs suicidal vs homicidal, ligature mark", "Drowning – wet vs dry, diatom test, putrefaction", "Burns – vital reaction, TBSA in forensic context", "Firearm injuries – entry vs exit wound, contact vs intermediate vs distant", "Wound types – incised, stab, lacerated, contused, defence wounds", "Poisoning – general principles, corrosive, irritant, systemic", "Organophosphate poisoning – mechanism, SLUDGE/DUMBELS, atropine dose, pralidoxime", "Carbon monoxide poisoning – cherry-red colour, management", "Alcohol poisoning – acute vs chronic, forensic estimation (Widmark formula)", "Snake bite – types, haemotoxic vs neurotoxic, ASV", "Sexual assault – examination, evidence collection", "Age estimation – skeletal, dental methods", "Identification – fingerprints, DNA, dental, radiological", "Infanticide vs stillbirth – hydrostatic lung test, other tests", "Medical negligence – types, Indian law (Section 304A IPC)", "Consent – types, valid elements, doctrine of res ipsa loquitur", "IPC sections relevant to medical practice", "POCSO Act – key provisions", "Exhumation – legal requirements, reasons", "Dactylography – fingerprint types (loops, whorls, arches)", ], "17. RADIOLOGY AND IMAGING": [ "X-ray – basic principles, film quality assessment", "CT scan – Hounsfield units, indications vs MRI", "MRI – T1 vs T2 signals, fat vs water, sequences", "Ultrasound – echogenicity, Doppler modes", "Contrast media – types, reactions, management of anaphylaxis", "Chest X-ray interpretation – systematic approach (ABCDE)", "Pneumonia on CXR – consolidation, air-bronchogram", "Pulmonary oedema – CXR features (bat wing, Kerley B lines)", "Pneumothorax – signs on CXR", "Pleural effusion – meniscus sign, blunting of costophrenic angle", "Pulmonary embolism – CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA)", "Aortic dissection – CT, DeBakey vs Stanford classification", "HRCT chest – ground-glass opacity, honeycombing, crazy paving", "Abdominal X-ray – bowel gas patterns, free air under diaphragm", "Appendicitis on CT – periappendiceal fat stranding, faecolith", "CT head – acute SDH (crescent, hyperdense) vs EDH (biconvex)", "MRI brain – MS plaques (Dawson fingers), stroke (DWI), tumours", "Bone X-ray – fracture types, SUFE, Paget's, metastases", "Mammography – BIRADS classification", "USG abdomen – gallstones, renal calculi, liver lesions", "Doppler – DVT, carotid, renal artery stenosis", "Nuclear medicine – bone scan (osteoblastic activity), PET-CT", "Interventional radiology – angioplasty, TACE, TIPSS", "Radiation safety – ALARA, protective measures", ], "18. ANAESTHESIA": [ "Pre-anaesthetic assessment – ASA classification", "Airway assessment – Mallampati, thyromental distance, 3-3-2 rule", "Rapid sequence induction – indications, drugs", "Induction agents – propofol, thiopentone, ketamine, etomidate – advantages/disadvantages", "Inhalational agents – MAC concept, desflurane vs sevoflurane vs isoflurane", "Muscle relaxants – depolarising (suxamethonium, Phase I vs II block) vs non-depolarising, reversal (neostigmine, sugammadex)", "Spinal anaesthesia – level of block, complications (hypotension, PDPH)", "Epidural anaesthesia – indications, labour analgesia", "Regional nerve blocks – brachial plexus, femoral, sciatic", "Post-operative nausea and vomiting – risk factors, antiemetics", "Pain management – WHO analgesic ladder, multimodal", "Malignant hyperthermia – trigger agents, dantrolene", "Difficult airway – algorithm, LMA, cricothyroidotomy", "Mechanical ventilation – modes (CMV, SIMV, CPAP, PSV), PEEP", "ARDS – Berlin criteria, lung-protective ventilation", "Monitoring – pulse oximetry, capnography, BIS", "Local anaesthetic toxicity – CNS and CVS effects, lipid emulsion", "Paediatric anaesthesia – Ayre's T-piece, intubation differences", "Obstetric anaesthesia – physiological changes, spinal for LSCS", "Recovery room – Aldrete score, complications", ], } # ── PDF Generation ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── OUTPUT = "/tmp/workspace/neet-pg/NEET_PG_500_High_Yield_Topics.pdf" doc = SimpleDocTemplate(OUTPUT, pagesize=A4, rightMargin=2*cm, leftMargin=2*cm, topMargin=2.5*cm, bottomMargin=2.5*cm) styles = getSampleStyleSheet() title_style = ParagraphStyle('Title', parent=styles['Title'], fontSize=22, spaceAfter=6, textColor=colors.HexColor('#1a237e'), alignment=TA_CENTER) subtitle_style = ParagraphStyle('Subtitle', parent=styles['Normal'], fontSize=11, spaceAfter=20, textColor=colors.HexColor('#455a64'), alignment=TA_CENTER) subject_style = ParagraphStyle('Subject', parent=styles['Heading1'], fontSize=14, spaceBefore=14, spaceAfter=4, textColor=colors.white, backColor=colors.HexColor('#283593'), leftIndent=-8, rightIndent=-8, borderPad=6) topic_style = ParagraphStyle('Topic', parent=styles['Normal'], fontSize=9.5, leading=14, spaceAfter=1, leftIndent=12) note_style = ParagraphStyle('Note', parent=styles['Normal'], fontSize=8, textColor=colors.HexColor('#757575'), spaceAfter=20, alignment=TA_CENTER) story = [] # Cover story.append(Spacer(1, 1.5*cm)) story.append(Paragraph("🩺 NEET PG 2025-26", title_style)) story.append(Paragraph("500 Very High-Yield Must-Study Topics", subtitle_style)) story.append(HRFlowable(width="100%", thickness=2, color=colors.HexColor('#1a237e'), spaceAfter=10)) story.append(Paragraph("Organised by Subject | Compiled for Focused Revision", note_style)) story.append(Spacer(1, 0.5*cm)) # Stats row n_subjects = len(topics) n_topics = sum(len(v) for v in topics.values()) stats_data = [ [f"{n_subjects} Subjects", f"{n_topics} Topics", "All Core MBBS Subjects Covered"] ] stats_table = Table(stats_data, colWidths=[5.5*cm, 5.5*cm, 6.5*cm]) stats_table.setStyle(TableStyle([ ('BACKGROUND', (0,0), (-1,-1), colors.HexColor('#e8eaf6')), ('TEXTCOLOR', (0,0), (-1,-1), colors.HexColor('#283593')), ('FONTNAME', (0,0), (-1,-1), 'Helvetica-Bold'), ('FONTSIZE', (0,0), (-1,-1), 11), ('ALIGN', (0,0), (-1,-1), 'CENTER'), ('VALIGN', (0,0), (-1,-1), 'MIDDLE'), ('ROWBACKGROUNDS', (0,0), (-1,-1), [colors.HexColor('#e8eaf6')]), ('ROUNDEDCORNERS', [4, 4, 4, 4]), ('TOPPADDING', (0,0), (-1,-1), 10), ('BOTTOMPADDING', (0,0), (-1,-1), 10), ('BOX', (0,0), (-1,-1), 1, colors.HexColor('#3949ab')), ('INNERGRID', (0,0), (-1,-1), 0.5, colors.HexColor('#7986cb')), ])) story.append(stats_table) story.append(PageBreak()) # Topics counter = 1 for subject, topic_list in topics.items(): story.append(Paragraph(subject, subject_style)) story.append(Spacer(1, 4)) for topic in topic_list: text = f"<b>{counter}.</b> {topic}" story.append(Paragraph(text, topic_style)) counter += 1 story.append(Spacer(1, 8)) # Footer note story.append(HRFlowable(width="100%", thickness=1, color=colors.HexColor('#b0bec5'), spaceAfter=6)) story.append(Paragraph( "Topics curated from high-frequency NEET PG question analysis across all previous years. " "Revise each topic using standard textbooks (Harrison's, Robbins, Guyton, etc.).", note_style)) doc.build(story) print(f"PDF created: {OUTPUT}") print(f"Total topics: {n_topics}") PYEOF python3 /tmp/workspace/neet-pg/generate_pdf.py