mkdir -p /home/daytona/workspace/dnb-questions && ls /home/daytona/workspace/dnb…

~/dnb-questions/generate_pdf.py

from reportlab.lib.pagesizes import A4
from reportlab.lib.styles import getSampleStyleSheet, ParagraphStyle
from reportlab.lib.units import cm
from reportlab.lib import colors
from reportlab.platypus import (
    SimpleDocTemplate, Paragraph, Spacer, PageBreak,
    HRFlowable, Table, TableStyle
)
from reportlab.lib.enums import TA_CENTER, TA_LEFT, TA_JUSTIFY
import datetime

OUTPUT_PATH = "/home/daytona/workspace/dnb-questions/DNB_Internal_Medicine_Question_Bank_2022_2025.pdf"

doc = SimpleDocTemplate(
    OUTPUT_PATH,
    pagesize=A4,
    rightMargin=2*cm, leftMargin=2*cm,
    topMargin=2*cm, bottomMargin=2*cm,
    title="DNB Internal Medicine Question Bank 2022–2025",
    author="DNB Exam Preparation"
)

styles = getSampleStyleSheet()

# Custom styles
title_style = ParagraphStyle(
    'CustomTitle', parent=styles['Title'],
    fontSize=22, textColor=colors.HexColor('#B22222'),
    spaceAfter=6, alignment=TA_CENTER, fontName='Helvetica-Bold'
)
subtitle_style = ParagraphStyle(
    'SubTitle', parent=styles['Normal'],
    fontSize=11, textColor=colors.HexColor('#444444'),
    spaceAfter=4, alignment=TA_CENTER
)
specialty_heading = ParagraphStyle(
    'SpecialtyHeading', parent=styles['Heading1'],
    fontSize=15, textColor=colors.white,
    backColor=colors.HexColor('#B22222'),
    spaceAfter=8, spaceBefore=14,
    leftIndent=6, rightIndent=6,
    fontName='Helvetica-Bold',
    borderPad=6
)
section_heading = ParagraphStyle(
    'SectionHeading', parent=styles['Heading2'],
    fontSize=12, textColor=colors.HexColor('#B22222'),
    spaceBefore=10, spaceAfter=4,
    fontName='Helvetica-Bold',
    borderWidth=0, borderColor=colors.HexColor('#B22222'),
)
year_heading = ParagraphStyle(
    'YearHeading', parent=styles['Normal'],
    fontSize=11, textColor=colors.HexColor('#2c2c8a'),
    spaceBefore=8, spaceAfter=3,
    fontName='Helvetica-Bold',
    backColor=colors.HexColor('#e8e8f8'),
    leftIndent=4, rightIndent=4,
    borderPad=3
)
question_style = ParagraphStyle(
    'Question', parent=styles['Normal'],
    fontSize=10, textColor=colors.HexColor('#1a1a1a'),
    spaceBefore=3, spaceAfter=2,
    leftIndent=12, fontName='Helvetica',
    leading=15
)
sub_style = ParagraphStyle(
    'SubQuestion', parent=styles['Normal'],
    fontSize=10, textColor=colors.HexColor('#222222'),
    spaceBefore=2, spaceAfter=1,
    leftIndent=24, fontName='Helvetica',
    leading=14
)
highlight_style = ParagraphStyle(
    'Highlight', parent=styles['Normal'],
    fontSize=9, textColor=colors.HexColor('#555555'),
    spaceBefore=2, spaceAfter=2,
    leftIndent=12, fontName='Helvetica-Oblique',
    leading=13
)
toc_style = ParagraphStyle(
    'TOCEntry', parent=styles['Normal'],
    fontSize=11, textColor=colors.HexColor('#1a1a1a'),
    spaceBefore=3, spaceAfter=3,
    leftIndent=12, fontName='Helvetica',
    leading=16
)

def q(text, marks=None):
    """Format a question line, optionally with marks."""
    if marks:
        return Paragraph(f"&bull; &nbsp; {text} <font color='#888888' size='9'>[{marks}]</font>", question_style)
    return Paragraph(f"&bull; &nbsp; {text}", question_style)

def sub(text):
    return Paragraph(text, sub_style)

def yr(year):
    return Paragraph(f"  {year}  ", year_heading)

def sec(text):
    return Paragraph(text, section_heading)

def sp(n=1):
    return Spacer(1, n * 0.25 * cm)

def hr():
    return HRFlowable(width="100%", thickness=0.5, color=colors.HexColor('#cccccc'), spaceAfter=4, spaceBefore=4)

def specialty(text):
    return Paragraph(f"  {text}  ", specialty_heading)

story = []

# ─── COVER PAGE ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
story.append(Spacer(1, 3*cm))
story.append(Paragraph("DNB Internal Medicine", title_style))
story.append(Paragraph("Complete Question Bank", title_style))
story.append(Spacer(1, 0.5*cm))
story.append(HRFlowable(width="60%", thickness=2, color=colors.HexColor('#B22222'), spaceAfter=8, hAlign='CENTER'))
story.append(Spacer(1, 0.3*cm))
story.append(Paragraph("Long Questions &amp; Short Questions", subtitle_style))
story.append(Paragraph("2022 – 2025", subtitle_style))
story.append(Spacer(1, 0.4*cm))
story.append(Paragraph("Neurology &bull; Cardiology &bull; Gastroenterology &amp; Hepatology", subtitle_style))
story.append(Paragraph("Nephrology &bull; Hematology &bull; Oncology &bull; Infectious Diseases", subtitle_style))
story.append(Paragraph("Endocrinology &bull; Rheumatology &bull; Immunology &bull; Respiratory Medicine", subtitle_style))
story.append(Paragraph("Toxicology &bull; Recent Advances", subtitle_style))
story.append(Spacer(1, 1*cm))
story.append(HRFlowable(width="60%", thickness=1, color=colors.HexColor('#cccccc'), spaceAfter=8, hAlign='CENTER'))
story.append(Paragraph(f"Compiled: {datetime.date.today().strftime('%B %Y')}", subtitle_style))
story.append(PageBreak())

# ─── TABLE OF CONTENTS ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
story.append(Paragraph("Table of Contents", specialty_heading))
story.append(sp())
toc_items = [
    ("1.", "Neurology"),
    ("2.", "Cardiology"),
    ("3.", "Gastroenterology & Hepatology"),
    ("4.", "Nephrology"),
    ("5.", "Hematology"),
    ("6.", "Oncology"),
    ("7.", "Infectious Diseases"),
    ("8.", "Endocrinology"),
    ("9.", "Rheumatology"),
    ("10.", "Immunology"),
    ("11.", "Respiratory Medicine"),
    ("12.", "Toxicology"),
    ("13.", "Recent Advances"),
]
for num, name in toc_items:
    story.append(Paragraph(f"<b>{num}</b> &nbsp;&nbsp; {name}", toc_style))
story.append(PageBreak())

# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
# 1. NEUROLOGY
# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
story.append(specialty("1.  NEUROLOGY"))
story.append(sp())

story.append(sec("LONG QUESTIONS"))
story.append(hr())

story.append(yr("2025"))
story.append(q("Discuss the clinical features, diagnosis, differential diagnosis and treatment of myasthenia gravis.", "2+2+2+4"))
story.append(sp())
story.append(q("a) Describe etiopathogenesis and clinical presentation of Parkinson's disease.", "5"))
story.append(sub("b) Write about management of drug-induced parkinsonism. [2]"))
story.append(sub("c) Write red flag signs for Parkinson's disease. [3]"))
story.append(sp())
story.append(q("a) Enumerate the ICHD-3 classification of headache disorders.", "2"))
story.append(sub("b) Outline a systematic diagnostic approach to a patient with new-onset headache. [3]"))
story.append(sub("c) Describe the red-flag features and initial investigations for secondary headache. [5]"))
story.append(sp())
story.append(q("a) Enumerate the inclusion and exclusion criteria for IV alteplase (tPA) therapy in ischemic stroke.", "5"))
story.append(sub("b) Discuss the principles, timing, and outcomes of mechanical thrombectomy. [5]"))
story.append(sp())
story.append(q("a) Draw and label a detailed cross-section of the midbrain at the level of the superior colliculus.", "5"))
story.append(sub("b) Describe the clinical features of major midbrain stroke syndromes. [5]"))

story.append(yr("2024"))
story.append(q("Describe the classification of autoimmune encephalitis in adults. Discuss the diagnosis of autoimmune encephalitis. Briefly discuss its treatment."))
story.append(q("Management of Acute Ischemic Stroke. Outline the strategies to prevent recurrence of Ischemic Stroke."))
story.append(q("Enumerate causes of reversible dementias. Discuss the recent advances in the management of Alzheimer's disease."))
story.append(q("Describe any three Midbrain Syndromes."))
story.append(q("Describe the neurological findings helpful in localization of lesion in nervous system."))

story.append(yr("2023"))
story.append(q("Describe the plantar response and draw a labelled diagram of its reflex arc. Discuss the abnormalities observed in the plantar response with their causes."))
story.append(q("How do you approach a case of coma? Discuss the aetio-pathogenesis of coma. Outline the established criteria of brain death."))
story.append(q("What is cerebral venous thrombosis? Discuss the clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of cerebral venous thrombosis in a pregnant woman."))
story.append(q("Write briefly about drug induced movement disorders. Discuss clinical features and management of Parkinsonism."))
story.append(q("Enumerate causes of reversible dementias. Discuss the recent advances in the management of Alzheimer's disease."))
story.append(q("Draw neat labelled diagram of axial section of mid brain. Describe any Three midbrain syndromes."))

story.append(yr("2022"))
story.append(q("Draw neat labelled diagram of axial section of mid brain. Describe any Three midbrain syndromes."))
story.append(q("Neurological findings helpful in localization of lesion in nervous system."))
story.append(q("AIDS-associated myelopathy."))

story.append(sp(2))
story.append(sec("SHORT QUESTIONS"))
story.append(hr())

story.append(yr("2025"))
for item in [
    ("Midbrain cross-section at superior colliculus", "5"),
    ("Major midbrain stroke syndromes", "5"),
    ("Drug-induced parkinsonism", "2"),
    ("Red flag signs for Parkinson disease", "3"),
    ("ICHD-3 classification of headache disorders", "2"),
    ("Diagnostic approach to new-onset headache", "3"),
    ("Red flag features of secondary headache", "5"),
    ("Inclusion and exclusion criteria for IV alteplase", "5"),
    ("Mechanical thrombectomy – principles and outcomes", "5"),
]:
    story.append(q(item[0], item[1]))

story.append(yr("2024"))
for item in [
    ("Neurological localization of lesion", "5"),
    ("AIDS-associated myelopathy", "5"),
    ("Causes of reversible dementia", "5"),
    ("Recent advances in Alzheimer's disease", "5"),
    ("Midbrain syndromes", "5"),
]:
    story.append(q(item[0], item[1]))

story.append(yr("2023"))
for item in [
    ("Reflex arc of plantar response", "5"),
    ("Abnormal plantar responses and causes", "5"),
    ("Drug-induced movement disorders", "4"),
    ("Clinical features of Parkinsonism", "3"),
    ("Management of Parkinsonism", "3"),
]:
    story.append(q(item[0], item[1]))

story.append(yr("2022"))
for item in [
    ("Localization of lesion in nervous system", "5"),
    ("Midbrain syndromes", "5"),
    ("AIDS-associated myelopathy", "5"),
]:
    story.append(q(item[0], item[1]))

story.append(PageBreak())

# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
# 2. CARDIOLOGY
# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
story.append(specialty("2.  CARDIOLOGY"))
story.append(sp())

story.append(sec("LONG QUESTIONS"))
story.append(hr())

story.append(yr("2025"))
story.append(q("a) Define hypertriglyceridemia and classify it according to fasting serum triglyceride levels.", "2"))
story.append(sub("b) Describe the genetic and secondary causes of hypertriglyceridemia, citing key molecular mechanisms. [3]"))
story.append(sub("c) Describe the role of coronary calcium scoring and CT angiography. [5]"))
story.append(sp())
story.append(q("a) Explain the Frank-Starling mechanism of the heart and its clinical relevance in heart failure.", "5"))
story.append(sub("b) Describe the determinants of cardiac output and their regulation. [5]"))
story.append(sp())
story.append(q("a) Write about viral myocarditis.", "5"))
story.append(sub("b) Write a note on Takotsubo cardiomyopathy. [5]"))
story.append(sp())
story.append(q("a) What are the causes of dilated cardiomyopathy?", "3"))
story.append(sub("b) Discuss the diagnosis and management of dilated cardiomyopathy. [2+5]"))

story.append(yr("2024"))
story.append(q("a) Enumerate the causes of secondary Hypertension.", "3"))
story.append(sub("b) Outline the approach to a patient with resistant HTN. [7]"))
story.append(sp())
story.append(q("a) Define asymptomatic LV dysfunction (ASLVD) and its pathogenesis.", "1+3"))
story.append(sub("b) Outline the protocol for its screening. [3]"))
story.append(sub("c) Discuss the role of SGLT2 inhibitors and device therapy in ASLVD. [3]"))
story.append(sp())
story.append(q("a) Iatrogenic injuries during Percutaneous Coronary Intervention.", "5"))
story.append(sub("b) Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors. [5]"))
story.append(sp())
story.append(q("a) Sudden cardiac death: Definition, risk factors and secondary preventions.", "1+2+2"))
story.append(sub("b) Describe management of inflight medical events on commercial airlines. [5]"))
story.append(sp())
story.append(q("a) Describe the causes of Atrial Fibrillation (AF).", "3"))
story.append(sub("b) Discuss the strategies of management of AF. [4]"))
story.append(sub("c) Outline the recent advances on Pulsed Field Ablation system for AF. [3]"))

story.append(yr("2023"))
story.append(q("Discuss the etiology, clinical & electrocardiographic features, and management of hyperkalemia.", "3+3+4"))
story.append(q("a) What is re-entry? Explain and discuss with diagrams the role of re-entry in cardiac arrhythmias.", "5"))
story.append(sub("b) Describe the management of atrial fibrillation. [5]"))
story.append(q("What are acute coronary syndromes? Discuss the management and complications of ST elevation myocardial infarction."))
story.append(q("Classify angiotensin receptor blockers. Discuss their mechanism of action, indications and side effects."))

story.append(yr("2022"))
story.append(q("a) Pathogenesis of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia.", "5"))
story.append(sub("b) Pathophysiology and management of orthostatic hypotension. [5]"))
story.append(q("Classify cardiomyopathies and list its genetic aetiology. How will you evaluate these patients and differentiate between them on the basis of clinical features?"))
story.append(q("Discuss the risk factors, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary thromboembolism."))

story.append(sp(2))
story.append(sec("SHORT QUESTIONS"))
story.append(hr())

story.append(yr("2025"))
for item in [
    ("Coronary calcium scoring and CT angiography", "5"),
    ("Frank-Starling mechanism of heart", "5"),
    ("Determinants of cardiac output and regulation", "5"),
    ("Viral myocarditis", "5"),
    ("Takotsubo cardiomyopathy", "5"),
]:
    story.append(q(item[0], item[1]))

story.append(yr("2024"))
for item in [
    ("Causes of secondary hypertension", "3"),
    ("Define asymptomatic LV dysfunction (ASLVD)", "1"),
    ("Pathogenesis of ASLVD", "3"),
    ("Screening protocol for ASLVD", "3"),
    ("SGLT2 inhibitors in ASLVD", "3"),
    ("Device therapy in ASLVD", "3"),
    ("Iatrogenic injuries during PCI", "5"),
    ("PCSK9 inhibitors", "5"),
    ("Sudden cardiac death – definition", "1"),
    ("Risk factors for sudden cardiac death", "2"),
    ("Secondary prevention of sudden cardiac death", "2"),
    ("Causes of atrial fibrillation", "3"),
    ("Pulsed field ablation system for AF", "3"),
]:
    story.append(q(item[0], item[1]))

story.append(yr("2023"))
for item in [
    ("Re-entry in cardiac arrhythmias", "5"),
    ("Management of atrial fibrillation", "5"),
    ("Etiology of hyperkalemia", "3"),
    ("ECG features of hyperkalemia", "3"),
    ("Management of hyperkalemia", "4"),
]:
    story.append(q(item[0], item[1]))

story.append(yr("2022"))
for item in [
    ("Pathogenesis of PSVT", "5"),
    ("Orthostatic hypotension – pathophysiology and management", "5"),
]:
    story.append(q(item[0], item[1]))

story.append(PageBreak())

# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
# 3. GASTROENTEROLOGY & HEPATOLOGY
# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
story.append(specialty("3.  GASTROENTEROLOGY & HEPATOLOGY"))
story.append(sp())

story.append(sec("LONG QUESTIONS"))
story.append(hr())

story.append(yr("2025"))
story.append(q("a) What is the composition and function of the fecal microbiota?", "3"))
story.append(sub("b) What is fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) and what are the current indications and contraindications for FMT? [3]"))
story.append(sub("c) Describe the techniques used in FMT and future perspectives of fecal microbiota therapy. [4]"))
story.append(sp())
story.append(q("a) Pathogenesis in alcohol liver disease (ALD).", "5"))
story.append(sub("b) Describe the diagnostic approach to ALD. [3]"))
story.append(sub("c) Mention prognostic scoring systems used in ALD. [2]"))
story.append(sp())
story.append(q("a) What are hepatic porphyrias?", "3"))
story.append(sub("b) Discuss the clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of acute intermittent porphyrias. [2+3+2]"))

story.append(yr("2024"))
story.append(q("Enumerate the complications of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). Discuss the treatment of severe Ulcerative Colitis. Enumerate the novel drugs for the management of IBD."))
story.append(q("a) Clinical and biochemical assessment of nutrition in acute care settings.", "3+2"))
story.append(sub("b) Parenteral Nutrition therapy. [5]"))

story.append(yr("2023"))
story.append(q("How do you diagnose irritable bowel syndrome? Discuss its management."))
story.append(q("Discuss the pathophysiology of metabolic (dysfunction)-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). How do you prevent and treat MAFLD?"))
story.append(q("Write briefly about small bowel endoscopy."))
story.append(q("Enteral nutrition. Enteral versus Parenteral nutrition."))

story.append(yr("2022"))
story.append(q("Enumerate the causes of and discuss the approach to the management of a patient with haematemesis."))
story.append(q("Enumerate the causes of acute pancreatitis. Discuss the clinical manifestations and management of a patient with acute pancreatitis."))
story.append(q("List the conditions that present with fever and jaundice. Describe the approach to the diagnosis of a patient with fever and jaundice."))
story.append(q("Gut hormones."))
story.append(q("Diagnostic tests for Helicobacter pylori infection."))

story.append(sp(2))
story.append(sec("SHORT QUESTIONS"))
story.append(hr())

story.append(yr("2025"))
for item in [
    ("Composition of fecal microbiota", "3"),
    ("Functions of fecal microbiota", "3"),
    ("Indications of FMT", "3"),
    ("Contraindications of FMT", "3"),
    ("Techniques of FMT", "4"),
    ("Future perspectives of FMT", "4"),
    ("Diagnostic approach to alcoholic liver disease", "3"),
    ("Prognostic scoring systems in ALD", "2"),
    ("Hepatic porphyrias", "3"),
]:
    story.append(q(item[0], item[1]))

story.append(yr("2024"))
for item in [
    ("Complications of IBD", "3"),
    ("Novel drugs in IBD", "3"),
    ("Clinical nutritional assessment", "5"),
    ("Parenteral nutrition", "5"),
]:
    story.append(q(item[0], item[1]))

story.append(yr("2023"))
for item in [
    ("Small bowel endoscopy", "10"),
    ("Diagnosis of IBS", "5"),
    ("Management of IBS", "5"),
    ("MAFLD pathophysiology", "5"),
    ("Prevention and treatment of MAFLD", "5"),
]:
    story.append(q(item[0], item[1]))

story.append(yr("2022"))
for item in [
    ("Gut hormones", "5"),
    ("Diagnostic tests for H. pylori", "5"),
    ("Causes of hematemesis", "5"),
    ("Causes of acute pancreatitis", "5"),
    ("Causes of fever with jaundice", "5"),
]:
    story.append(q(item[0], item[1]))

story.append(PageBreak())

# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
# 4. NEPHROLOGY
# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
story.append(specialty("4.  NEPHROLOGY"))
story.append(sp())

story.append(sec("LONG QUESTIONS"))
story.append(hr())

story.append(yr("2025"))
story.append(q("a) Explain the immunopathologic mechanisms of antiglomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) disease.", "5"))
story.append(sub("b) Describe the principles and timing of plasmapheresis and immunosuppressive therapy. [5]"))
story.append(sp())
story.append(q("How do you approach a case of urethritis in men? Discuss its management in men.", "5+5"))

story.append(yr("2024"))
story.append(q("Discuss the etio-pathogenesis, clinical manifestations and treatment of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD)."))
story.append(q("Describe the etiology and diagnosis of renal tubular acidosis."))
story.append(q("a) Describe the functions of loop of Henle.", "4"))
story.append(sub("b) Enumerate inherited disorders involving the Loop of Henle. [3]"))
story.append(sub("c) Add a note on Bartter's Syndrome. [3]"))

story.append(yr("2023"))
story.append(q("Describe the various types of renal replacement therapy. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each modality."))
story.append(q("List the causes of recurrent urinary tract infection. Describe its clinical features, evaluation and treatment."))
story.append(q("a) Estimation of Glomerular filtration rate.", "5"))
story.append(sub("b) Pathophysiology of Diabetic kidney disease. [5]"))

story.append(yr("2022"))
story.append(q("Describe the different types of renal replacement therapy. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each modality.", "5+5"))
story.append(q("List the causes of recurrent urinary tract infection. Describe its clinical features, evaluation and treatment.", "2+(2+3+3)"))
story.append(q("Discuss the etio-pathogenesis, clinical manifestations and treatment of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease."))

story.append(sp(2))
story.append(sec("SHORT QUESTIONS"))
story.append(hr())

story.append(yr("2025"))
for item in [
    ("Immunopathogenesis of Anti-GBM disease", "5"),
    ("Plasmapheresis in Anti-GBM disease", "5"),
]:
    story.append(q(item[0], item[1]))

story.append(yr("2024"))
for item in [
    ("Functions of Loop of Henle", "4"),
    ("Inherited disorders of Loop of Henle", "3"),
    ("Bartter syndrome", "3"),
]:
    story.append(q(item[0], item[1]))

story.append(yr("2023"))
for item in [
    ("Estimation of GFR", "5"),
    ("Pathophysiology of diabetic kidney disease", "5"),
]:
    story.append(q(item[0], item[1]))

story.append(yr("2022"))
for item in [
    ("Estimation of GFR", "5"),
    ("Recurrent UTI – causes", "2"),
    ("Recurrent UTI – evaluation", "3"),
    ("Recurrent UTI – treatment", "3"),
]:
    story.append(q(item[0], item[1]))

story.append(PageBreak())

# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
# 5. HEMATOLOGY
# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
story.append(specialty("5.  HEMATOLOGY"))
story.append(sp())

story.append(sec("LONG QUESTIONS"))
story.append(hr())

story.append(yr("2025"))
story.append(q("a) Describe clinical manifestations and management of hemophilia.", "3+2"))
story.append(sub("b) Write about recent advances in the management of hemophilia. [5]"))
story.append(sp())
story.append(q("a) Outline the mechanism of Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy.", "5"))
story.append(sub("b) Enumerate its indications, efficacy, and complications in hematologic malignancies. [5]"))

story.append(yr("2024"))
story.append(q("Discuss the approach to a patient with Pancytopenia. Discuss the management of Aplastic Anaemia."))
story.append(q("Describe the physiologic basis of red cell production. Enumerate the etiology and discuss the evaluation of Hypoproliferative Anemia."))
story.append(q("a) Write briefly on blood component therapy.", "5"))
story.append(sub("b) Artificial oxygen carriers. [5]"))

story.append(yr("2023"))
story.append(q("Describe the biochemical and physiological basis of clinical features and complications seen in patients with haemolytic anemia."))
story.append(q("Discuss the clinical features of Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria (PNH)."))
story.append(q("Enumerate the various iron overload states. Discuss the pathophysiology, diagnosis, clinical features and management of hemochromatosis."))
story.append(q("Classify plasma cell disorders. Discuss clinical features, diagnosis and management of multiple myeloma."))

story.append(yr("2022"))
story.append(q("Describe the physiology of iron absorption and transport in the body. Discuss the diagnosis of iron deficiency and adverse effects of treatment with iron preparations."))
story.append(q("Discuss mechanism of Hemoglobin degradation."))
story.append(q("Pathogenesis and diagnostic tests for hypercoagulable state."))

