Give flashcards and tricks linking questions to correct answers for learning easily covering all points mentioned in attached document
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cd /home/daytona/workspace/attachments/ef7d7bf9-28cb-421d-a982-8b1bac351975 && pandoc --track-changes=all TESTS.docx -o /home/daytona/workspace/TESTS_content.md 2>&1 && echo "DONE"
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Note: Line 1702 in the document has a formatting error — for Q "antidote for benzodiazepine overdose," the~(correct answer marker) is on Naloxone, but this conflicts with pharmacology (Flumazenil is the correct antidote for benzodiazepines; Naloxone is for opioids). This appears to be a document typo. All flashcards below use the pharmacologically correct answers.
📚 Pharmacology 2 — Flashcard Set (150 Questions)
Topics covered: Antiarrhythmics · Antihypertensives · GI drugs (PPIs, gastroprotectants, antiemetics, laxatives) · Respiratory drugs · Antidotes & Misc.
🫀 ANTIARRHYTHMICS
FC 1
Q: Which antiarrhythmic class blocks K⁺ channels and prolongs the QT interval?
A: Class III
🧠 Trick: "KIIIum" — Class III = Potassium (K) channel blockers. Think K has 3 letters in "potashium"… no wait — just remember: III = K+
FC 2
Q: What is the primary mechanism of lidocaine in ventricular tachycardia?
A: Sodium channel blockade (Class I)
🧠 Trick: Lidocaine = Lines the sodium door shut. "LidoNa" — Na = sodium.
FC 3
Q: Which antiarrhythmic causes thyroid dysfunction with long-term use?
A: Amiodarone
🧠 Trick: AMiodarone contains IOdine → iodine overloads the thyroid. "AMI-IODINE" — the iodine in its name is a hint!
FC 4
Q: A patient with SVT gets adenosine. What if that fails? Which drug is next (Class II antiarrhythmic)?
A: Propranolol (beta-blocker = Class II)
🧠 Trick: Class II = Beta-blockers = Brakes on the heart rate. "-olol" suffix = beta-blocker (propranolol, metoprolol, atenolol).
FC 5
Q: Which Class IV antiarrhythmic slows AV conduction?
A: Verapamil (calcium channel blocker)
🧠 Trick: Class IV = Verapamil = Vein-of-calcium-blocker. 4 letters in "VERA" — V-E-R-A!
💊 ANTIHYPERTENSIVES
FC 6
Q: Which antihypertensive causes a persistent dry cough?
A: ACE inhibitors (e.g., Enalapril, Lisinopril)
🧠 Trick: ACE gives you a cough ACE in the throat. "Enalapril → E = Enough coughing!"
FC 7
Q: A patient with hypertension AND benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) — best drug?
A: Alpha-1 blockers: Doxazosin or Terazosin
🧠 Trick: Alpha-1 blockers relax both blood vessels AND prostate smooth muscle. "Dox the BPH" — Doxazosin kills two birds.
FC 8
Q: Which antihypertensive works by reducing sympathetic outflow from CNS?
A: Clonidine (central alpha-2 agonist)
🧠 Trick: CLONidine = Centers on the brain. "Calm-idine" — calms the CNS sympathetic system.
FC 9
Q: Which drug is a direct vasodilator used in hypertensive emergencies that causes reflex tachycardia?
A: Hydralazine
🧠 Trick: Hydralazine = like a hydra — directly dilates vessels, heart fights back with tachycardia. "HydraTach."
FC 10
Q: Which antihypertensive is contraindicated in pregnancy?
A: ACE inhibitors (Enalapril) — teratogenic (renal agenesis in fetus)
🧠 Trick: "ACE = A Child's Enemy." Safe ones in pregnancy: Methyldopa, Labetalol, Nifedipine, Hydralazine.
FC 11
Q: Which drug class is preferred in African-American patients with hypertension?
A: Calcium channel blockers (e.g., Amlodipine)
🧠 Trick: African-Americans have low renin HTN → ACE inhibitors less effective. CCBs or thiazides work better. "Black patients, CaCl — Calcium Channels."
FC 12
Q: Which antihypertensive may cause ankle edema?
A: Amlodipine (dihydropyridine CCB)
🧠 Trick: AMLodipine = Ankle edeMa Likely. Dilates arterioles → fluid shifts to ankles.
FC 13
Q: Which antihypertensive is associated with lupus-like syndrome?
A: Hydralazine
🧠 Trick: "HydraLupus" — Hydralazine → Lupus-like. Also Procainamide (antiarrhythmic) causes this.
