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Complete Drug Reference - All Medications in the Image

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INJECTIONS

1. INJ. Vitamin K (Phytonadione)

• Class: Fat-soluble vitamin / Coagulation cofactor
• Mechanism: Restores activity of clotting factors II, VII, IX, X by enabling gamma-carboxylation; reverses warfarin by restoring vitamin K epoxide recycling
• Used for: Warfarin overdose/reversal, bleeding due to vitamin K deficiency, neonatal hemorrhagic disease prophylaxis, coagulopathy in liver disease
• Route: IV (slow), IM, SC, or oral

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2. INJ. Aminophylline

• Class: Xanthine bronchodilator (theophylline + ethylenediamine)
• Mechanism: Inhibits phosphodiesterase → raises cyclic AMP → bronchodilation; also adenosine receptor antagonist
• Used for: Severe acute asthma/bronchospasm refractory to beta-agonists, COPD exacerbations, neonatal apnea
• Note: IV aminophylline is not first-line in severe bronchospasm; used when inhaled albuterol and IV magnesium have failed (per Tintinalli's Emergency Medicine)

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3. INJ. Fosolin (Fosphenytoin / Phenytoin)

• Class: Antiepileptic
• Mechanism: Blocks voltage-gated sodium channels, stabilizing neuronal membranes
• Used for: Status epilepticus, seizure prophylaxis, generalized tonic-clonic seizures

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4. INJ. Glycopyrrolate

• Class: Anticholinergic (quaternary ammonium)
• Mechanism: Blocks muscarinic receptors; does NOT cross the blood-brain barrier (unlike atropine)
• Used for: Pre-operative reduction of secretions (pre-medication), reversal of neuromuscular blockade (with neostigmine), bradycardia, peptic ulcer (adjunct), excessive drooling in neurological conditions

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5. INJ. Betaloc / Labetalol (Betaloc = Metoprolol; Labetalol separate)

• Class: Selective beta-1 blocker
• Used for: Acute MI (reduces infarct size), angina, hypertension, arrhythmias (rate control in AF), heart failure (as Betaloc ZOK/extended release)

• Class: Combined alpha-1 and non-selective beta blocker
• Used for: Hypertensive emergencies (especially in pregnancy, eclampsia, aortic dissection), perioperative hypertension. Drug of choice for hypertension in pregnancy alongside magnesium sulfate.
• (Swanson's Family Medicine Review confirms labetalol as a key alternative in hypertensive emergencies)

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6. INJ. MgSO4 (Magnesium Sulfate)

• Class: Electrolyte / Anticonvulsant / Tocolytic
• Mechanism: CNS depressant; blocks NMDA receptors; inhibits uterine contractions; bronchodilation
• Used for:
  • Eclampsia/Pre-eclampsia - Drug of CHOICE for seizure prophylaxis and treatment (Swanson's Family Medicine Review)
  • Severe asthma refractory to bronchodilators
  • Torsades de Pointes (hypomagnesemia-related)
  • Tetanus (reduces autonomic instability)
  • Premature labor (tocolysis)

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7. INJ. MVI (Multi-Vitamin Infusion)

• Class: Nutritional supplement
• Used for: Total parenteral nutrition support, malnutrition, critical illness nutritional replenishment, prevention of deficiency states in ICU patients

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8. INJ. PCT (Paracetamol / Acetaminophen IV)

• Class: Analgesic / Antipyretic
• Mechanism: Central COX inhibition; modulates descending serotonergic pain pathways
• Used for: Post-operative pain, fever management in hospitalized patients, pain where oral route is unavailable

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9. INJ. Pan (Pantoprazole)

• Class: Proton Pump Inhibitor (PPI)
• Mechanism: Irreversibly inhibits H+/K+ ATPase on gastric parietal cells
• Used for: Stress ulcer prophylaxis in ICU/critically ill patients, active GI bleeding, GERD, H. pylori eradication, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome

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10. INJ. Tanim / Tanim (likely Tranexamic Acid or Tandem - check label)

• If Tranexamic Acid: Antifibrinolytic; used in major trauma bleeding, surgical hemorrhage, heavy menstrual bleeding
• If a brand name, likely an NSAID or antiemetic - verify with dispensary

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11. INJ. Monocef (Ceftriaxone)

• Class: 3rd-generation cephalosporin
• Mechanism: Inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis (beta-lactam)
• Used for: Community-acquired pneumonia, meningitis, typhoid, urinary tract infections, septicemia, gonorrhea, pelvic inflammatory disease

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12. INJ. Gentamycin (Gentamicin)