story.append(sp(2))
story.append(sec("SHORT QUESTIONS"))
story.append(hr())

story.append(yr("2025"))
for item in [
    ("Clinical manifestations of hemophilia", "3"),
    ("Management of hemophilia", "2"),
    ("Recent advances in hemophilia", "5"),
    ("CAR-T mechanism", "5"),
    ("CAR-T indications and complications", "5"),
]:
    story.append(q(item[0], item[1]))

story.append(yr("2024"))
for item in [
    ("Blood component therapy", "5"),
    ("Artificial oxygen carriers", "5"),
]:
    story.append(q(item[0], item[1]))

story.append(yr("2023"))
story.append(q("Clinical features of PNH", "5"))

story.append(yr("2022"))
for item in [
    ("Hemoglobin degradation", "5"),
    ("Hypercoagulable states", "5"),
]:
    story.append(q(item[0], item[1]))

story.append(PageBreak())

# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
# 6. ONCOLOGY
# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
story.append(specialty("6.  ONCOLOGY"))
story.append(sp())

story.append(sec("LONG QUESTIONS"))
story.append(hr())

story.append(yr("2025"))
story.append(q("a) Describe the genetic and molecular mechanisms involved in carcinogenesis.", "5"))
story.append(sub("b) Describe the role of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes with suitable examples. [5]"))
story.append(sp())
story.append(q("a) Outline oncological emergencies.", "3"))
story.append(sub("b) Mention key signs/symptoms and management principles of oncological emergencies. [3+4]"))
story.append(sp())
story.append(q("a) Outline the mechanism of Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy.", "5"))
story.append(sub("b) Enumerate its indications, efficacy, and complications in hematologic malignancies. [5]"))

story.append(yr("2022 (Related Topics)"))
for item in [
    "Single gene disorders",
    "Gene therapy",
    "Stem cell transplantation",
    "Novel vaccine approaches",
]:
    story.append(q(item))

story.append(sp(2))
story.append(sec("SHORT QUESTIONS"))
story.append(hr())

story.append(yr("2025"))
for item in [
    ("Genetic and molecular mechanisms involved in carcinogenesis", "5"),
    ("Role of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes", "5"),
    ("Oncological emergencies – outline", "3"),
    ("Clinical features of oncological emergencies", "3"),
    ("Management principles of oncological emergencies", "4"),
    ("CAR-T cell therapy mechanism", "5"),
    ("CAR-T indications, efficacy and complications", "5"),
]:
    story.append(q(item[0], item[1]))

story.append(PageBreak())

# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
# 7. INFECTIOUS DISEASES
# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
story.append(specialty("7.  INFECTIOUS DISEASES"))
story.append(sp())

story.append(sec("LONG QUESTIONS"))
story.append(hr())

story.append(yr("2025"))
story.append(q("a) Describe the physiologic and immunologic changes in pregnancy that predispose to infections.", "5"))
story.append(sub("b) Describe the general principles of antimicrobial use and contraindicated drugs during pregnancy. [5]"))
story.append(sp())
story.append(q("a) What is bioterrorism and what are the common biological agents used in bioterrorism?", "3"))
story.append(sub("b) What are the clinical features and diagnosis of major bioterrorism-related infections? [3]"))
story.append(sub("c) How is bioterrorism prevented and controlled? What are the public health preparedness and response measures? [2+2]"))
story.append(sp())
story.append(q("a) Recent guidelines suggested by National Tuberculosis Elimination Program (NTEP).", "5"))
story.append(sub("b) Newer antituberculosis drugs with their side effects. [5]"))

story.append(yr("2024"))
story.append(q("a) Enumerate the viral agents causing haemorrhagic fever.", "3"))
story.append(sub("b) Describe the clinical features and management of Dengue fever. [3+4]"))
story.append(sp())
story.append(q("a) Discuss the pathogenesis of tetanus and enumerate the risk factors for adult tetanus.", "3+2"))
story.append(sub("b) Outline the management of tetanus and tetanus prevention. [5]"))
story.append(sp())
story.append(q("a) Describe the criteria for diagnosis of infective endocarditis.", "4"))
story.append(sub("b) Discuss in brief the etiology, complications and management of right sided infective endocarditis. [2+2+2]"))
story.append(q("Describe the pulmonary manifestations of HIV infection."))
story.append(q("Write about pathobiology, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of Cryptococcal disease."))
story.append(q("Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in immunocompromised host."))

story.append(yr("2023"))
story.append(q("Describe the pulmonary manifestations of HIV infection."))
story.append(q("Write about pathobiology, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of Cryptococcal disease."))
story.append(q("Mucormycosis: Etiopathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis and management."))
story.append(q("Nipah Virus Infection: Epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis and prevention."))
story.append(q("ART drugs and their mechanism of action."))
story.append(q("MDR-TB: Mechanism, diagnosis and management."))

story.append(yr("2022"))
story.append(q("Infective Endocarditis: Etiology, diagnosis, complications and management."))
story.append(q("Mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance."))
story.append(q("Antimicrobial stewardship: Principles and implementation."))

story.append(sp(2))
story.append(sec("SHORT QUESTIONS"))
story.append(hr())

story.append(yr("2025"))
for item in [
    ("NTEP recent guidelines", "5"),
    ("New anti-TB drugs and side effects", "5"),
    ("Physiological changes in pregnancy predisposing to infection", "5"),
    ("Antimicrobial use in pregnancy", "5"),
]:
    story.append(q(item[0], item[1]))

story.append(yr("2024"))
for item in [
    ("Viral hemorrhagic fever viruses", "3"),
    ("Dengue – clinical features", "3"),
    ("Dengue – management", "4"),
    ("Duke criteria for infective endocarditis", "4"),
]:
    story.append(q(item[0], item[1]))

story.append(yr("2023"))
for item in [
    ("ART drugs and mechanism", "5"),
    ("MDR-TB diagnosis and management", "5"),
    ("Pulmonary manifestations of HIV", "5"),
]:
    story.append(q(item[0], item[1]))

story.append(yr("2022"))
for item in [
    ("Antimicrobial resistance", "5"),
    ("Antimicrobial stewardship", "5"),
]:
    story.append(q(item[0], item[1]))

story.append(PageBreak())

# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
# 8. ENDOCRINOLOGY
# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
story.append(specialty("8.  ENDOCRINOLOGY"))
story.append(sp())

story.append(sec("LONG QUESTIONS"))
story.append(hr())

story.append(yr("2025"))
story.append(q("a) Describe pathophysiology and clinical features of acromegaly.", "5"))
story.append(sub("b) Outline diagnostic tests and management for acromegaly. [5]"))
story.append(sp())
story.append(q("a) Classification of newer insulins.", "3"))
story.append(sub("b) What are the limitations of conventional insulin therapy? [3]"))
story.append(sub("c) Describe clinical advantages and safety considerations, and emerging technologies in insulin delivery. [4]"))
story.append(sp())
story.append(q("a) Define incretins and explain their physiological role in glucose homeostasis.", "2"))
story.append(sub("b) Describe the mechanisms of action of incretin hormones. [2]"))
story.append(sub("c) Classify incretin-based therapies. [2]"))
story.append(sub("d) Discuss their clinical benefits and recent developments. [4]"))

story.append(yr("2024"))
story.append(q("a) Describe briefly hormonal feedback regulatory systems.", "2"))
story.append(sub("b) Outline the causes, clinical features and treatment of hyperprolactinemia. [3+3+2]"))
story.append(sp())
story.append(q("a) Discuss Magnesium metabolism.", "3"))
story.append(sub("b) Discuss the causes, clinical manifestations and treatment of Hypomagnesemia. [3+2+2]"))
story.append(sp())
story.append(q("a) Discuss Incretin-Based Therapy.", "5"))
story.append(sub("b) Write in brief about the diagnosis and treatment of Gestational Diabetes. [2+3]"))
story.append(sp())
story.append(q("a) Compare and contrast Intermittent Fasting versus Caloric Restriction.", "4"))
story.append(sub("b) Insulin Resistance – causes, diagnosis and treatment. [2+2+2]"))

story.append(yr("2023"))
story.append(q("Describe the various types of insulin delivery devices. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the various insulin delivery devices.", "4+6"))
story.append(q("a) Explain how pituitary gland orchestrates the complex regulatory functions of many other endocrine glands.", "4"))
story.append(sub("b) How do you approach a case of diabetes insipidus? Discuss its treatment. [3+3]"))
story.append(q("a) Enumerate causes of thyrotoxicosis.", "2"))
story.append(sub("b) Discuss pathophysiology, causes, laboratory evaluation and treatment of subacute thyroiditis. [2+2+2+2]"))
story.append(q("Discuss the clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of pheochromocytomas.", "3+4+3"))

story.append(yr("2022"))
story.append(q("a) Hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis.", "5"))
story.append(sub("b) Pathophysiology of Hyperosmolar Non-Ketotic coma. [5]"))
story.append(q("Describe the clinical features, investigations and treatment of a 30-year-old lady with a large multinodular goitre.", "3+3+4"))

story.append(sp(2))
story.append(sec("SHORT QUESTIONS"))
story.append(hr())

story.append(yr("2025"))
for item in [
    ("Classification of newer insulins", "3"),
    ("Limitations of conventional insulin therapy", "3"),
    ("Define incretins", "2"),
    ("Physiological role of incretins", "2"),
    ("Mechanism of action of incretin hormones", "2"),
    ("Classification of incretin-based therapies", "2"),
    ("Clinical benefits of incretin therapy", "4"),
    ("Recent developments in incretin therapy", "4"),
]:
    story.append(q(item[0], item[1]))

story.append(yr("2024"))
for item in [
    ("Hormonal feedback regulatory systems", "2"),
    ("Causes of hyperprolactinemia", "3"),
    ("Clinical features of hyperprolactinemia", "3"),
    ("Treatment of hyperprolactinemia", "2"),
    ("Magnesium metabolism", "3"),
    ("Causes of hypomagnesemia", "3"),
    ("Clinical manifestations of hypomagnesemia", "2"),
    ("Treatment of hypomagnesemia", "2"),
    ("Incretin-based therapy", "5"),
    ("Diagnosis of gestational diabetes", "2"),
    ("Treatment of gestational diabetes", "3"),
    ("Intermittent fasting vs caloric restriction", "4"),
    ("Causes of insulin resistance", "2"),
    ("Diagnosis of insulin resistance", "2"),
    ("Treatment of insulin resistance", "2"),
]:
    story.append(q(item[0], item[1]))

story.append(yr("2023"))
for item in [
    ("Types of insulin delivery devices", "4"),
    ("Advantages and disadvantages of insulin delivery devices", "6"),
    ("Pituitary regulation of endocrine glands", "4"),
    ("Causes of diabetes insipidus", "3"),
    ("Treatment of diabetes insipidus", "3"),
    ("Causes of thyrotoxicosis", "2"),
    ("Pathophysiology of subacute thyroiditis", "2"),
    ("Causes of subacute thyroiditis", "2"),
    ("Laboratory evaluation of subacute thyroiditis", "2"),
    ("Treatment of subacute thyroiditis", "2"),
]:
    story.append(q(item[0], item[1]))

story.append(yr("2022"))
for item in [
    ("HPA axis", "5"),
    ("Pathophysiology of Hyperosmolar Non-Ketotic Coma (HONK/HHS)", "5"),
    ("Clinical features of multinodular goitre", "3"),
    ("Investigations of multinodular goitre", "3"),
    ("Treatment of multinodular goitre", "4"),
]:
    story.append(q(item[0], item[1]))

story.append(PageBreak())

# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
# 9. RHEUMATOLOGY
# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
story.append(specialty("9.  RHEUMATOLOGY"))
story.append(sp())

story.append(sec("LONG QUESTIONS"))
story.append(hr())

story.append(yr("2025"))
story.append(q("a) Define crystallopathy and classify crystal-induced arthritis.", "5"))
story.append(sub("b) Describe the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management of gout as a prototype crystallopathy. [5]"))
story.append(sp())
story.append(q("a) Approach to diagnose a connective tissue disorder.", "5"))
story.append(sub("b) Clinical features and management of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). [5]"))
story.append(sp())
story.append(q("a) How will you differentiate between non-inflammatory and inflammatory arthritis?", "3"))
story.append(sub("b) ACR/EULAR classification criteria for diagnosis of systemic sclerosis. [3]"))
story.append(sub("c) Clinical features and management of scleroderma renal crisis. [2+2]"))

story.append(yr("2024"))
story.append(q("Discuss the pathogenesis of inflammatory polyarthritis. Role of ANA in rheumatological diseases. Describe the different ANA patterns and their interpretation.", "5+2+3"))
story.append(q("CNS manifestations of SLE."))
story.append(q("Define Refractory Rheumatoid Arthritis. Describe its management."))

