BDC Study Notes: Anatomy of Upper Limb & Lower Limb Joints

"""
BDC Anatomy Notes: Upper Limb & Lower Limb Joints
Detailed PDF with diagrams using ReportLab
"""

from reportlab.platypus import (
    SimpleDocTemplate, Paragraph, Spacer, Table, TableStyle,
    HRFlowable, KeepTogether, PageBreak
)
from reportlab.platypus.flowables import Flowable
from reportlab.lib.styles import getSampleStyleSheet, ParagraphStyle
from reportlab.lib import colors
from reportlab.lib.units import inch, mm
from reportlab.lib.pagesizes import A4
from reportlab.lib.enums import TA_CENTER, TA_LEFT, TA_RIGHT
from reportlab.graphics.shapes import Drawing, Rect, Circle, Line, String, Polygon, Ellipse, Group
from reportlab.graphics import renderPDF
from reportlab.graphics.shapes import Drawing
import math

# ─── Colour Palette ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
DARK_BLUE   = colors.HexColor("#1a3a6b")
MED_BLUE    = colors.HexColor("#2563a8")
LIGHT_BLUE  = colors.HexColor("#dce8f7")
ACCENT      = colors.HexColor("#e05c1a")
GOLD        = colors.HexColor("#c89a2a")
LIGHT_GOLD  = colors.HexColor("#fff8e1")
GREEN       = colors.HexColor("#1a7a4a")
LIGHT_GREEN = colors.HexColor("#e6f4ec")
RED         = colors.HexColor("#c0392b")
LIGHT_RED   = colors.HexColor("#fdecea")
PURPLE      = colors.HexColor("#5b2d8e")
LIGHT_PURPLE= colors.HexColor("#ede0f7")
GRAY_LIGHT  = colors.HexColor("#f4f6f8")
GRAY_MED    = colors.HexColor("#b0bec5")
DARK        = colors.HexColor("#222222")
WHITE       = colors.white

PAGE_W, PAGE_H = A4
MARGIN = 18 * mm

# ─── Styles ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
def make_styles():
    base = getSampleStyleSheet()
    s = {}

    s['cover_title'] = ParagraphStyle('cover_title',
        fontName='Helvetica-Bold', fontSize=28, textColor=WHITE,
        alignment=TA_CENTER, leading=34, spaceAfter=8)

    s['cover_sub'] = ParagraphStyle('cover_sub',
        fontName='Helvetica', fontSize=13, textColor=colors.HexColor("#cde3f7"),
        alignment=TA_CENTER, leading=18, spaceAfter=4)

    s['cover_badge'] = ParagraphStyle('cover_badge',
        fontName='Helvetica-Bold', fontSize=11, textColor=GOLD,
        alignment=TA_CENTER, leading=16)

    s['part_heading'] = ParagraphStyle('part_heading',
        fontName='Helvetica-Bold', fontSize=18, textColor=WHITE,
        alignment=TA_CENTER, leading=22, spaceBefore=6, spaceAfter=6)

    s['joint_title'] = ParagraphStyle('joint_title',
        fontName='Helvetica-Bold', fontSize=14, textColor=WHITE,
        leading=18, spaceBefore=4, spaceAfter=2)

    s['section_head'] = ParagraphStyle('section_head',
        fontName='Helvetica-Bold', fontSize=11, textColor=DARK_BLUE,
        leading=14, spaceBefore=8, spaceAfter=3,
        borderPad=3)

    s['body'] = ParagraphStyle('body',
        fontName='Helvetica', fontSize=9, textColor=DARK,
        leading=13, spaceBefore=1, spaceAfter=1)

    s['bullet'] = ParagraphStyle('bullet',
        fontName='Helvetica', fontSize=9, textColor=DARK,
        leading=12, leftIndent=14, bulletIndent=4,
        spaceBefore=1, spaceAfter=1)

    s['clinical'] = ParagraphStyle('clinical',
        fontName='Helvetica', fontSize=9, textColor=RED,
        leading=12, leftIndent=14, bulletIndent=4,
        spaceBefore=1, spaceAfter=1)

    s['caption'] = ParagraphStyle('caption',
        fontName='Helvetica-Oblique', fontSize=8, textColor=GRAY_MED,
        alignment=TA_CENTER, leading=11, spaceAfter=4)

    s['tbl_hdr'] = ParagraphStyle('tbl_hdr',
        fontName='Helvetica-Bold', fontSize=8.5, textColor=WHITE,
        alignment=TA_CENTER, leading=11)

    s['tbl_cell'] = ParagraphStyle('tbl_cell',
        fontName='Helvetica', fontSize=8.5, textColor=DARK,
        leading=11)

    s['tbl_cell_bold'] = ParagraphStyle('tbl_cell_bold',
        fontName='Helvetica-Bold', fontSize=8.5, textColor=DARK_BLUE,
        leading=11)

    s['footer'] = ParagraphStyle('footer',
        fontName='Helvetica', fontSize=7.5, textColor=GRAY_MED,
        alignment=TA_CENTER)

    return s

S = make_styles()

