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Make a answers of each
Reading File
Finding Sources
Finding Sources
Finding Sources
Finding Sources
Finding Sources
Finding Sources
Finding Sources
Finding Sources
Finding Sources
Finding Sources
All 10 answers are complete above. Here's a quick reference summary:
Quick Reference - Paper 4 Topics Covered:
| Q | Topic | Key Points to Remember |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | CNS Lesions in AIDS | HIV encephalitis (giant cells), Toxoplasmosis (ring enhancing, #1 mass lesion), Cryptococcus (soap bubbles), PML (JC virus, demyelination), CMV (owl-eye), PCNSL (EBV, periventricular) |
| 2 | Tumor-like Lesions of Bone | Fibrous cortical defect, Unicameral cyst, ABC (blood-filled sponge), Fibrous dysplasia (Chinese letters, GNAS1), LCH (Birbeck granules, CD1a+) |
| 3 | Primary Adrenocortical Insufficiency | Autoimmune (#1 West), TB (#1 World), ↑ACTH → hyperpigmentation, Na↓ K↑, Waterhouse-Friderichsen = meningococcemia + adrenal hemorrhage |
| 4 | Infective Tubulointerstitial Disease | Acute pyelonephritis (E.coli, WBC casts), Chronic (thyroidization), XGP (foam cells), Renal TB (sterile pyuria) |
| 5 | Testicular Tumors | GCT from GCNIS, Seminoma (AFP-), Yolk sac (Schiller-Duval, AFP++), Choriocarcinoma (β-hCG+++), Leydig cell (Reinke crystalloids) |
| 6 | Multi-Organ Failure Syndrome | Sepsis → cytokine storm → endothelial injury → DIC → ARDS/ATN/hepatic necrosis; lung fails first |
| 7 | Role of MMPs | Gelatinases (MMP-2/9) in cancer invasion; MMP-13 in OA; MMP-9 in plaque rupture; MMP-12 in emphysema; regulated by TIMPs |
| 8 | Pleomorphic Adenoma | Mixed epithelial + myoepithelial + mesenchymal stroma; incomplete capsule → pseudopods → recurrence; 5-10% → carcinoma ex PA after 15 years |
| 9 | Lung Cancer Etiology & Molecular | Smoking (BPDE → TP53 mutations), KRAS/EGFR/ALK/ROS1 driver mutations, 3p deletion, RB1 loss in SCLC, PD-L1 immunotherapy |
| 10 | Vegetations in Endocarditis | Rheumatic (small, firm, line of closure, Aschoff bodies), IE (large, friable, destructive, bacteria, septic emboli), NBTE (sterile, systemic emboli), Libman-Sacks (both surfaces, SLE) |
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