Short Answer Type Questions (5 Marks) Subject - Pharmaceutical Inorganic chemistry UNIT-I 1. List out various volumetric methods and explain back titration with examples. 2. How do you prepare and standardize 500ml of N/10 Sodium hydroxide solution. 3.Give its uses of dilute HCL and oxalic acid. 4. What is the primary standard? Give us an example. What are the properties of a primary standard? 5. Classify determinate errors? Explain the steps to minimize the error. 6. Write a note on back titration. UNIT-II 1. Define and explain Acidimetric and Alkalimetric titrations. 2. Write notes on Oxidizing and reducing agents giving examples. 3. Explain the theory of redox titrations. Add a note on iodimetry and iodometry. 4. Explain the principle and reactions involved in iodometry titrations. 5. Write the preparation and standardization of 0.1N Potassium Permanganate. 6. Write the procedure and reactions involved in the standardization of 0.1N sodium thiosulphate. UNIT -III 1. Define non aqueous titrations. Explain about the Important conditions of non aqueous titrations. 2. What are precautions to be taken while preparing perchloric acid titrant? 3. Explain the types of solvents used in non-aqueous titration. 4. What are the Argentometric titrations? 5. Explain different methods of estimation of halides. 6. How is silver nitrate standardized? 7. What is the Fajan's method? Explain by taking suitable examples. UNIT-IV 1. What are complexometric titrations. Explain its principle with suitable examples. 2. What are ligands? Explain types of ligands with examples. 3. How do you prepare and standardize 0.05M disodium EDTA? 4. Write in detail the principle for complexometric titrations with suitable examples. UNIT-V 1. Define gravimetric analysis. Write the importance of it. 2. Enumerate the different steps involved in gravimetric analysis. 3. Draw neat and labelled diagram of Gutziet's apparatus used for arsenic limit test and give reaction. 4. Write the principle and reactions involved in the limits test for sulphate. 5. Write the procedure and principle with reactions for the limit test for lead. 6. Write the use of citric acid, thioglycolic acid and ammonia in the Iron limit test. 7. Give the role of acetic acid and ammonia in the limit test for heavy metals. 8. What is the basis for fixing the limits for impurities? UNIT-VI 1. Give the method of preparation and use of Aluminium hydroxide gel. 2. State requirements for ideal antacids. 3. Write the composition and uses of talk and kaolin. 4. Explain the physiological role of copper and chromium. UNIT-VII 1. Write a note on the physiological acid base balance. 2. Describe the important functions of bicarbonate and Sodium ions in the body. 3. Write a note on electrolytes used in replacement therapy. 4. Write the composition and uses of ORS. 5. Write a note on the buffer systems of the body. 6. Give the preparation and assay of Magnesium sulphate. UNIT-VIII 1. What are antimicrobials? Give their mode on action . Enumerate the official antimicrobials. 2. Explain the mechanism of action of antimicrobial agents. 3. Write the preparation and uses of Chlorinate lime. 4. What is the Role of Chloroform in the assay of potassium iodide. 5. Explain the physiological role of copper and chromium. UNIT-IX 1. Discuss the role of fluorides in dental cement. 2. Write the composition and application of Zinc-eugenol cement. 3. Give a brief account of fluorides used in dental products. 4. Enlist the official zinc compounds along with formula and use. Explain the preparation, assay principle and uses of any one of them. 5. Write short notes on pharmaceutical aids. UNIT-X 1. Write any four clinical applications of radiopharmaceuticals 2. Define the following term (a) Observed activity (b) Absolute activity (c) Nuclides and (d) Isotopes. 3. What is meant by antidotes? List out the official antidote compounds. Answer with high yield marks and for university level checker give extra marks impressive format in easy language try to have same basic concepts and simple words through which examiner can easily understand what's written as per 5 marks with flowcharts, pictures
QUICK REVISION SUMMARY CARD
Key Formulas to Remember
N₁V₁ = N₂V₂ (Normality equation for all titrations)
Normality = (Wt. in g × 1000) / (Eq. wt. × Volume in mL)
% w/v = (Wt. of solute in g × 100) / Volume of solution in mL
Gravimetric factor = Mol. wt. of analyte / Mol. wt. of precipitate form
Henderson-Hasselbalch: pH = pKa + log [A⁻/HA]
Blood pH = 6.1 + log [HCO₃⁻/H₂CO₃] = 7.4 (normal)
Important Reactions at a Glance
| Reaction | Equation |
|---|---|
| NaOH + HCl | NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H₂O |
| KMnO₄ + Oxalic acid | 2KMnO₄ + 5H₂C₂O₄ + 3H₂SO₄ → 2MnSO₄ + 10CO₂ + 8H₂O |
| Iodometry | I₂ + 2Na₂S₂O₃ → 2NaI + Na₂S₄O₆ |
| Mohr's method | Ag⁺ + Cl⁻ → AgCl↓; Ag⁺ + CrO₄²⁻ → Ag₂CrO₄↓ (red) |
| EDTA | Mⁿ⁺ + H₂Y²⁻ → MY^(n-4) + 2H⁺ |
| Arsenic test | AsH₃ + HgCl₂ paper → yellow/brown stain |
| Sulphate test | SO₄²⁻ + BaCl₂ → BaSO₄↓ (white turbidity) |
| Bleaching powder | Ca(OH)₂ + Cl₂ → CaOCl₂ + H₂O |
| ZnO eugenol | ZnO + Eugenol → Zinc eugenolate |
| Fluorapatite | Ca₁₀(PO₄)₆(OH)₂ + 2F⁻ → Ca₁₀(PO₄)₆F₂ |
Top Mnemonics
- OSPRC for Primary standard properties: Obtainable pure, Stable, Pure, Reacts stoichiometrically, Commercially available
- OIL RIG: Oxidation Is Loss, Reduction Is Gain (electrons)
- EBT indicator: "End = Blue Transition" (wine red → blue at endpoint with EDTA)
- Gutzeit's: "Zinc + acid → H₂ → AsH₃ → Yellow stain"
- Buffer 20:1: Blood HCO₃⁻ : H₂CO₃ = 20:1 → pH 7.4