# ─── Utility Flowables ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

class ColorBox(Flowable):
    """A filled rounded rectangle used as a section header background."""
    def __init__(self, w, h, fill_color, radius=6):
        Flowable.__init__(self)
        self.width = w; self.height = h
        self.fill_color = fill_color; self.radius = radius
    def draw(self):
        self.canv.setFillColor(self.fill_color)
        self.canv.roundRect(0, 0, self.width, self.height,
                            self.radius, fill=1, stroke=0)

class JointHeaderBlock(Flowable):
    """Coloured header banner for each joint."""
    def __init__(self, number, title, joint_type, color, width):
        Flowable.__init__(self)
        self.number = number; self.title = title
        self.joint_type = joint_type; self.color = color
        self.width = width; self.height = 38
    def draw(self):
        c = self.canv
        c.setFillColor(self.color)
        c.roundRect(0, 0, self.width, self.height, 8, fill=1, stroke=0)
        # Number circle
        c.setFillColor(WHITE)
        c.circle(20, self.height/2, 13, fill=1, stroke=0)
        c.setFillColor(self.color)
        c.setFont('Helvetica-Bold', 12)
        c.drawCentredString(20, self.height/2 - 4, self.number)
        # Title
        c.setFillColor(WHITE)
        c.setFont('Helvetica-Bold', 13)
        c.drawString(42, self.height/2 + 3, self.title)
        # Type badge
        c.setFont('Helvetica', 8)
        c.setFillColor(colors.HexColor("#ffffffaa"))
        badge_text = f"  {self.joint_type}  "
        c.drawString(42, self.height/2 - 11, badge_text)

class DiagramFlowable(Flowable):
    """Base class - all joint diagrams inherit from this."""
    def __init__(self, width, height):
        Flowable.__init__(self)
        self.width = width
        self.height = height

    def _label(self, c, x, y, text, fontsize=7, color=DARK, bold=False):
        c.setFillColor(color)
        c.setFont('Helvetica-Bold' if bold else 'Helvetica', fontsize)
        c.drawCentredString(x, y, text)

    def _label_left(self, c, x, y, text, fontsize=7, color=DARK):
        c.setFillColor(color)
        c.setFont('Helvetica', fontsize)
        c.drawRightString(x, y, text)

    def _label_right(self, c, x, y, text, fontsize=7, color=DARK):
        c.setFillColor(color)
        c.setFont('Helvetica', fontsize)
        c.drawString(x, y, text)

    def _arrow_line(self, c, x1, y1, x2, y2, color=GRAY_MED, width=0.7):
        c.setStrokeColor(color)
        c.setLineWidth(width)
        c.line(x1, y1, x2, y2)

class ShoulderDiagram(DiagramFlowable):
    def draw(self):
        c = self.canv
        cx, cy = self.width/2, self.height/2 + 5

        # Background
        c.setFillColor(LIGHT_BLUE)
        c.roundRect(0, 0, self.width, self.height, 8, fill=1, stroke=0)

        # Scapula glenoid (socket)
        c.setFillColor(colors.HexColor("#b0bec5"))
        c.setStrokeColor(DARK_BLUE)
        c.setLineWidth(1.5)
        c.ellipse(cx-52, cy-18, cx-28, cy+18, fill=1, stroke=1)

        # Glenoid labrum (ring)
        c.setFillColor(colors.HexColor("#e0c070"))
        c.setStrokeColor(GOLD)
        c.setLineWidth(1.2)
        c.ellipse(cx-56, cy-22, cx-24, cy+22, fill=0, stroke=1)

        # Humerus head (ball)
        c.setFillColor(colors.HexColor("#d0d8e8"))
        c.setStrokeColor(DARK_BLUE)
        c.setLineWidth(1.5)
        c.circle(cx+5, cy, 26, fill=1, stroke=1)

        # Humerus shaft
        c.setFillColor(colors.HexColor("#d0d8e8"))
        c.setStrokeColor(DARK_BLUE)
        c.setLineWidth(1.5)
        c.rect(cx+14, cy-42, 18, 42, fill=1, stroke=1)

        # Joint capsule outline
        c.setStrokeColor(MED_BLUE)
        c.setLineWidth(1.2)
        c.setDash([3,2])
        c.ellipse(cx-30, cy-30, cx+38, cy+30, fill=0, stroke=1)
        c.setDash([])

        # Acromion / coracoid process (simplified)
        c.setFillColor(colors.HexColor("#90a4ae"))
        c.setStrokeColor(DARK_BLUE)
        c.setLineWidth(1)
        # Acromion - flat bone above
        pts = [cx-40, cy+38, cx+10, cy+38, cx+18, cy+28, cx-32, cy+28]
        c.polygon(pts, fill=1, stroke=1)