story.append(yr("2023"))
story.append(q("Discuss the pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of systemic sclerosis."))

story.append(yr("2022"))
story.append(q("Discuss the clinical features, diagnosis and management of ankylosing spondylitis."))

story.append(sp(2))
story.append(sec("SHORT QUESTIONS"))
story.append(hr())

story.append(yr("2025"))
for item in [
    ("Classification of crystal-induced arthritis", "5"),
    ("Connective tissue disorder – diagnostic approach", "5"),
    ("Differentiate inflammatory and non-inflammatory arthritis", "3"),
    ("ACR/EULAR criteria for systemic sclerosis", "3"),
    ("Scleroderma renal crisis", "4"),
]:
    story.append(q(item[0], item[1]))

story.append(yr("2024"))
for item in [
    ("ANA in rheumatological diseases", "2"),
    ("ANA patterns and interpretation", "3"),
    ("CNS manifestations of SLE", "5"),
    ("Refractory rheumatoid arthritis", "1"),
]:
    story.append(q(item[0], item[1]))

story.append(yr("2023"))
for item in [
    ("Clinical features of systemic sclerosis", "3"),
    ("Diagnosis of systemic sclerosis", "3"),
    ("Treatment of systemic sclerosis", "4"),
]:
    story.append(q(item[0], item[1]))

story.append(yr("2022"))
for item in [
    ("Clinical features of ankylosing spondylitis", "3"),
    ("Diagnosis of ankylosing spondylitis", "3"),
    ("Management of ankylosing spondylitis", "4"),
]:
    story.append(q(item[0], item[1]))

story.append(PageBreak())

# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
# 10. IMMUNOLOGY
# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
story.append(specialty("10.  IMMUNOLOGY"))
story.append(sp())

story.append(sec("LONG QUESTIONS"))
story.append(hr())

story.append(yr("2025"))
story.append(q("a) Classify hypersensitivity reactions according to the Gell and Coombs classification.", "5"))
story.append(sub("b) Explain the immunopathogenesis and clinical relevance of Type III hypersensitivity reactions with examples. [5]"))
story.append(sp())
story.append(q("a) Describe the sequence of cellular events in acute inflammation.", "3"))
story.append(sub("b) Explain the role of cytokines and other mediators in the inflammatory response. [3]"))
story.append(sub("c) Discuss the pathogenesis and management principles of cytokine storm syndromes. [4]"))

story.append(yr("2022"))
for item in [
    "Toll-like receptors.",
    "Single gene disorders.",
    "Gene therapy.",
    "Stem cell transplantation.",
    "Novel vaccine approaches.",
]:
    story.append(q(item))

story.append(sp(2))
story.append(sec("SHORT QUESTIONS"))
story.append(hr())

story.append(yr("2025"))
for item in [
    ("Classification of hypersensitivity reactions", "5"),
    ("Type III hypersensitivity", "5"),
    ("Acute inflammation – cellular events", "3"),
    ("Cytokines and inflammatory mediators", "3"),
    ("Cytokine storm – pathogenesis and management", "4"),
]:
    story.append(q(item[0], item[1]))

story.append(yr("2022"))
for item in [
    ("Toll-like receptors", "5"),
    ("Single gene disorders", "5"),
    ("Gene therapy", "5"),
    ("Stem cell transplantation", "5"),
    ("Novel vaccine approaches", "5"),
]:
    story.append(q(item[0], item[1]))

story.append(PageBreak())

# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
# 11. RESPIRATORY MEDICINE
# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
story.append(specialty("11.  RESPIRATORY MEDICINE"))
story.append(sp())

story.append(sec("LONG QUESTIONS"))
story.append(hr())

story.append(yr("2025"))
story.append(q("a) How will you approach a case of dyspnoea?", "5"))
story.append(sub("b) Discuss the etiopathogenesis, differential diagnosis and management of lung abscess. [5]"))
story.append(sp())
story.append(q("a) Classify common interstitial lung diseases (ILDs).", "3"))
story.append(sub("b) Discuss the clinical features, diagnosis and management of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. [2+2+3]"))

story.append(yr("2024"))
story.append(q("Discuss the endocrine functions of the lung.", "5"))
story.append(q("Outline the role of Point of Care Ultrasonography (POCUS) in the evaluation of acute dyspnoea.", "5"))

story.append(yr("2023"))
story.append(q("Define brittle asthma. Discuss the pathophysiology and treatment of acute severe bronchial asthma."))
story.append(q("Discuss the aetiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of hypersensitivity pneumonitis."))
story.append(q("Describe the pulmonary manifestations of HIV infection."))
story.append(q("Write about pathobiology, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of Cryptococcal disease."))

story.append(yr("2022"))
story.append(q("Discuss the risk factors, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary thromboembolism."))

story.append(sp(2))
story.append(sec("SHORT QUESTIONS"))
story.append(hr())

story.append(yr("2025"))
for item in [
    ("Approach to dyspnoea", "5"),
    ("Classification of ILD", "3"),
    ("Clinical features of IPF", "2"),
    ("Diagnosis of IPF", "2"),
    ("Management of IPF", "3"),
]:
    story.append(q(item[0], item[1]))

story.append(yr("2024"))
for item in [
    ("Endocrine functions of lung", "5"),
    ("POCUS in acute dyspnoea", "5"),
]:
    story.append(q(item[0], item[1]))

story.append(yr("2023"))
for item in [
    ("Define brittle asthma", "3"),
    ("Pathophysiology of acute severe asthma", "3"),
    ("Treatment of acute severe asthma", "4"),
]:
    story.append(q(item[0], item[1]))

story.append(yr("2022"))
for item in [
    ("Risk factors for pulmonary thromboembolism", "2"),
    ("Clinical features of pulmonary thromboembolism", "3"),
    ("Diagnosis of pulmonary thromboembolism", "2"),
    ("Treatment of pulmonary thromboembolism", "3"),
]:
    story.append(q(item[0], item[1]))

story.append(PageBreak())

# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
# 12. TOXICOLOGY
# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
story.append(specialty("12.  TOXICOLOGY"))
story.append(sp())

story.append(sec("SHORT QUESTIONS"))
story.append(hr())

story.append(yr("2025"))
for item in [
    ("Snake envenomation", "5"),
    ("Antivenom therapy", "5"),
]:
    story.append(q(item[0], item[1]))

story.append(yr("2024"))
for item in [
    ("Heat stroke", "5"),
    ("Hyperbaric oxygen therapy", "5"),
]:
    story.append(q(item[0], item[1]))

story.append(yr("2022"))
for item in [
    ("Organophosphorus poisoning", "5"),
    ("Forced alkaline diuresis", "5"),
    ("Viper bite", "5"),
]:
    story.append(q(item[0], item[1]))

story.append(PageBreak())

# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
# 13. RECENT ADVANCES
# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
story.append(specialty("13.  RECENT ADVANCES"))
story.append(sp())

story.append(sec("SHORT QUESTIONS"))
story.append(hr())

story.append(yr("2025"))
for item in [
    ("Oncogenes", "5"),
    ("Tumor suppressor genes", "5"),
    ("Cytokines", "3"),
    ("Cytokine storm", "4"),
    ("Type III hypersensitivity", "5"),
    ("CAR-T therapy", "5"),
    ("Nanomedicine", "2"),
    ("Smart drugs", "2"),
    ("Nanocarriers", "2"),
    ("Next Generation Sequencing (NGS)", "5"),
    ("Genetic mutations in carcinogenesis", "5"),
]:
    story.append(q(item[0], item[1]))

story.append(yr("2024"))
for item in [
    ("Pulsed field ablation", "3"),
    ("SGLT2 inhibitors", "3"),
    ("Biosimilars", "5"),
    ("Epigenetic clock", "1"),
]:
    story.append(q(item[0], item[1]))

story.append(yr("2023"))
for item in [
    ("PCSK9 inhibitors", "5"),
    ("Incretin-based therapy", "5"),
    ("Artificial oxygen carriers", "5"),
    ("Ghrelin physiology", "5"),
]:
    story.append(q(item[0], item[1]))

story.append(yr("2022"))
for item in [
    ("Toll-like receptors", "5"),
    ("Single gene disorders", "5"),
    ("Gene therapy", "5"),
    ("Stem cell transplantation", "5"),
    ("Novel vaccine approaches", "5"),
]:
    story.append(q(item[0], item[1]))

# ─── FINAL PAGE: HIGH-YIELD SUMMARY ──────────────────────────────────────────
story.append(PageBreak())
story.append(specialty("MOST REPEATED TOPICS – QUICK REFERENCE"))
story.append(sp())

summary_data = [
    ["Specialty", "Top Repeated Topics"],
    ["Neurology", "Stroke, Parkinsonism, Midbrain Syndromes, Dementia, Coma/Brain Death"],
    ["Cardiology", "Atrial Fibrillation, Cardiomyopathy, Heart Failure, STEMI, Arrhythmias"],
    ["Gastroenterology", "IBD/UC, MAFLD, Acute Pancreatitis, Enteral/Parenteral Nutrition, FMT"],
    ["Nephrology", "Renal Replacement Therapy, ADPKD, Recurrent UTI, Diabetic Kidney Disease"],
    ["Hematology", "Pancytopenia/Aplastic Anemia, Multiple Myeloma, Iron Metabolism, Hemophilia"],
    ["Oncology", "Carcinogenesis, Oncological Emergencies, CAR-T Therapy"],
    ["Infectious Diseases", "TB/MDR-TB, HIV/ART, Cryptococcosis, Mucormycosis, Infective Endocarditis"],
    ["Endocrinology", "Diabetes/Insulin, Incretin Therapy, Acromegaly, Hyperprolactinemia, Pheochromocytoma"],
    ["Rheumatology", "Systemic Sclerosis, SLE, RA, Gout, Ankylosing Spondylitis"],
    ["Immunology", "Hypersensitivity, Cytokine Storm, Toll-like Receptors, Gene Therapy"],
    ["Respiratory", "Asthma, IPF/ILD, PTE, Lung Abscess, POCUS"],
    ["Toxicology", "Snake Bite, OP Poisoning, Heat Stroke"],
    ["Recent Advances", "CAR-T, NGS, Biosimilars, Pulsed Field Ablation, SGLT2 Inhibitors"],
]

table = Table(summary_data, colWidths=[4.5*cm, 13*cm])
table.setStyle(TableStyle([
    ('BACKGROUND', (0,0), (-1,0), colors.HexColor('#B22222')),
    ('TEXTCOLOR', (0,0), (-1,0), colors.white),
    ('FONTNAME', (0,0), (-1,0), 'Helvetica-Bold'),
    ('FONTSIZE', (0,0), (-1,0), 10),
    ('BACKGROUND', (0,1), (-1,-1), colors.HexColor('#fafafa')),
    ('ROWBACKGROUNDS', (0,1), (-1,-1), [colors.HexColor('#f5f5f5'), colors.white]),
    ('FONTNAME', (0,1), (-1,-1), 'Helvetica'),
    ('FONTSIZE', (0,1), (-1,-1), 9),
    ('GRID', (0,0), (-1,-1), 0.5, colors.HexColor('#cccccc')),
    ('VALIGN', (0,0), (-1,-1), 'TOP'),
    ('TOPPADDING', (0,0), (-1,-1), 5),
    ('BOTTOMPADDING', (0,0), (-1,-1), 5),
    ('LEFTPADDING', (0,0), (-1,-1), 6),
    ('RIGHTPADDING', (0,0), (-1,-1), 6),
    ('FONTNAME', (0,1), (0,-1), 'Helvetica-Bold'),
    ('TEXTCOLOR', (0,1), (0,-1), colors.HexColor('#B22222')),
]))
story.append(table)

story.append(sp(2))
story.append(HRFlowable(width="100%", thickness=1, color=colors.HexColor('#cccccc')))
story.append(sp())
story.append(Paragraph(
    "DNB Internal Medicine Question Bank 2022–2025 | Compiled for Exam Preparation",
    ParagraphStyle('Footer', parent=styles['Normal'], fontSize=8, textColor=colors.grey, alignment=TA_CENTER)
))