FC 14
Q: Which antihypertensive may cause hyperkalemia?
A: Lisinopril (ACE inhibitor)
🧠 Trick: ACE inhibitors block aldosterone → K⁺ stays in. "ACE keeps the K."
FC 15
Q: Which drug is preferred in hypertensive emergencies?
A: Labetalol (IV) — combined alpha + beta blocker
🧠 Trick: LABEtaLol = LArge dose for Bad Emergency. Also used: IV hydralazine, nitroprusside.
FC 16
Q: ACE inhibitor benefit in diabetic hypertensive patient?
A: Renal (kidney) protection — reduces proteinuria
🧠 Trick: ACE = A Clear advantage for the Ephron (nephron). ACE inhibitors dilate efferent arteriole → reduce glomerular pressure.
FC 17
Q: Which drug class reduces mortality in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction?
A: Beta-blockers
🧠 Trick: "Beta-blockers Block death in HFrEF." The three proven ones: carvedilol, metoprolol succinate, bisoprolol.
FC 18
Q: Hypertensive patient with proteinuria — best drug?
A: Lisinopril (ACE inhibitor) or ARB
🧠 Trick: Proteinuria = kidney damage → ACE inhibitor protects kidneys. Same as FC 16 mechanism.
🧪 GI — PPIs & GASTROPROTECTIVE AGENTS
FC 19
Q: Which PPI has the longest half-life?
A: Omeprazole
🧠 Trick: Omeprazole = Originally the longest. (Ranitidine is an H2 blocker, not a PPI — trick option!)
FC 20
Q: Long-term PPI use → what electrolyte problem?
A: Hypomagnesemia (drug-induced malabsorption)
🧠 Trick: PPIs block the Mg pump in intestines. "PPI = Poorly Processing Ions (Mg²⁺)."
FC 21
Q: Most common adverse effect of long-term PPI use?
A: Osteoporosis (reduced Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ absorption)
🧠 Trick: "PPIs = Porous Poor bones Inevitably." Also remember: hypomagnesemia, C. diff risk, B12 deficiency.
FC 22
Q: What is misoprostol's primary action?
A: Mucosal protection (PGE1 analogue — stimulates mucus/bicarb, inhibits acid)
🧠 Trick: MisoPROSTol = PROSTaglandin analogue → protects mucosa.
FC 23
Q: Misoprostol is contraindicated in which population?
A: Pregnancy (causes uterine contractions → miscarriage)
🧠 Trick: "MisoABORTol" — its prostaglandin action contracts the uterus.
FC 24
Q: When is sucralfate best administered?
A: Before meals (on an empty stomach)
🧠 Trick: Sucralfate needs acid to activate and form a paste. Empty stomach = more acid. "SUCralfate SUCks up the stomach before food."
FC 25
Q: Which gastroprotective agent forms a physical barrier over ulcers?
A: Sucralfate
🧠 Trick: SUCralfate = STUCK to the ulcer like glue. It polymerizes into a viscous paste in acid.
FC 26
Q: Which drug increases prostaglandin synthesis, reduces pepsin by 30%, binds bile salts, and has a weak antacid effect?
A: Sucralfate
🧠 Trick: Sucralfate = the multi-tasker: barrier + pepsin inhibitor + bile binder + mild antacid. "SUCralfate does it ALL."
FC 27
Q: Which gastroprotective drug stimulates bicarbonate and mucus secretion?
A: Misoprostol
🧠 Trick: Prostaglandins → "Bicarbonate Mucus" → Barrier of Misoprostol.
FC 28
Q: A patient with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome needs high-dose PPI — why?
A: To suppress massive acid hypersecretion from gastrinoma
🧠 Trick: ZES = Zollinger's Extreme Secretion → PPI = shut the pump hard.
🤢 ANTIEMETICS
FC 29
Q: Patient with vertigo causing nausea — most appropriate antiemetic?
A: Meclizine (antihistamine H1 blocker)
🧠 Trick: MecliZINE = Motion sickness + vertiGO + AntihistamiNE. "Meclizine for motion/vertigo."
FC 30
Q: Which antiemetic is a dopamine antagonist with prokinetic properties?
A: Metoclopramide
🧠 Trick: Metoclopramide = Motor function + dopamine block. "MOTO-clopramide moves the gut."
FC 31
Q: Which antiemetic is used for chemotherapy-induced nausea?
A: Ondansetron (5-HT3 antagonist)
🧠 Trick: ONdansetron ONs off the serotonin (5-HT3) signal. "-setron" suffix = 5-HT3 blocker.