        # Coracohumeral ligament line
        c.setStrokeColor(GREEN)
        c.setLineWidth(1.4)
        c.line(cx-20, cy+28, cx+5, cy+20)

        # Rotator cuff arc
        c.setStrokeColor(ACCENT)
        c.setLineWidth(2)
        c.arc(cx-18, cy-30, cx+36, cy+36, 30, 120)

        # Labels
        self._label(c, cx-40, cy+42, "Acromion", 7, DARK_BLUE, True)
        self._label(c, cx-40, cy-26, "Glenoid\nLabrum", 6.5, GOLD)
        self._label(c, cx+5, cy+6, "Humeral\nHead", 6.5, DARK_BLUE)
        self._label(c, cx+5, cy-48, "Humerus\nShaft", 6.5, DARK_BLUE)
        self._label(c, cx-40, cy+3, "Glenoid\nFossa", 6.5, colors.HexColor("#546e7a"))
        self._label(c, cx+28, cy+24, "Rotator\nCuff", 6.5, ACCENT)
        self._label(c, cx-5, cy+22, "Coracohumeral\nLig.", 6, GREEN)

        # Title
        self._label(c, self.width/2, 8, "Shoulder (Glenohumeral) Joint - Schematic", 7.5, DARK_BLUE, True)


class ElbowDiagram(DiagramFlowable):
    def draw(self):
        c = self.canv
        cx, cy = self.width/2, self.height/2 + 8

        # Background
        c.setFillColor(LIGHT_GREEN)
        c.roundRect(0, 0, self.width, self.height, 8, fill=1, stroke=0)

        bone_color = colors.HexColor("#d0d8e8")
        bone_stroke = DARK_BLUE

        # Humerus (upper bone)
        c.setFillColor(bone_color); c.setStrokeColor(bone_stroke); c.setLineWidth(1.5)
        c.rect(cx-18, cy+10, 36, 48, fill=1, stroke=1)
        # Medial epicondyle
        c.ellipse(cx-28, cy+8, cx-14, cy+22, fill=1, stroke=1)
        # Lateral epicondyle
        c.ellipse(cx+14, cy+8, cx+28, cy+22, fill=1, stroke=1)
        # Trochlea
        c.setFillColor(colors.HexColor("#a8c0d6"))
        c.ellipse(cx-15, cy+5, cx+3, cy+18, fill=1, stroke=1)
        # Capitulum
        c.setFillColor(colors.HexColor("#a8c0d6"))
        c.ellipse(cx+3, cy+5, cx+18, cy+18, fill=1, stroke=1)

        # Ulna
        c.setFillColor(bone_color); c.setStrokeColor(bone_stroke); c.setLineWidth(1.5)
        c.rect(cx-20, cy-55, 20, 58, fill=1, stroke=1)
        # Olecranon
        c.ellipse(cx-22, cy, cx-2, cy+16, fill=1, stroke=1)
        # Coronoid process
        c.polygon([cx-20, cy+4, cx-8, cy+4, cx-8, cy-2, cx-20, cy-2], fill=1, stroke=1)

        # Radius
        c.setFillColor(bone_color); c.setStrokeColor(bone_stroke); c.setLineWidth(1.5)
        # Radial head circle
        c.circle(cx+10, cy+2, 10, fill=1, stroke=1)
        c.rect(cx+3, cy-55, 14, 55, fill=1, stroke=1)

        # Annular ligament
        c.setFillColor(colors.HexColor("#e0c07080"))
        c.setStrokeColor(GOLD)
        c.setLineWidth(2)
        c.ellipse(cx+1, cy-7, cx+19, cy+11, fill=0, stroke=1)

        # MCL line
        c.setStrokeColor(RED); c.setLineWidth(2)
        c.line(cx-24, cy+14, cx-14, cy-4)
        # LCL line
        c.setStrokeColor(MED_BLUE); c.setLineWidth(2)
        c.line(cx+22, cy+14, cx+18, cy-4)

        # Labels
        self._label(c, cx, cy+58, "Humerus", 7, DARK_BLUE, True)
        self._label(c, cx-22, cy+24, "Medial\nEpicondyle", 6, DARK_BLUE)
        self._label(c, cx+22, cy+24, "Lateral\nEpicondyle", 6, DARK_BLUE)
        self._label(c, cx-10, cy+10, "Trochlea", 6, colors.HexColor("#546e7a"))
        self._label(c, cx+10, cy+10, "Capitulum", 6, colors.HexColor("#546e7a"))
        self._label(c, cx-28, cy-10, "Olecranon", 6.5, DARK_BLUE)
        self._label_right(c, cx+42, cy+2, "Radial Head", 6.5, DARK_BLUE)
        self._label_right(c, cx+42, cy-10, "Annular Lig.", 6.5, GOLD)
        self._label_left(c, cx-32, cy-10, "MCL", 6.5, RED)
        self._label_right(c, cx+38, cy-18, "LCL", 6.5, MED_BLUE)

        self._label(c, self.width/2, 8, "Elbow Joint - Schematic (Anterior View)", 7.5, DARK_BLUE, True)


class HipDiagram(DiagramFlowable):
    def draw(self):
        c = self.canv
        cx, cy = self.width/2, self.height/2 + 8