• Class: Aminoglycoside antibiotic
• Mechanism: Binds 30S ribosomal subunit → mistranslation of mRNA → cell death
• Used for: Gram-negative infections (E. coli, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, Proteus), sepsis, UTI, endocarditis (synergistic with penicillin), hospital-acquired pneumonia
• Caution: Nephrotoxic and ototoxic - requires monitoring of levels and renal function

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13. INJ. Durataz (Piperacillin + Tazobactam)

• Class: Extended-spectrum penicillin + beta-lactamase inhibitor
• Mechanism: Piperacillin inhibits cell wall; tazobactam protects it from beta-lactamase enzymes
• Used for: Hospital-acquired pneumonia, ventilator-associated pneumonia, complicated intra-abdominal infections, complicated UTI, febrile neutropenia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections, sepsis
• (Tintinalli's and Current Surgical Therapy confirm as first-line for many nosocomial infections)

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14. INJ. Cerazone-S (Cefoperazone + Sulbactam)

• Class: 3rd-generation cephalosporin + beta-lactamase inhibitor
• Used for: Multi-drug resistant gram-negative infections, intra-abdominal infections, hospital-acquired pneumonia, biliary tract infections (cefoperazone is excreted in bile), surgical prophylaxis

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15. INJ. Amikacin

• Class: Aminoglycoside antibiotic
• Mechanism: Binds 30S ribosome; bactericidal against gram-negatives
• Used for: Serious gram-negative infections resistant to gentamicin (MDR organisms), Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Klebsiella sepsis, MDR tuberculosis (second-line)
• Caution: Nephrotoxic and ototoxic - most resistant aminoglycoside to enzymatic degradation

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16. INJ. Meropenem

• Class: Carbapenem (beta-lactam)
• Mechanism: Inhibits cell wall synthesis; broadest-spectrum beta-lactam
• Used for: Severe/life-threatening infections: febrile neutropenia, meningitis (bacteria), hospital-acquired and ventilator-associated pneumonia, complicated UTI, intra-abdominal sepsis, multi-drug resistant gram-negatives (ESBL producers)
• Effective against Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Enterobacter

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17. INJ. Calmpose (Diazepam)

• Class: Benzodiazepine
• Mechanism: Enhances GABA-A receptor activity → CNS depression
• Used for: Status epilepticus (acute seizures), alcohol withdrawal (delirium tremens), acute anxiety, muscle spasm, procedural sedation, pre-medication
• Note: Lorazepam (Epsoline) is preferred over diazepam for status epilepticus due to longer CNS duration

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18. INJ. Thiamine (Vitamin B1)

• Class: Water-soluble vitamin
• Mechanism: Essential cofactor for pyruvate dehydrogenase and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (glucose metabolism)
• Used for: Wernicke's encephalopathy (MUST give before glucose in alcoholics/malnourished), Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome prevention, beriberi, nutritional deficiency states. Given routinely in ICU for malnourished/alcoholic patients

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19. INJ. Heparin (25,000 units)

• Class: Anticoagulant
• Mechanism: Binds antithrombin III → inhibits thrombin (factor IIa) and factor Xa
• Used for: DVT/PE treatment and prophylaxis, pulmonary embolism, acute coronary syndromes (NSTEMI/STEMI adjunct), atrial fibrillation (bridging), stroke prevention, maintenance of IV lines and dialysis circuits
• Monitoring: aPTT; antidote is Protamine sulfate

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20. INJ. Rantac (Ranitidine)

• Class: H2-receptor antagonist
• Note: Ranitidine was withdrawn from most markets due to NDMA contamination concerns (FDA 2020). Pantoprazole (INJ Pan) is now preferred for stress ulcer prophylaxis.

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21. INJ. Dexona (Dexamethasone)

• Class: Potent corticosteroid (glucocorticoid)
• Mechanism: Binds glucocorticoid receptors → anti-inflammatory gene transcription
• Used for: Cerebral edema (brain tumors, meningitis), severe allergic reactions, anaphylaxis (adjunct), asthma/COPD exacerbations, anti-emesis (post-op), croup, COVID-19 (dexamethasone reduces mortality in severe/ventilated patients), adrenal crisis, spinal cord compression

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22. INJ. Buscopan (Hyoscine Butylbromide)

• Class: Anticholinergic / Antispasmodic
• Mechanism: Blocks muscarinic receptors on GI smooth muscle → reduces spasm; does NOT cross BBB (quaternary amine)
• Used for: Renal colic, biliary colic, GI spasm (IBS), ureteric spasm, abdominal cramping, endoscopy preparation (to reduce bowel motility), palliative care (reduces secretions)
• (Maudsley Prescribing Guidelines confirms topical spasmolytic action on GI smooth muscle)