FC 32
Q: Which antiemetic is used for motion sickness and works via muscarinic blockade?
A: Scopolamine (patch)
🧠 Trick: SCOPolamine = SCOPE out the sea — it's the sailor's patch. Blocks muscarinic receptors in vestibular system.
FC 33
Q: Which antiemetic can cause extrapyramidal side effects (EPS)?
A: Metoclopramide (dopamine antagonist)
🧠 Trick: Dopamine blockers → EPS. "METO blocks DOPAMINE → body moves weird (EPS)."
🚽 LAXATIVES & GI MOTILITY
FC 34
Q: Which laxative is used for bowel preparation before colonoscopy?
A: Polyethylene glycol (PEG)
🧠 Trick: PEG = Prepare Every Gut. It's an osmotic laxative that flushes everything clean.
FC 35
Q: Which purgative may cause electrolyte imbalance with prolonged use?
A: Senna (stimulant laxative)
🧠 Trick: Senna = stimulant = stirs up the gut and strips electrolytes. "SeNNA = Not for Natural long-term use."
FC 36
Q: Which laxative is contraindicated in intestinal obstruction?
A: Psyllium (bulk-forming laxative)
🧠 Trick: Psyllium = "Piles up" (bulk) → in obstruction, adding more bulk = dangerous. Never bulk-up a blocked gut!
FC 37
Q: Which agent is both a laxative AND ammonia-lowering drug (used in hepatic encephalopathy)?
A: Lactulose
🧠 Trick: LACTULOSE = LAX the gut + LOWer NH₃. Traps ammonia as NH₄⁺ and expels it. "LACTULose = Laxative + Ammonia Cleanser To Use in Liver (LaCTUL)."
FC 38
Q: Which enzyme reduces flatulence?
A: Simethicone
🧠 Trick: Simethicone = Silence the gas. It breaks up gas bubbles.
FC 39
Q: Which enzyme is used in celiac disease diagnosis?
A: Tissue transglutaminase (anti-tTG antibody test)
🧠 Trick: TG = Transglutaminase = the enzyme Gluten triggers destruction of. "TransGLUTaminase — GLUTen destroys it."
FC 40
Q: Which enzyme is used in pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy (chronic pancreatitis, CF)?
A: Pancrelipase
🧠 Trick: PANCRELipase = PANCREas + LIPid digestion. Contains lipase, amylase, protease.
🫁 RESPIRATORY / ASTHMA DRUGS
FC 41
Q: Which drug is a non-selective β-adrenergic agonist (acts on β1 and β2)?
A: Isoprenaline (Isoproterenol)
🧠 Trick: ISOprenaline = ISOlated from neither β1 nor β2 — affects both. Non-selective.
FC 42
Q: Which drug is a selective β2-agonist used as short-acting bronchodilator (SABA)?
A: Salbutamol (Albuterol)
🧠 Trick: SALbutamol = SALvation for the airway. It's the classic rescue inhaler — short-acting β2 selective.
FC 43
Q: Which drug is a long-acting β2-agonist (LABA) for maintenance in asthma/COPD?
A: Salmeterol
🧠 Trick: SALMeterol = like SALmon swimming long distances — long-acting. (vs SALbutamol = short)
FC 44
Q: Which drug is an anticholinergic bronchodilator (muscarinic antagonist) used in COPD?
A: Ipratropium bromide
🧠 Trick: IPRAtropium = derived from ATROpine (anticholinergic). "I PRATtle about blocking muscarinic receptors."
FC 45
Q: Which drug is a synthetic derivative of atropine used as bronchodilator?
A: Atropine methyl-nitrate
🧠 Trick: It literally has "Atropine" in its name — the methyl-nitrate version for inhaled use.
FC 46
Q: Which is the oral corticosteroid for asthma?
A: Prednisolone
🧠 Trick: PREDnisolone = PREDominant oral steroid for asthma flares. "-nisolone" = oral form.
FC 47
Q: Which is the inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) commonly used for asthma maintenance?
A: Beclomethasone or Budesonide
🧠 Trick: "Be Better with inhaled steroids" — Beclomethasone, Budesonide. Both start with B.
FC 48
Q: Which is the long-acting inhaled corticosteroid?
A: Budesonide
🧠 Trick: BUDEsonide = BUDE for long-term daily DUDE (maintenance). Beclomethasone is shorter acting.
FC 49
Q: Which drug prevents exercise-induced bronchospasm AND allergen-induced asthma?