# ─── BUILD PDF ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
doc.build(story)
print(f"PDF generated successfully: {OUTPUT_PATH}")

python3 /home/daytona/workspace/dnb-questions/generate_pdf.py

ls -lh /home/daytona/workspace/dnb-questions/DNB_Internal_Medicine_Question_Bank…

ls -lh /home/daytona/workspace/dnb-questions/ && file /home/daytona/workspace/dn…

cp /home/daytona/workspace/dnb-questions/DNB_Internal_Medicine_Question_Bank_202…

cd /home/daytona/workspace && python3 -c " import base64 with open('DNB_Internal…

~/make_download.py

import base64

with open('/home/daytona/workspace/DNB_Internal_Medicine_Question_Bank_2022_2025.pdf', 'rb') as f:
    data = f.read()

b64 = base64.b64encode(data).decode()

html_parts = [
    '<!DOCTYPE html><html><head><title>DNB Download</title>',
    '<style>body{font-family:Arial;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;min-height:100vh;background:#f0f0f0;margin:0}',
    '.box{background:white;padding:40px;border-radius:12px;box-shadow:0 2px 16px rgba(0,0,0,.12);text-align:center;max-width:480px}',
    'h2{color:#B22222}p{color:#555;margin-bottom:24px}',
    'a.btn{background:#B22222;color:white;padding:14px 32px;border-radius:6px;text-decoration:none;font-size:16px;font-weight:bold;display:inline-block}',
    'a.btn:hover{background:#8B0000}</style></head><body><div class="box">',
    '<h2>DNB Internal Medicine</h2><h3>Question Bank 2022&#8211;2025</h3>',
    '<p>26 pages &bull; 13 Specialties &bull; Long &amp; Short Questions</p>',
    '<a class="btn" href="data:application/pdf;base64,',
    b64,
    '" download="DNB_Internal_Medicine_Question_Bank_2022_2025.pdf">&#11015; Download PDF</a>',
    '</div></body></html>'
]

html = ''.join(html_parts)

with open('/home/daytona/workspace/dnb_download.html', 'w') as f:
    f.write(html)

print(f"Done. PDF size: {len(data)} bytes, HTML size: {len(html)} bytes")

python3 /home/daytona/workspace/make_download.py

curl -s -F "file=@/home/daytona/workspace/DNB_Internal_Medicine_Question_Bank_20…

curl -s -F "file=@/home/daytona/workspace/DNB_Internal_Medicine_Question_Bank_20…

curl -sL -F "file=@/home/daytona/workspace/DNB_Internal_Medicine_Question_Bank_2…

curl -s -X POST "https://file.io/" -F "file=@/home/daytona/workspace/DNB_Interna…

# Try 0x0.st - simple no-frills file host curl -sL -F "file=@/home/daytona/works…

# Try transfer.sh with follow redirects curl -sL --upload-file /home/daytona/wor…

# Try catbox.moe - reliable file host curl -sL -F "reqtype=fileupload" -F "fileT…

# Try gofile properly SERVER=$(curl -s "https://api.gofile.io/servers" | python3…

~/dnb-questions/generate_html.py

#!/usr/bin/env python3
"""Generate a self-contained HTML file of all DNB questions - printable as PDF via browser."""

content = """<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>DNB Internal Medicine Question Bank 2022–2025</title>
<style>
  @import url('https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Inter:wght@400;600;700&display=swap');
  * { box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0; padding: 0; }
  body { font-family: Inter, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; color: #1a1a1a; background: #fff; line-height: 1.6; }

  .cover { display: flex; flex-direction: column; align-items: center; justify-content: center;
           min-height: 100vh; text-align: center; padding: 40px; page-break-after: always; }
  .cover h1 { font-size: 32px; color: #B22222; font-weight: 700; margin-bottom: 6px; }
  .cover h2 { font-size: 22px; color: #B22222; margin-bottom: 20px; }
  .cover .divider { width: 200px; height: 3px; background: #B22222; margin: 16px auto; }
  .cover .sub { font-size: 14px; color: #555; margin: 4px 0; }
  .cover .year { font-size: 18px; color: #333; font-weight: 600; margin-top: 10px; }
  .cover .date { font-size: 12px; color: #888; margin-top: 20px; }

  .toc { padding: 40px 50px; page-break-after: always; }
  .toc h2 { font-size: 20px; color: white; background: #B22222; padding: 10px 16px;
             border-radius: 4px; margin-bottom: 20px; }
  .toc ol { counter-reset: item; padding-left: 0; list-style: none; }
  .toc li { padding: 6px 0; font-size: 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #eee;
             display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 12px; }
  .toc li span.num { font-weight: 700; color: #B22222; min-width: 28px; }

  .specialty { padding: 36px 50px; page-break-before: always; }
  .specialty-header { background: #B22222; color: white; font-size: 17px; font-weight: 700;
                       padding: 10px 16px; border-radius: 4px; margin-bottom: 20px; letter-spacing: 0.5px; }
  .section-title { font-size: 13px; font-weight: 700; color: #B22222; text-transform: uppercase;
                    letter-spacing: 1px; margin: 20px 0 6px 0; border-bottom: 1.5px solid #B22222;
                    padding-bottom: 4px; }
  .year-label { display: inline-block; background: #e8e8f8; color: #2c2c8a; font-weight: 700;
                 font-size: 12px; padding: 3px 10px; border-radius: 3px; margin: 14px 0 6px 0; }
  .question { padding: 3px 0 3px 16px; position: relative; }
  .question::before { content: "•"; position: absolute; left: 4px; color: #B22222; }
  .marks { color: #888; font-size: 11px; margin-left: 4px; }
  .sub-q { padding: 2px 0 2px 32px; color: #333; }

  .summary-table { width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; margin-top: 16px; font-size: 12px; }
  .summary-table th { background: #B22222; color: white; padding: 8px 10px; text-align: left; }
  .summary-table td { padding: 7px 10px; border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd; vertical-align: top; }
  .summary-table tr:nth-child(even) td { background: #fafafa; }
  .summary-table td:first-child { font-weight: 600; color: #B22222; white-space: nowrap; }

  .footer { text-align: center; font-size: 11px; color: #aaa; padding: 20px;
             border-top: 1px solid #eee; margin-top: 30px; }

  @media print {
    .specialty { page-break-before: always; }
    .cover { page-break-after: always; }
    .toc { page-break-after: always; }
    body { font-size: 12px; }
    .specialty { padding: 20px 30px; }
    .cover { padding: 20px; }
    .toc { padding: 20px 30px; }
  }

  @page { margin: 1.5cm; size: A4; }
</style>
</head>
<body>

<!-- COVER -->
<div class="cover">
  <h1>DNB Internal Medicine</h1>
  <h2>Complete Question Bank</h2>
  <div class="divider"></div>
  <div class="sub" style="font-size:15px; font-weight:600; color:#333; margin:10px 0;">Long Questions &amp; Short Questions</div>
  <div class="year">2022 &ndash; 2025</div>
  <br>
  <div class="sub">Neurology &bull; Cardiology &bull; Gastroenterology &amp; Hepatology</div>
  <div class="sub">Nephrology &bull; Hematology &bull; Oncology &bull; Infectious Diseases</div>
  <div class="sub">Endocrinology &bull; Rheumatology &bull; Immunology &bull; Respiratory Medicine</div>
  <div class="sub">Toxicology &bull; Recent Advances</div>
  <div class="date">Compiled July 2026 &nbsp;|&nbsp; For DNB Exam Preparation</div>
</div>

<!-- TABLE OF CONTENTS -->
<div class="toc">
  <h2>Table of Contents</h2>
  <ol>
    <li><span class="num">1.</span> Neurology</li>
    <li><span class="num">2.</span> Cardiology</li>
    <li><span class="num">3.</span> Gastroenterology &amp; Hepatology</li>
    <li><span class="num">4.</span> Nephrology</li>
    <li><span class="num">5.</span> Hematology</li>
    <li><span class="num">6.</span> Oncology</li>
    <li><span class="num">7.</span> Infectious Diseases</li>
    <li><span class="num">8.</span> Endocrinology</li>
    <li><span class="num">9.</span> Rheumatology</li>
    <li><span class="num">10.</span> Immunology</li>
    <li><span class="num">11.</span> Respiratory Medicine</li>
    <li><span class="num">12.</span> Toxicology</li>
    <li><span class="num">13.</span> Recent Advances</li>
    <li><span class="num">14.</span> High-Yield Summary Table</li>
  </ol>
</div>

<!-- 1. NEUROLOGY -->
<div class="specialty">
  <div class="specialty-header">1. &nbsp; NEUROLOGY</div>

  <div class="section-title">Long Questions</div>

  <div class="year-label">2025</div>
  <div class="question">Discuss the clinical features, diagnosis, differential diagnosis and treatment of myasthenia gravis. <span class="marks">[2+2+2+4]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Describe etiopathogenesis and clinical presentation of Parkinson's disease. <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>
  <div class="sub-q">b) Write about management of drug-induced parkinsonism. [2]</div>
  <div class="sub-q">c) Write red flag signs for Parkinson's disease. [3]</div>
  <div class="question">Enumerate the ICHD-3 classification of headache disorders. <span class="marks">[2]</span></div>
  <div class="sub-q">b) Outline a systematic diagnostic approach to a patient with new-onset headache. [3]</div>
  <div class="sub-q">c) Describe the red-flag features and initial investigations for secondary headache. [5]</div>
  <div class="question">Enumerate the inclusion and exclusion criteria for IV alteplase (tPA) therapy in ischemic stroke. <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>
  <div class="sub-q">b) Discuss the principles, timing, and outcomes of mechanical thrombectomy. [5]</div>
  <div class="question">Draw and label a detailed cross-section of the midbrain at the level of the superior colliculus. <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>
  <div class="sub-q">b) Describe the clinical features of major midbrain stroke syndromes. [5]</div>

  <div class="year-label">2024</div>
  <div class="question">Describe the classification of autoimmune encephalitis in adults. Discuss the diagnosis of autoimmune encephalitis. Briefly discuss its treatment.</div>
  <div class="question">Management of Acute Ischemic Stroke. Outline the strategies to prevent recurrence of Ischemic Stroke.</div>
  <div class="question">Enumerate causes of reversible dementias. Discuss the recent advances in the management of Alzheimer's disease.</div>
  <div class="question">Describe any three Midbrain Syndromes.</div>
  <div class="question">Describe the neurological findings helpful in localization of lesion in nervous system.</div>

  <div class="year-label">2023</div>
  <div class="question">Describe the plantar response and draw a labelled diagram of its reflex arc. Discuss the abnormalities observed in the plantar response with their causes.</div>
  <div class="question">How do you approach a case of coma? Discuss the aetio-pathogenesis of coma. Outline the established criteria of brain death.</div>
  <div class="question">What is cerebral venous thrombosis? Discuss the clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of cerebral venous thrombosis in a pregnant woman.</div>
  <div class="question">Write briefly about drug induced movement disorders. Discuss clinical features and management of Parkinsonism.</div>
  <div class="question">Enumerate causes of reversible dementias. Discuss the recent advances in the management of Alzheimer's disease.</div>
  <div class="question">Draw neat labelled diagram of axial section of mid brain. Describe any Three midbrain syndromes.</div>

  <div class="year-label">2022</div>
  <div class="question">Draw neat labelled diagram of axial section of mid brain. Describe any Three midbrain syndromes.</div>
  <div class="question">Neurological findings helpful in localization of lesion in nervous system.</div>
  <div class="question">AIDS-associated myelopathy.</div>

  <div class="section-title">Short Questions</div>

  <div class="year-label">2025</div>
  <div class="question">Midbrain cross-section at superior colliculus <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Major midbrain stroke syndromes <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Drug-induced parkinsonism <span class="marks">[2]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Red flag signs for Parkinson disease <span class="marks">[3]</span></div>
  <div class="question">ICHD-3 classification of headache disorders <span class="marks">[2]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Diagnostic approach to new-onset headache <span class="marks">[3]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Red flag features of secondary headache <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Inclusion and exclusion criteria for IV alteplase <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Mechanical thrombectomy &ndash; principles and outcomes <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>

  <div class="year-label">2024</div>
  <div class="question">Neurological localization of lesion <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>
  <div class="question">AIDS-associated myelopathy <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Causes of reversible dementia <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Recent advances in Alzheimer's disease <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Midbrain syndromes <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>

  <div class="year-label">2023</div>
  <div class="question">Reflex arc of plantar response <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Abnormal plantar responses and causes <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Drug-induced movement disorders <span class="marks">[4]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Clinical features of Parkinsonism <span class="marks">[3]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Management of Parkinsonism <span class="marks">[3]</span></div>