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23. INJ. Tramal / Tramadol

• Class: Opioid analgesic (weak mu-agonist) + SNRI
• Mechanism: Weak mu-opioid agonist + inhibits reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine
• Used for: Moderate to severe pain (post-operative, cancer pain, chronic pain), step 2 WHO pain ladder
• Caution: Can cause seizures; serotonin syndrome risk with SSRIs; avoid in epilepsy

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24. INJ. Diclofenac

• Class: NSAID (COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitor)
• Mechanism: Inhibits prostaglandin synthesis
• Used for: Acute pain (post-operative, renal colic, biliary colic, musculoskeletal pain), dysmenorrhea, gout attack, migraine
• Caution: GI bleeding risk; avoid in renal impairment, peptic ulcer disease

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25. INJ. Phenergan (Promethazine)

• Class: Phenothiazine antihistamine / antiemetic / vestibular suppressant
• Mechanism: H1 antagonist + dopamine D2 antagonist + muscarinic antagonist
• Used for: Nausea/vomiting, motion sickness, vertigo, allergic reactions, pre-medication sedation, acute vestibular episodes
• Warning: IV promethazine has an FDA Black Box Warning for tissue necrosis; IM or oral route preferred (Rosen's Emergency Medicine)

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26. INJ. Perinorm (Metoclopramide)

• Class: Dopamine D2 antagonist / Prokinetic antiemetic
• Mechanism: Blocks D2 receptors centrally (CTZ) and peripherally (stomach) → antiemetic + prokinetic
• Used for: Nausea/vomiting (post-op, chemotherapy, gastroparesis), gastric stasis, diabetic gastroparesis, migraine (IV), GERD
• Caution: Extrapyramidal reactions (tardive dyskinesia with prolonged use)

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27. INJ. Lorazepam / Epsoline (Lorazepam)

• Class: Benzodiazepine
• Mechanism: Potentiates GABA-A receptor
• Used for: Status epilepticus (PREFERRED first-line), acute severe anxiety, alcohol withdrawal, procedural sedation, pre-medication
• Advantage over diazepam: Longer CNS duration, more predictable IV absorption (Maudsley Prescribing Guidelines)

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TABLETS

28. TAB. Ticus (Ticlopidine or Ticagrelor variant)

• Likely Ticlopidine: Antiplatelet (ADP receptor blocker, older than clopidogrel)
• Used for: Prevention of thrombotic stroke, coronary stent thrombosis, peripheral arterial disease

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29. TAB. Ecosprin (Aspirin)

• Class: NSAID / Antiplatelet
• Low-dose mechanism (75-150 mg): Irreversibly acetylates COX-1 → inhibits thromboxane A2 → antiplatelet
• Used for: ACS (STEMI, NSTEMI), angina, stroke prevention (TIA/ischemic stroke), atrial fibrillation, coronary stent (with clopidogrel - dual antiplatelet therapy), peripheral arterial disease
• Standard post-MI regimen includes aspirin 75-100 mg daily lifelong (per Symptom to Diagnosis textbook)

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30. TAB. Atorva (Atorvastatin)

• Class: Statin (HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor)
• Mechanism: Inhibits HMG-CoA reductase → reduces cholesterol synthesis → upregulates LDL receptors → lowers LDL-C
• Used for: Hypercholesterolemia, coronary artery disease prevention, post-MI (80 mg high-intensity), stroke prevention, diabetic dyslipidemia
• Post-MI standard therapy includes Atorvastatin 80 mg (Symptom to Diagnosis textbook)

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31. TAB. Clopitab (Clopidogrel)

• Class: ADP receptor (P2Y12) antagonist / Antiplatelet
• Mechanism: Prodrug; metabolized by CYP2C19 to active form; irreversibly blocks P2Y12 → inhibits platelet aggregation
• Used for: ACS (with aspirin = dual antiplatelet therapy), coronary stent thrombosis prevention, peripheral arterial disease, stroke/TIA (Braunwald's Heart Disease)
• Important interaction: Omeprazole inhibits CYP2C19 → reduces clopidogrel activation; use pantoprazole instead (Lippincott Pharmacology)

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32. TAB. Sorbitrate (Isosorbide Dinitrate)

• Class: Organic nitrate
• Mechanism: Converted to nitric oxide → vasodilation (venodilation > arterial) → reduces preload → reduces myocardial oxygen demand
• Used for: Angina pectoris (acute and prophylaxis), heart failure (as afterload/preload reducer), esophageal spasm