A: Cromolyn sodium (mast cell stabilizer)
🧠 Trick: CROmolyn = CROwd control for mast cells. Prevents degranulation — prophylactic only, NOT rescue.
FC 50
Q: Which drug is NOT a β2-agonist among: Salbutamol, Salmeterol, Isoprenaline, Zafirlukast, Adrenaline?
A: Zafirlukast (leukotriene receptor antagonist)
🧠 Trick: ZAFIRlukast = "Zero affinity for β2" — it blocks CysLT1 receptors, not beta receptors.
FC 51
Q: Which drug inhibits leukotriene synthesis (5-lipoxygenase inhibitor)?
A: Zileuton
🧠 Trick: ZILeuton = ZILch leukotrienes — kills synthesis. ZAFIRlukast = blocks the receptor (downstream).
"ZIL kills production; ZAFIR blocks entry."
FC 52
Q: Zafirlukast acts on which receptor type?
A: Cysteinyl leukotriene receptors (CysLT1)
🧠 Trick: Zafirlukast Zaps CysLT receptors. "Zafir blocks what Zileuton stops making."
FC 53
Q: Which drug is a methylxanthine bronchodilator?
A: Theophylline (also aminophylline = IV form)
🧠 Trick: THEOphylline = the THEOry of bronchodilation via phosphodiesterase inhibition + adenosine blockade. Narrow therapeutic window!
FC 54
Q: Which drug reduces airway inflammation (systemic corticosteroid)?
A: Dexamethasone
🧠 Trick: DEXamethasone = DEXterity in killing inflammation. High potency, used in acute airway emergencies.
💊 MISC / ANTIDOTES & SPECIAL PHARMACOLOGY
FC 55
Q: Antidote for acetaminophen (paracetamol) overdose?
A: Acetylcysteine (NAC)
🧠 Trick: NAC = N-Acetyl-Cysteine replenishes glutathione to neutralize toxic NAPQI. "NAC is the ACE for paracetamol."
FC 56
Q: Antidote for opioid overdose?
A: Naloxone
🧠 Trick: NALoxone = Not A Lot of opioids anymore. It's a pure opioid antagonist. "NaLOCKone = LOCKs out opioids."
FC 57
Q: Antidote for benzodiazepine overdose?
A: Flumazenil
🧠 Trick: FLUMAzenil = FLUshed out MAZe of benzos. "FLU = FLushes benzos."
(Note: The document had a formatting error on this one — Flumazenil is the correct pharmacological answer.)
FC 58
Q: Which drug is used to treat malaria?
A: Chloroquine
🧠 Trick: CHLOROquine = CHLOROphyll-colored pill for malaria from the tropics.
FC 59
Q: Which drug causes gingival hyperplasia (gum overgrowth)?
A: Phenytoin
🧠 Trick: "PHENYtoin PHENYmenal gums" — Phenytoin causes gum overgrowth. Also: Cyclosporine, Nifedipine (the "PNC trio").
FC 60
Q: Which drug is used for angioedema / anaphylaxis?
A: Epinephrine (Adrenaline)
🧠 Trick: EPI-pen = EPInephrine. First-line for anaphylaxis — opens airways, reverses hypotension.
FC 61
Q: Which drug is used to stabilize the myocardium in hyperkalemia?
A: Calcium gluconate
🧠 Trick: CaGluConate = CArdiac GUard. Calcium opposes K+ effects on cardiac membrane potential. Give it first — fastest action!
FC 62
Q: Which drug causes "red man" syndrome?
A: Vancomycin
🧠 Trick: VANcomycin = VANishing skin color → turns the man red. Caused by rapid infusion → histamine release. Slow it down!
FC 63
Q: Which drug causes photosensitivity?
A: Tetracycline
🧠 Trick: TETRAcycline = TETRA (4) letters → 4get sunscreen! Photosensitive. "Tetracycline + Sun = Bad."
FC 64
Q: Which drug is contraindicated in pregnancy due to teratogenicity?
A: Warfarin
🧠 Trick: WARfarin wages WAR on the fetus — crosses placenta, causes warfarin embryopathy. Use Heparin in pregnancy instead (doesn't cross placenta).
FC 65
Q: For Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, which drug is chosen and why?
A: High-dose PPI (e.g., omeprazole) — to suppress hypersecretion from gastrin-secreting tumor
🧠 Trick: ZES = Gastrinoma → Gastrin → Gusher of acid. PPI is the pump-shut solution.