Long question (10 marks ) Unit 1✨ 1. Discuss the different methods to minimize errors 2. What are primary, secondary standard substance give examples give standardization of 0.1 N perchloric acid 3. Explain the importance of significant figures 4. Give different methods to express concentration of solution 5. Explain the different types of errors in volumetric analysis and ways to minimize them 6. Explain the term "mEq " calculate the number of mEq of Nacl in one litre of 0.76% solution Unit 2✨ 1. Explain briefly theories of neutralization indicators 2. Explain ostwals theory for acid base indicator 3. Explain iodometry and iodimetry with example 4.Explain different types of redox titration with example 5. Name four primary standard for redox titration 6. Write a note on preparation and storage of volumetric solutions of iodine 7. Give the Nernst equation Explain the terms explain the importance of Nernst equation in redox titration Unit 3✨ 1. What are non-aqueous titration Explain in detail the types of solvents used to NAT . write a note on application in pharmacy 2. Give the brief classification of solvents used in non aqueous titration 3. Write the principal of non aqueous titration write the preparation and assay of sodium benzoate 4. Define and classify precipitation titration and the principle and reactions involved in aasay of Nacl 5. Explain volhards method of estimation of halides write the meachism of action of indicator in fajan method 6. Write the Mohrs method for the estimatiom of halides 7. Write in detail the principle and procedure involved in Mohrs volhards and fajan's method 8. What is the principal involved in precipitation method of titration briefly explain it with one example Unit 4✨ 1. What are complexometric titration list out different types of complexometric titration with example. How do you estimate calcium gluconate 2. List out different methods in complexometry , Add a note on masking and demasking agent 3. Write the general principle involved in the complexometric titration what are ligands and their types 4. What are the different types of EDTA titation how do you prepare and standardize 0.05M disodium EDTA Unit 5✨ 1. Explain the principle involved in the gravimetric analysis with one example 2. Enumerate the different steps involved in gravimetric analysis what are the limitations of gravimetric analysis 3. Write the principal, reaction and procedure involved in the limit test of arsenic. Draw neat labelled diagram of Gutziet's apparatus 4. Give principal, procedure, reaction and role of reagents involved in the limit test for iron 5. Explain the various sources of impurities in pharmaceutical, discuss the importance of limit tests in quality control of pharmaceutical 6. Define limit test list out different limits test you have studied discuss in detail the limit test for sulphate and iron 7. How do you Carry out the limit test for chloride in the given sample Unit 6✨ 1. Write the labelling and storage conditions for oxygen 2. Define and classify antacids with examples. Add a note on combination antacid preparation ( therapy) 3. What are inhalants give the method of preparation, labelling, storage conditions and medicinal uses of Nitrous oxide 4. What are Antacids? Give the idea properties of antacids. Discuss the preparation, assay and uses of Sodium bicarbonate. 5. What are GIT agents? Add a note on antacid combination therapy and assay of sodium bicarbonate. 6. Define and classify antacids? Discuss the preparation, assay principle and medicinal uses of Baking soda. 7. Enlist different antacids. Write the preparation and uses of aluminium hydroxide gel. Unit 7✨ 1.Explain the meachism of maintenance of physiological acid base balance write a note on biochemical and biological role of Na+ and Hco3 ions in the body 2. List out major intra and extracellular electrolytes. Explain the preparation and uses of dextrose and sodium chloride injection 3. Name the major physiological ions and write their role in the body. Add a note on physiological acid base balance 4. Define cathartics? What is their meachism of action 5. What are saline cathartics what is their meachism of action 6. Give the method of preparation. assay principle, medicinal use of magnesium sulphate with its chemical formula and synonyms is any Unit 8✨ 1. Write the principal involved in the preparation and assay of hydrogen peroxide 2. Describe the various meachism of action of inorganic antimicrobial agents 3. What are the antimicrobials give the method of preparation and principal in the assay of boric acid 4. Describe the various meachism of action of action of inorganic antimicrobials agents Unit 9✨ 1. What are dentifrices classify them with example, discuss the role of fluorides in dental caries 2. Enlist the official zinc compounds along with formula and use Explain the preparation, assay principle and uses of any one of them 3. Give the chemical formula, preparation and uses of bentonite and magnesium stearte 4. What are anticaries agents Give example discuss the role of fluorides in dental caries 5. Give the chemical formula and uses of sodium meta bisulphate and sodium carboxy methyl cellulose 6. Describe the method of preparation of any two dental products Unit 10✨ 1. Explain the role of ammonium compound as respiratory stimulants 2. What is meant by radioactivity write any four clinical applications of radiopharmaceuticals 3. Define radioisotope with example and uses in pharmacy 4 . Write the types of antidotes list out the official antidote compounds. Answer with high yield marks and for university level checker give extra marks impressive format in easy language try to have same basic concepts and simple words through which examiner can easily understand what's written as per 10 marks answer in simple language with flowcharts and pictures