        # Background
        c.setFillColor(LIGHT_PURPLE)
        c.roundRect(0, 0, self.width, self.height, 8, fill=1, stroke=0)

        bone_color = colors.HexColor("#d0d8e8")
        bone_stroke = DARK_BLUE

        # Acetabulum cup
        c.setFillColor(colors.HexColor("#b0bec5"))
        c.setStrokeColor(bone_stroke); c.setLineWidth(1.5)
        c.circle(cx-10, cy, 36, fill=1, stroke=1)

        # Acetabular labrum
        c.setFillColor(colors.HexColor("#e0c07080"))
        c.setStrokeColor(GOLD); c.setLineWidth(2)
        c.circle(cx-10, cy, 40, fill=0, stroke=1)

        # Femoral head (ball)
        c.setFillColor(bone_color); c.setStrokeColor(bone_stroke); c.setLineWidth(1.8)
        c.circle(cx-10, cy, 30, fill=1, stroke=1)

        # Fovea
        c.setFillColor(colors.HexColor("#90a4ae"))
        c.circle(cx-18, cy+5, 4, fill=1, stroke=0)

        # Femoral neck
        c.setFillColor(bone_color); c.setStrokeColor(bone_stroke); c.setLineWidth(1.5)
        c.polygon([cx+18, cy+10, cx+24, cy-8, cx+56, cy-32, cx+62, cy-10,
                   cx+30, cy+20], fill=1, stroke=1)

        # Femoral shaft
        c.rect(cx+48, cy-32, 22, -60, fill=1, stroke=1)

        # Greater trochanter
        c.ellipse(cx+52, cy-28, cx+74, cy-8, fill=1, stroke=1)

        # Ligaments
        # Iliofemoral (Y-ligament)
        c.setStrokeColor(ACCENT); c.setLineWidth(2.5)
        c.line(cx-10, cy-32, cx+18, cy+10)
        c.line(cx-10, cy-38, cx+20, cy-2)
        # Ligamentum teres
        c.setStrokeColor(GREEN); c.setLineWidth(1.8)
        c.setDash([3,2])
        c.line(cx-18, cy+5, cx-10, cy+20)
        c.setDash([])

        # Labels
        self._label(c, cx-10, cy+2, "Femoral\nHead", 7, DARK_BLUE, True)
        self._label(c, cx-10, cy-46, "Acetabulum", 7, DARK_BLUE, True)
        self._label(c, cx-42, cy, "Acetabular\nLabrum", 6.5, GOLD)
        self._label(c, cx-20, cy+10, "Fovea", 6, colors.HexColor("#546e7a"))
        self._label(c, cx+68, cy-38, "Greater\nTrochanter", 6.5, DARK_BLUE)
        self._label_right(c, cx-46, cy+10, "Iliofemoral\nLig. (Y-lig.)", 6.5, ACCENT)
        self._label_right(c, cx-46, cy-8, "Lig. of\nFemoral Head", 6.5, GREEN)

        self._label(c, self.width/2, 8, "Hip Joint - Schematic (Anterior View)", 7.5, DARK_BLUE, True)


class KneeDiagram(DiagramFlowable):
    def draw(self):
        c = self.canv
        cx, cy = self.width/2, self.height/2 + 5

        c.setFillColor(LIGHT_GOLD)
        c.roundRect(0, 0, self.width, self.height, 8, fill=1, stroke=0)

        bone_color = colors.HexColor("#d0d8e8")
        bone_stroke = DARK_BLUE
        cart_color = colors.HexColor("#a8d8b0")

        # Femur condyles
        c.setFillColor(bone_color); c.setStrokeColor(bone_stroke); c.setLineWidth(1.5)
        c.rect(cx-22, cy+10, 44, 55, fill=1, stroke=1)
        # Medial condyle
        c.ellipse(cx-30, cy, cx-4, cy+22, fill=1, stroke=1)
        # Lateral condyle
        c.ellipse(cx+4, cy, cx+30, cy+22, fill=1, stroke=1)

        # Tibia plateau
        c.setFillColor(bone_color); c.setStrokeColor(bone_stroke); c.setLineWidth(1.5)
        c.rect(cx-28, cy-12, 56, 14, fill=1, stroke=1)
        c.rect(cx-22, cy-55, 44, 44, fill=1, stroke=1)

