-
Reversible cell injury
Causes, cellular swelling, fatty change, and the difference from irreversible injury.
-
Mechanisms of intracellular accumulation
How abnormal metabolism, defective protein folding/transport, enzyme deficiency, and ingestion of indigestible material cause buildup.
-
Intracellular accumulations
- Lipid accumulation, especially fatty change (steatosis)
- Cholesterol and cholesterol esters
- Protein accumulation
- Glycogen accumulation
- Pigments, including lipofuscin, melanin, hemosiderin, bilirubin, and exogenous pigments
-
Extracellular accumulations
Amyloid deposition and other extracellular material deposits, with their pathology and clinical effects.
-
Morphology and diagnostic stains
Gross and microscopic features, plus commonly used stains such as Oil Red O/Sudan stains, Prussian blue, and Congo red.
At a high level, these lesions are usually signs of disturbed cellular metabolism or impaired removal of substances. Many are reversible if the cause is removed early, but some deposits, particularly extracellular amyloid, can progressively disrupt tissue architecture and organ function.