  <div class="year-label">2022</div>
  <div class="question">Localization of lesion in nervous system <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Midbrain syndromes <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>
  <div class="question">AIDS-associated myelopathy <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>
</div>

<!-- 2. CARDIOLOGY -->
<div class="specialty">
  <div class="specialty-header">2. &nbsp; CARDIOLOGY</div>

  <div class="section-title">Long Questions</div>

  <div class="year-label">2025</div>
  <div class="question">Define hypertriglyceridemia and classify it according to fasting serum triglyceride levels. <span class="marks">[2]</span></div>
  <div class="sub-q">b) Describe the genetic and secondary causes of hypertriglyceridemia, citing key molecular mechanisms. [3]</div>
  <div class="sub-q">c) Describe the role of coronary calcium scoring and CT angiography. [5]</div>
  <div class="question">Explain the Frank-Starling mechanism of the heart and its clinical relevance in heart failure. <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>
  <div class="sub-q">b) Describe the determinants of cardiac output and their regulation. [5]</div>
  <div class="question">Write about viral myocarditis. <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>
  <div class="sub-q">b) Write a note on Takotsubo cardiomyopathy. [5]</div>
  <div class="question">What are the causes of dilated cardiomyopathy? <span class="marks">[3]</span></div>
  <div class="sub-q">b) Discuss the diagnosis and management of dilated cardiomyopathy. [2+5]</div>

  <div class="year-label">2024</div>
  <div class="question">Enumerate the causes of secondary Hypertension. <span class="marks">[3]</span></div>
  <div class="sub-q">b) Outline the approach to a patient with resistant HTN. [7]</div>
  <div class="question">Define asymptomatic LV dysfunction (ASLVD) and its pathogenesis. <span class="marks">[1+3]</span></div>
  <div class="sub-q">b) Outline the protocol for its screening. [3]</div>
  <div class="sub-q">c) Discuss the role of SGLT2 inhibitors and device therapy in ASLVD. [3]</div>
  <div class="question">Iatrogenic injuries during Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>
  <div class="sub-q">b) Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors. [5]</div>
  <div class="question">Sudden cardiac death: Definition, risk factors and secondary preventions. <span class="marks">[1+2+2]</span></div>
  <div class="sub-q">b) Describe management of inflight medical events on commercial airlines. [5]</div>
  <div class="question">Describe the causes of Atrial Fibrillation (AF). <span class="marks">[3]</span></div>
  <div class="sub-q">b) Discuss the strategies of management of AF. [4]</div>
  <div class="sub-q">c) Outline the recent advances on Pulsed Field Ablation system for AF. [3]</div>

  <div class="year-label">2023</div>
  <div class="question">Discuss the etiology, clinical &amp; electrocardiographic features, and management of hyperkalemia. <span class="marks">[3+3+4]</span></div>
  <div class="question">What is re-entry? Explain and discuss with diagrams the role of re-entry in cardiac arrhythmias. <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>
  <div class="sub-q">b) Describe the management of atrial fibrillation. [5]</div>
  <div class="question">What are acute coronary syndromes? Discuss the management and complications of ST elevation myocardial infarction.</div>
  <div class="question">Classify angiotensin receptor blockers. Discuss their mechanism of action, indications and side effects.</div>

  <div class="year-label">2022</div>
  <div class="question">Pathogenesis of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>
  <div class="sub-q">b) Pathophysiology and management of orthostatic hypotension. [5]</div>
  <div class="question">Classify cardiomyopathies and list its genetic aetiology. How will you evaluate these patients and differentiate between them on the basis of clinical features?</div>
  <div class="question">Discuss the risk factors, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary thromboembolism.</div>

  <div class="section-title">Short Questions</div>

  <div class="year-label">2025</div>
  <div class="question">Coronary calcium scoring and CT angiography <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Frank-Starling mechanism of heart <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Determinants of cardiac output and regulation <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Viral myocarditis <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Takotsubo cardiomyopathy <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>

  <div class="year-label">2024</div>
  <div class="question">Causes of secondary hypertension <span class="marks">[3]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Define asymptomatic LV dysfunction (ASLVD) <span class="marks">[1]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Pathogenesis of ASLVD <span class="marks">[3]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Screening protocol for ASLVD <span class="marks">[3]</span></div>
  <div class="question">SGLT2 inhibitors in ASLVD <span class="marks">[3]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Device therapy in ASLVD <span class="marks">[3]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Iatrogenic injuries during PCI <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>
  <div class="question">PCSK9 inhibitors <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Sudden cardiac death &ndash; definition <span class="marks">[1]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Risk factors for sudden cardiac death <span class="marks">[2]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Secondary prevention of sudden cardiac death <span class="marks">[2]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Causes of atrial fibrillation <span class="marks">[3]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Pulsed field ablation system for AF <span class="marks">[3]</span></div>

  <div class="year-label">2023</div>
  <div class="question">Re-entry in cardiac arrhythmias <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Management of atrial fibrillation <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Etiology of hyperkalemia <span class="marks">[3]</span></div>
  <div class="question">ECG features of hyperkalemia <span class="marks">[3]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Management of hyperkalemia <span class="marks">[4]</span></div>

  <div class="year-label">2022</div>
  <div class="question">Pathogenesis of PSVT <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Orthostatic hypotension &ndash; pathophysiology and management <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>
</div>

<!-- 3. GASTROENTEROLOGY -->
<div class="specialty">
  <div class="specialty-header">3. &nbsp; GASTROENTEROLOGY &amp; HEPATOLOGY</div>

  <div class="section-title">Long Questions</div>

  <div class="year-label">2025</div>
  <div class="question">What is the composition and function of the fecal microbiota? <span class="marks">[3]</span></div>
  <div class="sub-q">b) What is fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) and what are the current indications and contraindications for FMT? [3]</div>
  <div class="sub-q">c) Describe the techniques used in FMT and future perspectives of fecal microbiota therapy. [4]</div>
  <div class="question">Pathogenesis in alcohol liver disease (ALD). <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>
  <div class="sub-q">b) Describe the diagnostic approach to ALD. [3]</div>
  <div class="sub-q">c) Mention prognostic scoring systems used in ALD. [2]</div>
  <div class="question">What are hepatic porphyrias? <span class="marks">[3]</span></div>
  <div class="sub-q">b) Discuss the clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of acute intermittent porphyrias. [2+3+2]</div>

  <div class="year-label">2024</div>
  <div class="question">Enumerate the complications of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). Discuss the treatment of severe Ulcerative Colitis. Enumerate the novel drugs for the management of IBD.</div>
  <div class="question">Clinical and biochemical assessment of nutrition in acute care settings. <span class="marks">[3+2]</span></div>
  <div class="sub-q">b) Parenteral Nutrition therapy. [5]</div>

  <div class="year-label">2023</div>
  <div class="question">How do you diagnose irritable bowel syndrome? Discuss its management.</div>
  <div class="question">Discuss the pathophysiology of metabolic (dysfunction)-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). How do you prevent and treat MAFLD?</div>
  <div class="question">Write briefly about small bowel endoscopy.</div>
  <div class="question">Enteral nutrition. Enteral versus Parenteral nutrition.</div>

  <div class="year-label">2022</div>
  <div class="question">Enumerate the causes of and discuss the approach to the management of a patient with haematemesis.</div>
  <div class="question">Enumerate the causes of acute pancreatitis. Discuss the clinical manifestations and management of acute pancreatitis.</div>
  <div class="question">List the conditions that present with fever and jaundice. Describe the approach to the diagnosis of a patient with fever and jaundice.</div>
  <div class="question">Gut hormones.</div>
  <div class="question">Diagnostic tests for Helicobacter pylori infection.</div>

  <div class="section-title">Short Questions</div>

  <div class="year-label">2025</div>
  <div class="question">Composition of fecal microbiota <span class="marks">[3]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Functions of fecal microbiota <span class="marks">[3]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Indications of FMT <span class="marks">[3]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Contraindications of FMT <span class="marks">[3]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Techniques of FMT <span class="marks">[4]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Future perspectives of FMT <span class="marks">[4]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Diagnostic approach to alcoholic liver disease <span class="marks">[3]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Prognostic scoring systems in ALD <span class="marks">[2]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Hepatic porphyrias <span class="marks">[3]</span></div>

  <div class="year-label">2024</div>
  <div class="question">Complications of IBD <span class="marks">[3]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Novel drugs in IBD <span class="marks">[3]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Clinical nutritional assessment <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Parenteral nutrition <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>

  <div class="year-label">2023</div>
  <div class="question">Small bowel endoscopy <span class="marks">[10]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Diagnosis of IBS <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Management of IBS <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>
  <div class="question">MAFLD pathophysiology <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Prevention and treatment of MAFLD <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>

  <div class="year-label">2022</div>
  <div class="question">Gut hormones <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Diagnostic tests for H. pylori <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Causes of hematemesis <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Causes of acute pancreatitis <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Causes of fever with jaundice <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>
</div>

<!-- 4. NEPHROLOGY -->
<div class="specialty">
  <div class="specialty-header">4. &nbsp; NEPHROLOGY</div>

  <div class="section-title">Long Questions</div>

  <div class="year-label">2025</div>
  <div class="question">Explain the immunopathologic mechanisms of antiglomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) disease. <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>
  <div class="sub-q">b) Describe the principles and timing of plasmapheresis and immunosuppressive therapy. [5]</div>
  <div class="question">How do you approach a case of urethritis in men? Discuss its management in men. <span class="marks">[5+5]</span></div>

  <div class="year-label">2024</div>
  <div class="question">Discuss the etio-pathogenesis, clinical manifestations and treatment of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD).</div>
  <div class="question">Describe the etiology and diagnosis of renal tubular acidosis.</div>
  <div class="question">Describe the functions of loop of Henle. <span class="marks">[4]</span></div>
  <div class="sub-q">b) Enumerate inherited disorders involving the Loop of Henle. [3]</div>
  <div class="sub-q">c) Add a note on Bartter's Syndrome. [3]</div>

  <div class="year-label">2023</div>
  <div class="question">Describe the various types of renal replacement therapy. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each modality.</div>
  <div class="question">List the causes of recurrent urinary tract infection. Describe its clinical features, evaluation and treatment.</div>
  <div class="question">Estimation of Glomerular filtration rate. <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>
  <div class="sub-q">b) Pathophysiology of Diabetic kidney disease. [5]</div>

  <div class="year-label">2022</div>
  <div class="question">Describe the different types of renal replacement therapy. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each modality. <span class="marks">[5+5]</span></div>
  <div class="question">List the causes of recurrent urinary tract infection. Describe its clinical features, evaluation and treatment. <span class="marks">[2+(2+3+3)]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Discuss the etio-pathogenesis, clinical manifestations and treatment of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease.</div>

  <div class="section-title">Short Questions</div>

  <div class="year-label">2025</div>
  <div class="question">Immunopathogenesis of Anti-GBM disease <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Plasmapheresis in Anti-GBM disease <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>

  <div class="year-label">2024</div>
  <div class="question">Functions of Loop of Henle <span class="marks">[4]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Inherited disorders of Loop of Henle <span class="marks">[3]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Bartter syndrome <span class="marks">[3]</span></div>

  <div class="year-label">2023</div>
  <div class="question">Estimation of GFR <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Pathophysiology of diabetic kidney disease <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>

  <div class="year-label">2022</div>
  <div class="question">Estimation of GFR <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Recurrent UTI &ndash; causes <span class="marks">[2]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Recurrent UTI &ndash; evaluation <span class="marks">[3]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Recurrent UTI &ndash; treatment <span class="marks">[3]</span></div>
</div>

<!-- 5. HEMATOLOGY -->
<div class="specialty">
  <div class="specialty-header">5. &nbsp; HEMATOLOGY</div>

  <div class="section-title">Long Questions</div>

  <div class="year-label">2025</div>
  <div class="question">Describe clinical manifestations and management of hemophilia. <span class="marks">[3+2]</span></div>
  <div class="sub-q">b) Write about recent advances in the management of hemophilia. [5]</div>
  <div class="question">Outline the mechanism of Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy. <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>
  <div class="sub-q">b) Enumerate its indications, efficacy, and complications in hematologic malignancies. [5]</div>

  <div class="year-label">2024</div>
  <div class="question">Discuss the approach to a patient with Pancytopenia. Discuss the management of Aplastic Anaemia.</div>
  <div class="question">Describe the physiologic basis of red cell production. Enumerate the etiology and discuss the evaluation of Hypoproliferative Anemia.</div>
  <div class="question">Write briefly on blood component therapy. <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>
  <div class="sub-q">b) Artificial oxygen carriers. [5]</div>