        # Cartilage on tibia
        c.setFillColor(cart_color); c.setStrokeColor(GREEN); c.setLineWidth(0.8)
        c.ellipse(cx-30, cy-8, cx-2, cy+4, fill=1, stroke=1)
        c.ellipse(cx+2, cy-8, cx+30, cy+4, fill=1, stroke=1)

        # Medial meniscus (C-shape)
        c.setFillColor(colors.HexColor("#e0c070")); c.setStrokeColor(GOLD); c.setLineWidth(1.2)
        c.arc(cx-28, cy-6, cx-6, cy+6, 30, 300)

        # Lateral meniscus (more circular)
        c.arc(cx+6, cy-6, cx+26, cy+6, 30, 330)

        # Patella
        c.setFillColor(bone_color); c.setStrokeColor(bone_stroke); c.setLineWidth(1.5)
        c.ellipse(cx-12, cy+26, cx+12, cy+50, fill=1, stroke=1)
        self._label(c, cx, cy+38, "Patella", 6.5, DARK_BLUE, True)

        # ACL
        c.setStrokeColor(ACCENT); c.setLineWidth(2)
        c.line(cx-4, cy-2, cx+12, cy+14)

        # PCL
        c.setStrokeColor(MED_BLUE); c.setLineWidth(2)
        c.line(cx+4, cy-2, cx-12, cy+14)

        # MCL
        c.setStrokeColor(RED); c.setLineWidth(2)
        c.line(cx-30, cy+14, cx-30, cy-8)

        # LCL
        c.setStrokeColor(GREEN); c.setLineWidth(2)
        c.line(cx+30, cy+14, cx+30, cy-8)

        # Labels
        self._label(c, cx, cy+66, "Femur", 7, DARK_BLUE, True)
        self._label(c, cx, cy-48, "Tibia", 7, DARK_BLUE, True)
        self._label(c, cx-18, cy+8, "Medial\nCondyle", 6, DARK_BLUE)
        self._label(c, cx+18, cy+8, "Lateral\nCondyle", 6, DARK_BLUE)
        self._label_left(c, cx-38, cy+8, "MCL", 6.5, RED)
        self._label_right(c, cx+38, cy+8, "LCL", 6.5, GREEN)
        self._label(c, cx-4, cy+6, "ACL", 6, ACCENT)
        self._label(c, cx+6, cy+6, "PCL", 6, MED_BLUE)
        self._label(c, cx-14, cy-4, "Med.\nMeniscus", 5.5, GOLD)
        self._label(c, cx+14, cy-4, "Lat.\nMeniscus", 5.5, GOLD)

        self._label(c, self.width/2, 8, "Knee Joint - Schematic (Anterior View)", 7.5, DARK_BLUE, True)


class AnkleDiagram(DiagramFlowable):
    def draw(self):
        c = self.canv
        cx, cy = self.width/2, self.height/2 + 5

        c.setFillColor(LIGHT_RED)
        c.roundRect(0, 0, self.width, self.height, 8, fill=1, stroke=0)

        bone_color = colors.HexColor("#d0d8e8")
        bone_stroke = DARK_BLUE

        # Tibia
        c.setFillColor(bone_color); c.setStrokeColor(bone_stroke); c.setLineWidth(1.5)
        c.rect(cx-20, cy+10, 38, 55, fill=1, stroke=1)
        # Medial malleolus
        c.ellipse(cx-28, cy-5, cx-12, cy+16, fill=1, stroke=1)

        # Fibula
        c.setFillColor(bone_color); c.setStrokeColor(bone_stroke); c.setLineWidth(1.5)
        c.rect(cx+22, cy+10, 14, 55, fill=1, stroke=1)
        # Lateral malleolus
        c.ellipse(cx+14, cy-10, cx+36, cy+12, fill=1, stroke=1)

        # Talus
        c.setFillColor(colors.HexColor("#b0bec5")); c.setStrokeColor(bone_stroke); c.setLineWidth(1.5)
        c.rect(cx-22, cy-25, 54, 22, fill=1, stroke=1)

        # Calcaneus
        c.setFillColor(bone_color); c.setStrokeColor(bone_stroke); c.setLineWidth(1.2)
        c.ellipse(cx-16, cy-52, cx+32, cy-22, fill=1, stroke=1)

        # Deltoid ligament (medial, fan shape)
        c.setStrokeColor(RED); c.setLineWidth(1.8)
        for angle in [-20, 0, 20, 40]:
            rad = math.radians(angle + 270)
            c.line(cx-20, cy+2,
                   cx-20 + 22*math.cos(rad),
                   cy+2 + 22*math.sin(rad))