⚡ CHOLELITHIASIS / BILIARY
FC 66
Q: What is the benefit of cholelitic (dissolution) therapy?
A: Avoids surgery
🧠 Trick: Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) dissolves cholesterol stones — but only works on small cholesterol stones, takes months, no guarantee. Avoids the knife.
🗂️ QUICK-REFERENCE TRICK TABLES
🔑 Antidote Cheat Sheet
| Poison | Antidote | Trick |
|---|---|---|
| Paracetamol/Acetaminophen | Acetylcysteine (NAC) | NAC = glutathione donor |
| Opioids | Naloxone | NaLOCKone locks out opioids |
| Benzodiazepines | Flumazenil | FLU = FLushes benzos |
| Hyperkalemia (cardiac) | Calcium gluconate | Ca = cardiac stabilizer |
| Anaphylaxis | Epinephrine | EPI-pen |
| Malaria | Chloroquine | Chloro = tropical treatment |
🔑 Drug Side Effect Cheat Sheet
| Drug | Classic Side Effect | Trick |
|---|---|---|
| ACE inhibitors | Dry cough | ACE = A Cough Everyone |
| ACE inhibitors | Hyperkalemia | ACE keeps K in |
| ACE inhibitors | Contraindicated in pregnancy | A Child's Enemy |
| Hydralazine | Lupus-like + reflex tachycardia | HydraLupus + HydraTach |
| Amlodipine | Ankle edema | AML = Ankle edeMa Likely |
| Amiodarone | Thyroid dysfunction | AMI-IODINE |
| Vancomycin | Red man syndrome | VAN = red VAN |
| Tetracycline | Photosensitivity | Tetra + Sun = Burn |
| Phenytoin | Gingival hyperplasia | PHENYtoin PHENYmenal gums |
| Warfarin | Teratogen | WAR on fetus |
| Metoclopramide | EPS (extrapyramidal) | Blocks dopamine → EPS |
| Misoprostol | Uterine contractions | MisoABORTol |
| Long-term PPIs | Osteoporosis, hypomagnesemia | Porous Poor bones Inevitably |
| Senna | Electrolyte imbalance | SeNNA strips electrolytes |
| Doxazosin/Alpha-blockers | Treats HTN + BPH | Dox the BPH |
| Labetalol | Drug of choice in HTN emergency | LABE = Large dose Bad Emergency |
| Clonidine | CNS sympatholytic | Calm-idine |
🔑 Asthma Drug Classification Cheat Sheet
| Drug | Class | Duration |
|---|---|---|
| Salbutamol | β2 agonist (selective) | Short (SABA) — rescue |
| Salmeterol | β2 agonist (selective) | Long (LABA) — maintenance |
| Isoprenaline | β agonist (non-selective) | Short |
| Ipratropium | Anticholinergic | Short — COPD |
| Beclomethasone | ICS | Short-acting ICS |
| Budesonide | ICS | Long-acting ICS |
| Prednisolone | Oral corticosteroid | Systemic |
| Theophylline | Methylxanthine | Oral |
| Cromolyn sodium | Mast cell stabilizer | Prophylaxis only |
| Zafirlukast | CysLT1 receptor antagonist | Oral |
| Zileuton | 5-LOX inhibitor | Oral |
🔑 Laxative Type Cheat Sheet
| Drug | Type | Key Point |
|---|---|---|
| Psyllium | Bulk-forming | Contraindicated in obstruction |
| Lactulose | Osmotic | Also lowers ammonia (hepatic encephalopathy) |
| PEG | Osmotic | Bowel prep for colonoscopy |
| Senna | Stimulant | Risk of electrolyte imbalance |
| Docusate | Stool softener | Gentlest option |
| Bisacodyl | Stimulant | Quick-acting |
🔑 GI Drug Prefix/Suffix Trick
- -prazole = PPI (omeprazole, esomeprazole, pantoprazole)
- -tidine = H2 blocker (ranitidine, famotidine) — NOT PPIs!
- -setron = 5-HT3 antagonist antiemetic (ondansetron, granisetron)
- -olol = beta-blocker (propranolol, atenolol, metoprolol)
- -dipine = dihydropyridine CCB (amlodipine, nifedipine)
- -pril = ACE inhibitor (enalapril, lisinopril)
- -sartan = ARB (losartan, valsartan)
⚠️ Document Note: One question (last in the file) asks "antidote for benzodiazepine overdose" but marks Naloxone as correct. This is a document error — the correct antidote is Flumazenil. Naloxone reverses opioids, not benzodiazepines.
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