🏥 GNM 1st Year — Anatomy & Physiology

2nd Internal Exam: Most Important Questions

📌 SECTION A — Long Answer Questions (10 marks each)

Cardiovascular System

1. Describe the structure of the heart. Include chambers, valves, walls, and blood supply.
2. Explain the cardiac cycle with phases — systole, diastole, and the events in each phase.
3. Write in detail about the conducting system of the heart (SA node → AV node → Bundle of His → Purkinje fibers).
4. Define blood pressure. Explain the factors regulating blood pressure.
5. Describe the composition and functions of blood. Include plasma and formed elements.

Respiratory System

1. Describe the anatomy of the lungs. Include lobes, bronchopulmonary segments, blood supply.
2. Explain the mechanism of respiration (inspiration and expiration). Include muscles involved.
3. Define lung volumes and capacities — tidal volume, vital capacity, residual volume, total lung capacity.
4. Describe the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in blood.

Nervous System

1. Describe the structure and functions of the brain. (Cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem, diencephalon)
2. Write about the neuron — structure, types, and nerve impulse transmission (action potential).
3. Describe the spinal cord — structure, tracts, and functions.
4. Write about the autonomic nervous system — sympathetic vs parasympathetic divisions and their effects.

Digestive System

1. Describe the anatomy of the stomach. Include parts, blood supply, and functions.
2. Write in detail about the liver — structure, functions, and blood supply.
3. Explain the digestion and absorption of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.

Urinary System

1. Describe the structure of the kidney and nephron. Include the juxtaglomerular apparatus.
2. Explain the formation of urine — glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and secretion.

Endocrine System

1. Describe the pituitary gland — lobes, hormones secreted, and their functions.
2. Write about the thyroid gland — structure, hormones (T3, T4, Calcitonin), and their functions.

Reproductive System

1. Describe the female reproductive system — anatomy of uterus, ovaries, uterine tubes.
2. Explain the menstrual cycle — phases, hormonal regulation (FSH, LH, estrogen, progesterone).

📌 SECTION B — Short Answer Questions (5 marks each)

Anatomy Topics

• Layers of the heart wall (endocardium, myocardium, pericardium)
• Structure of the alveolus and its role in gas exchange
• Blood-brain barrier — components and significance
• Parts of the nephron and their functions
• Structure of the small intestine (villi, microvilli)
• Adrenal gland — cortex and medulla, hormones
• Spleen — structure and functions
• Structure of the testis
• Joints — types and examples
• Skin — layers (epidermis, dermis) and functions

Physiology Topics

• Cardiac output — definition, normal value, factors affecting it
• Electrocardiogram (ECG) — waves (P, QRS, T) and what they represent
• Haemostasis — mechanism of blood clotting (coagulation cascade)
• Erythropoiesis — formation of RBCs, role of erythropoietin
• Surfactant — what it is, where produced, why important
• Reflex arc — components and types of reflexes
• Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) — normal value and factors affecting it
• Jaundice — types (pre-hepatic, hepatic, post-hepatic)
• Diabetes insipidus vs Diabetes mellitus — differences
• Oxytocin and ADH — source and functions

📌 SECTION C — Very Short / One-liner Questions (2 marks each)

🔑 Top High-Yield Tips for Tomorrow

📝 Quick Revision Mnemonics

• Valves of heart: "Tricuspid/Mitral on left/right — Pulmonary/Aortic at top"
  • Left AV = Mitral (bicuspid), Right AV = Tricuspid
• Cranial nerves (12): "On Old Olympus Towering Top A Finn And German Viewed Some Hops"
• Lung lobes: Right = 3 lobes, Left = 2 lobes (heart takes space)
• Blood pH: Normal = 7.35–7.45
• Hormone from Anterior Pituitary: GH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, Prolactin
• Posterior Pituitary: ADH (vasopressin) + Oxytocin

🎯 HIGHEST CHANCE Questions — GNM 1st Year A&P 2nd Internal

🔴 ALMOST CERTAIN (90-100% chance)

Long Answer

1. Describe the cardiac cycle with all phases and events
2. Explain the formation of urine (filtration, reabsorption, secretion)
3. Describe the structure and functions of the neuron with nerve impulse transmission
4. Explain the menstrual cycle with hormonal regulation

Short Answer

1. Conducting system of the heart (SA node, AV node, Bundle of His, Purkinje fibers)
2. Blood pressure — definition, normal value, factors affecting it
3. Lung volumes and capacities with normal values
4. Structure of nephron — labeled diagram

🟠 VERY HIGH CHANCE (75-90%)

Long Answer

1. Describe the pituitary gland — lobes, all hormones, functions
2. Structure and functions of the liver
3. Describe the brain — parts and functions
4. Mechanism of respiration — inspiration and expiration

Short Answer

1. ECG — P wave, QRS complex, T wave meaning
2. Blood groups — ABO system and Rh factor
3. Thyroid gland — hormones and functions
4. Glomerular filtration — process and GFR (125 mL/min)
5. Autonomic nervous system — sympathetic vs parasympathetic

🟡 HIGH CHANCE (60-75%)

1. Composition of blood — plasma, RBC, WBC, platelets
2. Blood clotting mechanism (coagulation)
3. Adrenal gland — cortex and medulla hormones
4. Structure of the alveolus and gaseous exchange
5. Reflex arc — diagram and types
6. Female reproductive system — uterus, ovaries, fallopian tubes
7. Erythropoiesis — formation of RBCs

📊 ONE-LINER / 2-MARK (Sure Shot)

🖊️ Must-Draw Diagrams (Very High Chance)

1. Nephron — labeled diagram ✅
2. Cardiac cycle graph or ECG tracing ✅
3. Neuron — labeled diagram ✅
4. Reflex arc ✅
5. Menstrual cycle graph (hormones vs days) ✅

⚡ Last-Minute Strategy

• Sleep well tonight — a rested brain recalls better than an exhausted one
• Write diagrams neatly — examiners give extra marks for labeled diagrams
• Attempt all questions — never leave blank answers