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33. TAB. Carloc (Carvedilol)

• Class: Non-selective beta blocker + alpha-1 blocker
• Mechanism: Blocks beta-1, beta-2, and alpha-1 receptors → reduces heart rate, blood pressure, afterload
• Used for: Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), post-MI LV dysfunction, hypertension; one of the three beta-blockers proven to reduce mortality in heart failure

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34. TAB. Cordarone (Amiodarone)

• Class: Class III antiarrhythmic (potassium channel blocker); also has Class I, II, and IV properties
• Mechanism: Prolongs action potential and refractory period; also beta-blocks and calcium-channel blocks
• Used for: Life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias (VT, VF), atrial fibrillation (rate and rhythm control), Wolf-Parkinson-White syndrome, ACLS cardiac arrest protocol
• Side effects: Thyroid dysfunction (hypo- or hyperthyroidism), pulmonary fibrosis, corneal microdeposits, hepatotoxicity, photosensitivity - requires monitoring (Lippincott Pharmacology)

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35. TAB. Betaloc (Metoprolol - oral)

• Same drug as INJ Betaloc above; oral form used for:
• Long-term hypertension, stable angina, stable heart failure (Betaloc ZOK = XL), post-MI, rate control in AF

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36. TAB. Amlodipine (Amloc/Amlokind)

• Class: Dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker
• Mechanism: Blocks L-type calcium channels in vascular smooth muscle → vasodilation
• Used for: Hypertension, stable angina, Prinzmetal angina, Raynaud's phenomenon. Does NOT reduce heart rate (unlike verapamil/diltiazem)

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37. TAB. Dytor (Torsemide)

• Class: Loop diuretic
• Mechanism: Inhibits Na+/K+/2Cl- transporter in thick ascending loop of Henle
• Used for: Heart failure (edema), renal edema, hepatic cirrhosis with ascites, hypertension. Longer duration than furosemide (Lippincott Pharmacology)

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38. TAB. Lasix (Furosemide)

• Class: Loop diuretic
• Mechanism: Same as torsemide - blocks thick ascending loop
• Used for: Acute pulmonary edema (IV), chronic heart failure, hypertension, renal edema, hypercalcemia (with IV fluids), hypertensive emergency
• Brand name "Lasix" = "lasts 6 hours" (Lippincott Pharmacology)

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39. TAB. Lasilactone (Furosemide + Spironolactone combination)

• Class: Loop diuretic + Aldosterone antagonist
• Used for: Resistant edema in heart failure and liver cirrhosis/ascites; combination avoids hypokalemia (spironolactone is potassium-sparing)

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40. TAB. Calaptin (Verapamil)

• Class: Non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker (phenylalkylamine)
• Mechanism: Blocks L-type calcium channels in cardiac muscle and sinoatrial/AV nodes → slows heart rate and conduction
• Used for: Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT), atrial fibrillation (rate control), angina, hypertension, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
• Contraindication: Heart failure with systolic dysfunction; do NOT combine with beta-blockers (risk of complete heart block)

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41. TAB. Arkamin (Clonidine)

• Class: Central alpha-2 adrenergic agonist
• Mechanism: Stimulates alpha-2 receptors in brainstem → reduces sympathetic outflow → lowers BP and heart rate
• Used for: Hypertension, ADHD (in children), opioid/alcohol withdrawal symptoms, menopausal hot flashes, Tourette syndrome, migraine prophylaxis

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42. TAB. Trika/Zolpidem (likely two separate drugs)

• Benzodiazepine used for anxiety, insomnia, panic disorder

• Class: Non-benzodiazepine hypnotic (Z-drug)
• Mechanism: Binds GABA-A receptor (BZ1 subtype) → sedation
• Used for: Short-term insomnia

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43. TAB. Telmikine (Telmisartan)

• Class: ARB (Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker)
• Mechanism: Blocks AT1 receptors → prevents angiotensin II-mediated vasoconstriction → lowers BP, reduces aldosterone
• Used for: Hypertension, heart failure (when ACE inhibitors not tolerated), diabetic nephropathy, cardiovascular risk reduction (ONTARGET trial)

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44. TAB. Concor (Bisoprolol)

• Class: Highly selective beta-1 blocker
• Mechanism: Blocks beta-1 receptors in heart → reduces heart rate, force of contraction, renin release
• Used for: Hypertension, stable angina, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), rate control in atrial fibrillation. One of the most cardioselective beta-blockers available

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Summary Table by Clinical Category