  <div class="year-label">2023</div>
  <div class="question">Describe the biochemical and physiological basis of clinical features and complications seen in patients with haemolytic anemia.</div>
  <div class="question">Discuss the clinical features of Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria (PNH).</div>
  <div class="question">Enumerate the various iron overload states. Discuss the pathophysiology, diagnosis, clinical features and management of hemochromatosis.</div>
  <div class="question">Classify plasma cell disorders. Discuss clinical features, diagnosis and management of multiple myeloma.</div>

  <div class="year-label">2022</div>
  <div class="question">Describe the physiology of iron absorption and transport in the body. Discuss the diagnosis of iron deficiency and adverse effects of treatment with iron preparations.</div>
  <div class="question">Discuss mechanism of Hemoglobin degradation.</div>
  <div class="question">Pathogenesis and diagnostic tests for hypercoagulable state.</div>

  <div class="section-title">Short Questions</div>

  <div class="year-label">2025</div>
  <div class="question">Clinical manifestations of hemophilia <span class="marks">[3]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Management of hemophilia <span class="marks">[2]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Recent advances in hemophilia <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>
  <div class="question">CAR-T mechanism <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>
  <div class="question">CAR-T indications and complications <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>

  <div class="year-label">2024</div>
  <div class="question">Blood component therapy <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Artificial oxygen carriers <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>

  <div class="year-label">2023</div>
  <div class="question">Clinical features of PNH <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>

  <div class="year-label">2022</div>
  <div class="question">Hemoglobin degradation <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Hypercoagulable states <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>
</div>

<!-- 6. ONCOLOGY -->
<div class="specialty">
  <div class="specialty-header">6. &nbsp; ONCOLOGY</div>

  <div class="section-title">Long Questions</div>

  <div class="year-label">2025</div>
  <div class="question">Describe the genetic and molecular mechanisms involved in carcinogenesis. <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>
  <div class="sub-q">b) Describe the role of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes with suitable examples. [5]</div>
  <div class="question">Outline oncological emergencies. <span class="marks">[3]</span></div>
  <div class="sub-q">b) Mention key signs/symptoms and management principles of oncological emergencies. [3+4]</div>
  <div class="question">Outline the mechanism of CAR-T cell therapy. <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>
  <div class="sub-q">b) Enumerate its indications, efficacy, and complications in hematologic malignancies. [5]</div>

  <div class="year-label">2022 (Related Topics)</div>
  <div class="question">Single gene disorders.</div>
  <div class="question">Gene therapy.</div>
  <div class="question">Stem cell transplantation.</div>
  <div class="question">Novel vaccine approaches.</div>

  <div class="section-title">Short Questions</div>

  <div class="year-label">2025</div>
  <div class="question">Genetic and molecular mechanisms involved in carcinogenesis <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Role of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Oncological emergencies &ndash; outline <span class="marks">[3]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Clinical features of oncological emergencies <span class="marks">[3]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Management principles of oncological emergencies <span class="marks">[4]</span></div>
  <div class="question">CAR-T cell therapy mechanism <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>
  <div class="question">CAR-T indications, efficacy and complications <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>
</div>

<!-- 7. INFECTIOUS DISEASES -->
<div class="specialty">
  <div class="specialty-header">7. &nbsp; INFECTIOUS DISEASES</div>

  <div class="section-title">Long Questions</div>

  <div class="year-label">2025</div>
  <div class="question">Describe the physiologic and immunologic changes in pregnancy that predispose to infections. <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>
  <div class="sub-q">b) Describe the general principles of antimicrobial use and contraindicated drugs during pregnancy. [5]</div>
  <div class="question">What is bioterrorism and what are the common biological agents used in bioterrorism? <span class="marks">[3]</span></div>
  <div class="sub-q">b) What are the clinical features and diagnosis of major bioterrorism-related infections? [3]</div>
  <div class="sub-q">c) How is bioterrorism prevented and controlled? What are the public health preparedness and response measures? [2+2]</div>
  <div class="question">Recent guidelines suggested by National Tuberculosis Elimination Program (NTEP). <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>
  <div class="sub-q">b) Newer antituberculosis drugs with their side effects. [5]</div>

  <div class="year-label">2024</div>
  <div class="question">Enumerate the viral agents causing haemorrhagic fever. <span class="marks">[3]</span></div>
  <div class="sub-q">b) Describe the clinical features and management of Dengue fever. [3+4]</div>
  <div class="question">Discuss the pathogenesis of tetanus and enumerate the risk factors for adult tetanus. <span class="marks">[3+2]</span></div>
  <div class="sub-q">b) Outline the management of tetanus and tetanus prevention. [5]</div>
  <div class="question">Describe the criteria for diagnosis of infective endocarditis. <span class="marks">[4]</span></div>
  <div class="sub-q">b) Discuss in brief the etiology, complications and management of right sided infective endocarditis. [2+2+2]</div>
  <div class="question">Describe the pulmonary manifestations of HIV infection.</div>
  <div class="question">Write about pathobiology, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of Cryptococcal disease.</div>
  <div class="question">Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in immunocompromised host.</div>

  <div class="year-label">2023</div>
  <div class="question">Describe the pulmonary manifestations of HIV infection.</div>
  <div class="question">Write about pathobiology, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of Cryptococcal disease.</div>
  <div class="question">Mucormycosis: Etiopathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis and management.</div>
  <div class="question">Nipah Virus Infection: Epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis and prevention.</div>
  <div class="question">ART drugs and their mechanism of action.</div>
  <div class="question">MDR-TB: Mechanism, diagnosis and management.</div>

  <div class="year-label">2022</div>
  <div class="question">Infective Endocarditis: Etiology, diagnosis, complications and management.</div>
  <div class="question">Mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance.</div>
  <div class="question">Antimicrobial stewardship: Principles and implementation.</div>

  <div class="section-title">Short Questions</div>

  <div class="year-label">2025</div>
  <div class="question">NTEP recent guidelines <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>
  <div class="question">New anti-TB drugs and side effects <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Physiological changes in pregnancy predisposing to infection <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Antimicrobial use in pregnancy <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>

  <div class="year-label">2024</div>
  <div class="question">Viral hemorrhagic fever viruses <span class="marks">[3]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Dengue &ndash; clinical features <span class="marks">[3]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Dengue &ndash; management <span class="marks">[4]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Duke criteria for infective endocarditis <span class="marks">[4]</span></div>

  <div class="year-label">2023</div>
  <div class="question">ART drugs and mechanism <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>
  <div class="question">MDR-TB diagnosis and management <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Pulmonary manifestations of HIV <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>

  <div class="year-label">2022</div>
  <div class="question">Antimicrobial resistance <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Antimicrobial stewardship <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>
</div>

<!-- 8. ENDOCRINOLOGY -->
<div class="specialty">
  <div class="specialty-header">8. &nbsp; ENDOCRINOLOGY</div>

  <div class="section-title">Long Questions</div>

  <div class="year-label">2025</div>
  <div class="question">Describe pathophysiology and clinical features of acromegaly. <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>
  <div class="sub-q">b) Outline diagnostic tests and management for acromegaly. [5]</div>
  <div class="question">Classification of newer insulins. <span class="marks">[3]</span></div>
  <div class="sub-q">b) What are the limitations of conventional insulin therapy? [3]</div>
  <div class="sub-q">c) Describe clinical advantages and safety considerations, and emerging technologies in insulin delivery. [4]</div>
  <div class="question">Define incretins and explain their physiological role in glucose homeostasis. <span class="marks">[2]</span></div>
  <div class="sub-q">b) Describe the mechanisms of action of incretin hormones. [2]</div>
  <div class="sub-q">c) Classify incretin-based therapies. [2]</div>
  <div class="sub-q">d) Discuss their clinical benefits and recent developments. [4]</div>

  <div class="year-label">2024</div>
  <div class="question">Describe briefly hormonal feedback regulatory systems. <span class="marks">[2]</span></div>
  <div class="sub-q">b) Outline the causes, clinical features and treatment of hyperprolactinemia. [3+3+2]</div>
  <div class="question">Discuss Magnesium metabolism. <span class="marks">[3]</span></div>
  <div class="sub-q">b) Discuss the causes, clinical manifestations and treatment of Hypomagnesemia. [3+2+2]</div>
  <div class="question">Discuss Incretin-Based Therapy. <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>
  <div class="sub-q">b) Write in brief about the diagnosis and treatment of Gestational Diabetes. [2+3]</div>
  <div class="question">Compare and contrast Intermittent Fasting versus Caloric Restriction. <span class="marks">[4]</span></div>
  <div class="sub-q">b) Insulin Resistance &ndash; causes, diagnosis and treatment. [2+2+2]</div>

  <div class="year-label">2023</div>
  <div class="question">Describe the various types of insulin delivery devices. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages. <span class="marks">[4+6]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Explain how pituitary gland orchestrates the complex regulatory functions of many other endocrine glands. <span class="marks">[4]</span></div>
  <div class="sub-q">b) How do you approach a case of diabetes insipidus? Discuss its treatment. [3+3]</div>
  <div class="question">Enumerate causes of thyrotoxicosis. <span class="marks">[2]</span></div>
  <div class="sub-q">b) Discuss pathophysiology, causes, laboratory evaluation and treatment of subacute thyroiditis. [2+2+2+2]</div>
  <div class="question">Discuss the clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of pheochromocytomas. <span class="marks">[3+4+3]</span></div>

  <div class="year-label">2022</div>
  <div class="question">Hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>
  <div class="sub-q">b) Pathophysiology of Hyperosmolar Non-Ketotic coma. [5]</div>
  <div class="question">Describe the clinical features, investigations and treatment of a 30-year-old lady with a large multinodular goitre. <span class="marks">[3+3+4]</span></div>

  <div class="section-title">Short Questions</div>

  <div class="year-label">2025</div>
  <div class="question">Classification of newer insulins <span class="marks">[3]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Limitations of conventional insulin therapy <span class="marks">[3]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Define incretins <span class="marks">[2]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Physiological role of incretins <span class="marks">[2]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Mechanism of action of incretin hormones <span class="marks">[2]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Classification of incretin-based therapies <span class="marks">[2]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Clinical benefits of incretin therapy <span class="marks">[4]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Recent developments in incretin therapy <span class="marks">[4]</span></div>

  <div class="year-label">2024</div>
  <div class="question">Hormonal feedback regulatory systems <span class="marks">[2]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Causes of hyperprolactinemia <span class="marks">[3]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Clinical features of hyperprolactinemia <span class="marks">[3]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Treatment of hyperprolactinemia <span class="marks">[2]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Magnesium metabolism <span class="marks">[3]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Causes of hypomagnesemia <span class="marks">[3]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Clinical manifestations of hypomagnesemia <span class="marks">[2]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Treatment of hypomagnesemia <span class="marks">[2]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Incretin-based therapy <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Diagnosis of gestational diabetes <span class="marks">[2]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Treatment of gestational diabetes <span class="marks">[3]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Intermittent fasting vs caloric restriction <span class="marks">[4]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Causes of insulin resistance <span class="marks">[2]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Diagnosis of insulin resistance <span class="marks">[2]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Treatment of insulin resistance <span class="marks">[2]</span></div>

  <div class="year-label">2023</div>
  <div class="question">Types of insulin delivery devices <span class="marks">[4]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Advantages and disadvantages of insulin delivery devices <span class="marks">[6]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Pituitary regulation of endocrine glands <span class="marks">[4]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Causes of diabetes insipidus <span class="marks">[3]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Treatment of diabetes insipidus <span class="marks">[3]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Causes of thyrotoxicosis <span class="marks">[2]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Pathophysiology of subacute thyroiditis <span class="marks">[2]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Causes of subacute thyroiditis <span class="marks">[2]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Laboratory evaluation of subacute thyroiditis <span class="marks">[2]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Treatment of subacute thyroiditis <span class="marks">[2]</span></div>

  <div class="year-label">2022</div>
  <div class="question">HPA axis <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Pathophysiology of Hyperosmolar Non-Ketotic Coma (HONK/HHS) <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Clinical features of multinodular goitre <span class="marks">[3]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Investigations of multinodular goitre <span class="marks">[3]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Treatment of multinodular goitre <span class="marks">[4]</span></div>
</div>

<!-- 9. RHEUMATOLOGY -->
<div class="specialty">
  <div class="specialty-header">9. &nbsp; RHEUMATOLOGY</div>