        # ATFL
        c.setStrokeColor(ACCENT); c.setLineWidth(2)
        c.line(cx+25, cy+2, cx+8, cy-10)

        # CFL
        c.setStrokeColor(PURPLE); c.setLineWidth(2)
        c.line(cx+25, cy, cx+14, cy-36)

        # Labels
        self._label(c, cx, cy+60, "Tibia", 7, DARK_BLUE, True)
        self._label(c, cx+29, cy+58, "Fibula", 7, DARK_BLUE, True)
        self._label(c, cx, cy-14, "Talus", 7, DARK_BLUE, True)
        self._label(c, cx+8, cy-40, "Calcaneus", 7, DARK_BLUE, True)
        self._label(c, cx-28, cy+12, "Med.\nMalleolus", 6, DARK_BLUE)
        self._label(c, cx+28, cy+16, "Lat.\nMalleolus", 6, DARK_BLUE)
        self._label_left(c, cx-36, cy-6, "Deltoid\nLig.", 6.5, RED)
        self._label_right(c, cx+46, cy-4, "ATFL", 6.5, ACCENT)
        self._label_right(c, cx+46, cy-22, "CFL", 6.5, PURPLE)

        self._label(c, self.width/2, 8, "Ankle (Talocrural) Joint - Schematic", 7.5, DARK_BLUE, True)


# ─── Helper functions ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

def section_header(text, color=MED_BLUE):
    return Paragraph(f'<font color="white"><b> {text} </b></font>',
                     ParagraphStyle('sh', fontName='Helvetica-Bold',
                                    fontSize=10, textColor=WHITE,
                                    backColor=color, leading=16,
                                    spaceBefore=10, spaceAfter=4,
                                    borderPad=5, leftIndent=0))

def sub_header(text):
    return Paragraph(f'<b><font color="#1a3a6b">{text}</font></b>', S['section_head'])

def body(text):
    return Paragraph(text, S['body'])

def bullet(text, color=DARK):
    return Paragraph(f"• {text}", S['bullet'])

def clinical_note(text):
    return Paragraph(f"⚠ {text}", S['clinical'])

def space(h=4):
    return Spacer(1, h)

def hr(color=GRAY_MED):
    return HRFlowable(width="100%", thickness=0.5, color=color, spaceAfter=4, spaceBefore=4)

def make_table(data, col_widths=None, hdr_color=DARK_BLUE, alt_color=LIGHT_BLUE):
    """Creates a styled table. data[0] = headers."""
    table_data = []
    # Header row
    hdr = [Paragraph(str(c), S['tbl_hdr']) for c in data[0]]
    table_data.append(hdr)
    for i, row in enumerate(data[1:]):
        cells = []
        for j, cell in enumerate(row):
            style = S['tbl_cell_bold'] if j == 0 else S['tbl_cell']
            cells.append(Paragraph(str(cell), style))
        table_data.append(cells)

    avail = PAGE_W - 2*MARGIN
    if col_widths is None:
        n = len(data[0])
        col_widths = [avail/n] * n

    t = Table(table_data, colWidths=col_widths, repeatRows=1)
    style_cmds = [
        ('BACKGROUND', (0,0), (-1,0), hdr_color),
        ('TEXTCOLOR',  (0,0), (-1,0), WHITE),
        ('FONTNAME',   (0,0), (-1,0), 'Helvetica-Bold'),
        ('FONTSIZE',   (0,0), (-1,-1), 8.5),
        ('ROWBACKGROUNDS', (0,1), (-1,-1), [WHITE, alt_color]),
        ('GRID',       (0,0), (-1,-1), 0.4, GRAY_MED),
        ('VALIGN',     (0,0), (-1,-1), 'TOP'),
        ('TOPPADDING', (0,0), (-1,-1), 4),
        ('BOTTOMPADDING', (0,0), (-1,-1), 4),
        ('LEFTPADDING',   (0,0), (-1,-1), 5),
        ('RIGHTPADDING',  (0,0), (-1,-1), 5),
        ('LINEBELOW',  (0,0), (-1,0), 1.5, hdr_color),
    ]
    t.setStyle(TableStyle(style_cmds))
    return t

def joint_header(num, title, jtype, color):
    return JointHeaderBlock(str(num), title, jtype, color, PAGE_W - 2*MARGIN)

# ─── Cover Page ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

def cover_page():
    elems = []

    class CoverBg(Flowable):
        def __init__(self, w, h):
            Flowable.__init__(self); self.width=w; self.height=h
        def draw(self):
            c = self.canv
            # Gradient-like background using two rects
            c.setFillColor(DARK_BLUE); c.rect(0, 0, self.width, self.height, fill=1, stroke=0)
            c.setFillColor(colors.HexColor("#0d2550"))
            c.rect(0, 0, self.width, self.height*0.45, fill=1, stroke=0)
            # Decorative circles
            c.setFillColor(colors.HexColor("#ffffff08"))
            c.circle(self.width*0.85, self.height*0.8, 120, fill=1, stroke=0)
            c.circle(self.width*0.1, self.height*0.2, 80, fill=1, stroke=0)
            c.circle(self.width*0.5, self.height*0.5, 200, fill=0, stroke=1)
            c.setStrokeColor(colors.HexColor("#ffffff10")); c.setLineWidth(0.5)
            c.circle(self.width*0.5, self.height*0.5, 240, fill=0, stroke=1)
            # Gold accent bar
            c.setFillColor(GOLD)
            c.rect(MARGIN, self.height*0.52, self.width - 2*MARGIN, 3, fill=1, stroke=0)

    elems.append(CoverBg(PAGE_W, PAGE_H))