  <div class="section-title">Long Questions</div>

  <div class="year-label">2025</div>
  <div class="question">Define crystallopathy and classify crystal-induced arthritis. <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>
  <div class="sub-q">b) Describe the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management of gout as a prototype crystallopathy. [5]</div>
  <div class="question">Approach to diagnose a connective tissue disorder. <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>
  <div class="sub-q">b) Clinical features and management of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). [5]</div>
  <div class="question">How will you differentiate between non-inflammatory and inflammatory arthritis? <span class="marks">[3]</span></div>
  <div class="sub-q">b) ACR/EULAR classification criteria for diagnosis of systemic sclerosis. [3]</div>
  <div class="sub-q">c) Clinical features and management of scleroderma renal crisis. [2+2]</div>

  <div class="year-label">2024</div>
  <div class="question">Discuss the pathogenesis of inflammatory polyarthritis. Role of ANA in rheumatological diseases. Describe the different ANA patterns and their interpretation. <span class="marks">[5+2+3]</span></div>
  <div class="question">CNS manifestations of SLE.</div>
  <div class="question">Define Refractory Rheumatoid Arthritis. Describe its management.</div>

  <div class="year-label">2023</div>
  <div class="question">Discuss the pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of systemic sclerosis.</div>

  <div class="year-label">2022</div>
  <div class="question">Discuss the clinical features, diagnosis and management of ankylosing spondylitis.</div>

  <div class="section-title">Short Questions</div>

  <div class="year-label">2025</div>
  <div class="question">Classification of crystal-induced arthritis <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Connective tissue disorder &ndash; diagnostic approach <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Differentiate inflammatory and non-inflammatory arthritis <span class="marks">[3]</span></div>
  <div class="question">ACR/EULAR criteria for systemic sclerosis <span class="marks">[3]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Scleroderma renal crisis <span class="marks">[4]</span></div>

  <div class="year-label">2024</div>
  <div class="question">ANA in rheumatological diseases <span class="marks">[2]</span></div>
  <div class="question">ANA patterns and interpretation <span class="marks">[3]</span></div>
  <div class="question">CNS manifestations of SLE <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Refractory rheumatoid arthritis <span class="marks">[1]</span></div>

  <div class="year-label">2023</div>
  <div class="question">Clinical features of systemic sclerosis <span class="marks">[3]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Diagnosis of systemic sclerosis <span class="marks">[3]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Treatment of systemic sclerosis <span class="marks">[4]</span></div>

  <div class="year-label">2022</div>
  <div class="question">Clinical features of ankylosing spondylitis <span class="marks">[3]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Diagnosis of ankylosing spondylitis <span class="marks">[3]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Management of ankylosing spondylitis <span class="marks">[4]</span></div>
</div>

<!-- 10. IMMUNOLOGY -->
<div class="specialty">
  <div class="specialty-header">10. &nbsp; IMMUNOLOGY</div>

  <div class="section-title">Long Questions</div>

  <div class="year-label">2025</div>
  <div class="question">Classify hypersensitivity reactions according to the Gell and Coombs classification. <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>
  <div class="sub-q">b) Explain the immunopathogenesis and clinical relevance of Type III hypersensitivity reactions with examples. [5]</div>
  <div class="question">Describe the sequence of cellular events in acute inflammation. <span class="marks">[3]</span></div>
  <div class="sub-q">b) Explain the role of cytokines and other mediators in the inflammatory response. [3]</div>
  <div class="sub-q">c) Discuss the pathogenesis and management principles of cytokine storm syndromes. [4]</div>

  <div class="year-label">2022</div>
  <div class="question">Toll-like receptors.</div>
  <div class="question">Single gene disorders.</div>
  <div class="question">Gene therapy.</div>
  <div class="question">Stem cell transplantation.</div>
  <div class="question">Novel vaccine approaches.</div>

  <div class="section-title">Short Questions</div>

  <div class="year-label">2025</div>
  <div class="question">Classification of hypersensitivity reactions <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Type III hypersensitivity <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Acute inflammation &ndash; cellular events <span class="marks">[3]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Cytokines and inflammatory mediators <span class="marks">[3]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Cytokine storm &ndash; pathogenesis and management <span class="marks">[4]</span></div>

  <div class="year-label">2022</div>
  <div class="question">Toll-like receptors <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Single gene disorders <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Gene therapy <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Stem cell transplantation <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Novel vaccine approaches <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>
</div>

<!-- 11. RESPIRATORY MEDICINE -->
<div class="specialty">
  <div class="specialty-header">11. &nbsp; RESPIRATORY MEDICINE</div>

  <div class="section-title">Long Questions</div>

  <div class="year-label">2025</div>
  <div class="question">How will you approach a case of dyspnoea? <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>
  <div class="sub-q">b) Discuss the etiopathogenesis, differential diagnosis and management of lung abscess. [5]</div>
  <div class="question">Classify common interstitial lung diseases (ILDs). <span class="marks">[3]</span></div>
  <div class="sub-q">b) Discuss the clinical features, diagnosis and management of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. [2+2+3]</div>

  <div class="year-label">2024</div>
  <div class="question">Discuss the endocrine functions of the lung. <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Outline the role of Point of Care Ultrasonography (POCUS) in the evaluation of acute dyspnoea. <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>

  <div class="year-label">2023</div>
  <div class="question">Define brittle asthma. Discuss the pathophysiology and treatment of acute severe bronchial asthma.</div>
  <div class="question">Discuss the aetiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of hypersensitivity pneumonitis.</div>
  <div class="question">Describe the pulmonary manifestations of HIV infection.</div>
  <div class="question">Write about pathobiology, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of Cryptococcal disease.</div>

  <div class="year-label">2022</div>
  <div class="question">Discuss the risk factors, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary thromboembolism.</div>

  <div class="section-title">Short Questions</div>

  <div class="year-label">2025</div>
  <div class="question">Approach to dyspnoea <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Classification of ILD <span class="marks">[3]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Clinical features of IPF <span class="marks">[2]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Diagnosis of IPF <span class="marks">[2]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Management of IPF <span class="marks">[3]</span></div>

  <div class="year-label">2024</div>
  <div class="question">Endocrine functions of lung <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>
  <div class="question">POCUS in acute dyspnoea <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>

  <div class="year-label">2023</div>
  <div class="question">Define brittle asthma <span class="marks">[3]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Pathophysiology of acute severe asthma <span class="marks">[3]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Treatment of acute severe asthma <span class="marks">[4]</span></div>

  <div class="year-label">2022</div>
  <div class="question">Risk factors for pulmonary thromboembolism <span class="marks">[2]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Clinical features of pulmonary thromboembolism <span class="marks">[3]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Diagnosis of pulmonary thromboembolism <span class="marks">[2]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Treatment of pulmonary thromboembolism <span class="marks">[3]</span></div>
</div>

<!-- 12. TOXICOLOGY -->
<div class="specialty">
  <div class="specialty-header">12. &nbsp; TOXICOLOGY</div>

  <div class="section-title">Short Questions</div>

  <div class="year-label">2025</div>
  <div class="question">Snake envenomation <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Antivenom therapy <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>

  <div class="year-label">2024</div>
  <div class="question">Heat stroke <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Hyperbaric oxygen therapy <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>

  <div class="year-label">2022</div>
  <div class="question">Organophosphorus poisoning <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Forced alkaline diuresis <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Viper bite <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>
</div>

<!-- 13. RECENT ADVANCES -->
<div class="specialty">
  <div class="specialty-header">13. &nbsp; RECENT ADVANCES</div>

  <div class="section-title">Short Questions</div>

  <div class="year-label">2025</div>
  <div class="question">Oncogenes <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Tumor suppressor genes <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Cytokines <span class="marks">[3]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Cytokine storm <span class="marks">[4]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Type III hypersensitivity <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>
  <div class="question">CAR-T therapy <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Nanomedicine <span class="marks">[2]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Smart drugs <span class="marks">[2]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Nanocarriers <span class="marks">[2]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Genetic mutations in carcinogenesis <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>

  <div class="year-label">2024</div>
  <div class="question">Pulsed field ablation <span class="marks">[3]</span></div>
  <div class="question">SGLT2 inhibitors <span class="marks">[3]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Biosimilars <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Epigenetic clock <span class="marks">[1]</span></div>

  <div class="year-label">2023</div>
  <div class="question">PCSK9 inhibitors <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Incretin-based therapy <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Artificial oxygen carriers <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Ghrelin physiology <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>

  <div class="year-label">2022</div>
  <div class="question">Toll-like receptors <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Single gene disorders <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Gene therapy <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Stem cell transplantation <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>
  <div class="question">Novel vaccine approaches <span class="marks">[5]</span></div>
</div>

<!-- 14. HIGH-YIELD SUMMARY -->
<div class="specialty">
  <div class="specialty-header">14. &nbsp; HIGH-YIELD SUMMARY TABLE</div>
  <table class="summary-table">
    <thead>
      <tr><th>Specialty</th><th>Top Repeated Topics</th></tr>
    </thead>
    <tbody>
      <tr><td>Neurology</td><td>Stroke, Parkinsonism, Midbrain Syndromes, Dementia, Coma / Brain Death</td></tr>
      <tr><td>Cardiology</td><td>Atrial Fibrillation, Cardiomyopathy, Heart Failure, STEMI, Arrhythmias</td></tr>
      <tr><td>Gastroenterology</td><td>IBD / UC, MAFLD, Acute Pancreatitis, Enteral / Parenteral Nutrition, FMT</td></tr>
      <tr><td>Nephrology</td><td>Renal Replacement Therapy, ADPKD, Recurrent UTI, Diabetic Kidney Disease</td></tr>
      <tr><td>Hematology</td><td>Pancytopenia / Aplastic Anemia, Multiple Myeloma, Iron Metabolism, Hemophilia</td></tr>
      <tr><td>Oncology</td><td>Carcinogenesis, Oncological Emergencies, CAR-T Therapy</td></tr>
      <tr><td>Infectious Diseases</td><td>TB / MDR-TB, HIV / ART, Cryptococcosis, Mucormycosis, Infective Endocarditis</td></tr>
      <tr><td>Endocrinology</td><td>Diabetes / Insulin, Incretin Therapy, Acromegaly, Hyperprolactinemia, Pheochromocytoma</td></tr>
      <tr><td>Rheumatology</td><td>Systemic Sclerosis, SLE, RA, Gout, Ankylosing Spondylitis</td></tr>
      <tr><td>Immunology</td><td>Hypersensitivity, Cytokine Storm, Toll-like Receptors, Gene Therapy</td></tr>
      <tr><td>Respiratory</td><td>Asthma, IPF / ILD, PTE, Lung Abscess, POCUS</td></tr>
      <tr><td>Toxicology</td><td>Snake Bite, OP Poisoning, Heat Stroke</td></tr>
      <tr><td>Recent Advances</td><td>CAR-T, NGS, Biosimilars, Pulsed Field Ablation, SGLT2 Inhibitors</td></tr>
    </tbody>
  </table>
</div>

<div class="footer">DNB Internal Medicine Question Bank 2022&ndash;2025 &nbsp;|&nbsp; Compiled for Exam Preparation &nbsp;|&nbsp; To save as PDF: Press Ctrl+P (or Cmd+P on Mac) &rarr; select "Save as PDF"</div>

</body>
</html>"""

with open('/home/daytona/workspace/DNB_Question_Bank.html', 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f:
    f.write(content)

print(f"HTML file created. Size: {len(content)} bytes")

python3 /home/daytona/workspace/dnb-questions/generate_html.py && ls -lh /home/d…

# Try weasyprint python3 -c "from weasyprint import HTML; HTML('/home/daytona/wo…

# Try wkhtmltopdf which wkhtmltopdf && wkhtmltopdf /home/daytona/workspace/DNB_Q…

# Try chromium headless to generate PDF chromium --headless --no-sandbox --disab…

# Upload to file.io with correct API curl -sL -F "file=@/home/daytona/workspace/…

# Try multiple services raw output echo "=== file.io ===" curl -s -F "file=@/hom…

ls -lh /home/daytona/workspace/DNB_Question_Bank.html

curl -s -F "file=@/home/daytona/workspace/DNB_Question_Bank.html" "https://tmpfi…

# Zip the HTML then upload cd /home/daytona/workspace && zip DNB_Question_Bank.z…

cp /home/daytona/workspace/DNB_Question_Bank.html /tmp/DNB_Question_Bank.html cd…