    # Cover content as a table positioned over background
    cover_content = [
        Spacer(1, PAGE_H * 0.22),
        Paragraph("BDC ANATOMY NOTES", ParagraphStyle('ct',
            fontName='Helvetica-Bold', fontSize=11, textColor=GOLD,
            alignment=TA_CENTER, leading=16, letterSpacing=3)),
        Spacer(1, 10),
        Paragraph("Upper Limb & Lower Limb<br/>Joints", ParagraphStyle('ctitle',
            fontName='Helvetica-Bold', fontSize=32, textColor=WHITE,
            alignment=TA_CENTER, leading=38)),
        Spacer(1, 18),
        Paragraph("Comprehensive Study Notes with Diagrams", ParagraphStyle('csub',
            fontName='Helvetica', fontSize=13, textColor=colors.HexColor("#cde3f7"),
            alignment=TA_CENTER, leading=18)),
        Spacer(1, 30),
        Paragraph("─────────────────────────────────────────────────", ParagraphStyle('div',
            fontName='Helvetica', fontSize=9, textColor=colors.HexColor("#4a7abd"),
            alignment=TA_CENTER)),
        Spacer(1, 18),
        Paragraph(
            "Shoulder • Elbow • Wrist • Hand<br/>Hip • Knee • Ankle • Foot",
            ParagraphStyle('joints', fontName='Helvetica', fontSize=12,
                           textColor=colors.HexColor("#b0d0f0"), alignment=TA_CENTER, leading=20)
        ),
        Spacer(1, 30),
        # Info badges
        Table([[
            Paragraph("8 Joints<br/>Covered", ParagraphStyle('badge', fontName='Helvetica-Bold',
                fontSize=9, textColor=DARK_BLUE, alignment=TA_CENTER, backColor=GOLD,
                borderPad=6, leading=13)),
            Paragraph("Full Clinical<br/>Correlations", ParagraphStyle('badge2', fontName='Helvetica-Bold',
                fontSize=9, textColor=WHITE, alignment=TA_CENTER, backColor=MED_BLUE,
                borderPad=6, leading=13)),
            Paragraph("Ligament<br/>Tables", ParagraphStyle('badge3', fontName='Helvetica-Bold',
                fontSize=9, textColor=WHITE, alignment=TA_CENTER, backColor=GREEN,
                borderPad=6, leading=13)),
            Paragraph("Nerve & Blood<br/>Supply", ParagraphStyle('badge4', fontName='Helvetica-Bold',
                fontSize=9, textColor=WHITE, alignment=TA_CENTER, backColor=ACCENT,
                borderPad=6, leading=13)),
        ]], colWidths=[80, 88, 80, 88], hAlign='CENTER'),
        Spacer(1, 40),
        Paragraph("Source: Gray's Anatomy for Students", ParagraphStyle('src',
            fontName='Helvetica-Oblique', fontSize=9, textColor=colors.HexColor("#7a9abf"),
            alignment=TA_CENTER)),
    ]
    elems.extend(cover_content)
    return elems

# ─── Build document ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

def build():
    path = "/tmp/workspace/joint-notes-pdf/BDC_Joint_Notes.pdf"
    doc = SimpleDocTemplate(path, pagesize=A4,
                            leftMargin=MARGIN, rightMargin=MARGIN,
                            topMargin=MARGIN, bottomMargin=MARGIN+5)

    avail_w = PAGE_W - 2*MARGIN
    elems = []

    # ── Cover ──
    elems += cover_page()
    elems.append(PageBreak())

    # ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════
    # PART 1: UPPER LIMB JOINTS
    # ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════
    class PartBanner(Flowable):
        def __init__(self, title, subtitle, color, w):
            Flowable.__init__(self); self.title=title; self.subtitle=subtitle
            self.color=color; self.width=w; self.height=52
        def draw(self):
            c = self.canv
            c.setFillColor(self.color)
            c.roundRect(0, 0, self.width, self.height, 10, fill=1, stroke=0)
            c.setFillColor(colors.HexColor("#ffffff15"))
            c.circle(self.width-30, self.height/2, 40, fill=1, stroke=0)
            c.setFillColor(WHITE)
            c.setFont('Helvetica-Bold', 16)
            c.drawString(14, self.height/2+6, self.title)
            c.setFont('Helvetica', 10)
            c.setFillColor(colors.HexColor("#ffffffcc"))
            c.drawString(14, self.height/2-10, self.subtitle)

    elems.append(PartBanner("PART 1: UPPER LIMB JOINTS",
        "Shoulder  •  Elbow  •  Wrist  •  Hand", DARK_BLUE, avail_w))
    elems.append(space(10))

    # ── 1. SHOULDER JOINT ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    elems.append(joint_header(1, "SHOULDER (GLENOHUMERAL) JOINT", "Synovial Ball & Socket", MED_BLUE))
    elems.append(space(6))

    # Two-column layout: diagram left, key facts right
    diag = ShoulderDiagram(avail_w * 0.48, 160)
    facts_data = [
        ["Feature", "Details"],
        ["Type", "Synovial multiaxial ball & socket"],
        ["Bones", "Head of humerus + glenoid cavity"],
        ["Stability", "Primarily muscular (rotator cuff)"],
        ["Mobility", "Most mobile joint in the body"],
        ["Capsule", "Loose; allows wide ROM"],
    ]
    facts_tbl = make_table(facts_data, col_widths=[avail_w*0.48*0.38, avail_w*0.48*0.62])
    combo = Table([[diag, facts_tbl]], colWidths=[avail_w*0.48, avail_w*0.52])
    combo.setStyle(TableStyle([('VALIGN',(0,0),(-1,-1),'TOP'),('LEFTPADDING',(0,0),(-1,-1),0),
                                ('RIGHTPADDING',(0,0),(-1,-1),4)]))
    elems.append(combo)
    elems.append(space(4))

    elems.append(section_header("ROTATOR CUFF (SITS)", GREEN))
    rotator_data = [
        ["Muscle", "Origin", "Insertion", "Action"],
        ["Supraspinatus", "Supraspinous fossa", "Greater tubercle (sup.)", "Abduction (initiates 0-15°)"],
        ["Infraspinatus", "Infraspinous fossa", "Greater tubercle (mid.)", "Lateral rotation"],
        ["Teres minor", "Lateral border scapula", "Greater tubercle (inf.)", "Lateral rotation"],
        ["Subscapularis", "Subscapular fossa", "Lesser tubercle", "Medial rotation"],
    ]
    elems.append(make_table(rotator_data, col_widths=[avail_w*0.2, avail_w*0.27, avail_w*0.27, avail_w*0.26],
                            hdr_color=GREEN))
    elems.append(space(4))

    elems.append(section_header("LIGAMENTS", MED_BLUE))
    lig_data = [
        ["Ligament", "Attachment", "Function"],
        ["Glenohumeral (sup/mid/inf)", "Glenoid rim → lesser tubercle/neck humerus", "Anterior capsule reinforcement"],
        ["Coracohumeral", "Coracoid process → greater tubercle", "Limits inferior dislocation & ext rotation"],
        ["Transverse humeral", "Bridges bicipital groove", "Retains biceps tendon (long head)"],
        ["Coracoacromial", "Coracoid → acromion (NOT part of joint)", "Arch; prevents superior dislocation"],
    ]
    elems.append(make_table(lig_data, col_widths=[avail_w*0.30, avail_w*0.38, avail_w*0.32]))
    elems.append(space(4))

    elems.append(section_header("MOVEMENTS & NERVE/BLOOD SUPPLY", MED_BLUE))
    elems.append(body("<b>Movements:</b> Flexion, Extension, Abduction, Adduction, Medial rotation, Lateral rotation, Circumduction"))
    elems.append(body("<b>Nerve supply:</b> Axillary nerve (C5,C6) | Suprascapular nerve (C5,C6) | Lateral pectoral nerve"))
    elems.append(body("<b>Blood supply:</b> Anterior & posterior circumflex humeral arteries (from axillary artery)"))
    elems.append(space(4))

    elems.append(section_header("CLINICAL CORRELATIONS", RED))
    elems.append(clinical_note("<b>Anterior dislocation</b> (95%): arm abducted + externally rotated. Risks: axillary nerve injury → deltoid paralysis & loss of sensation regimental badge area"))
    elems.append(clinical_note("<b>Bankart lesion:</b> avulsion of anteroinferior glenoid labrum in recurrent dislocations"))
    elems.append(clinical_note("<b>Hill-Sachs lesion:</b> impaction fracture posterosuperior humeral head (from repeated dislocations)"))
    elems.append(clinical_note("<b>Rotator cuff tear:</b> supraspinatus most commonly torn; tested by painful arc (60-120°) and empty can test"))
    elems.append(clinical_note("<b>Frozen shoulder (adhesive capsulitis):</b> painful progressive stiffness; capsule contracted"))

    elems.append(PageBreak())

    # ── 2. ELBOW JOINT ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    elems.append(joint_header(2, "ELBOW JOINT", "Compound Synovial (Hinge + Pivot)", colors.HexColor("#1a7a4a")))
    elems.append(space(6))

    diag2 = ElbowDiagram(avail_w * 0.46, 170)
    artic_data = [
        ["Articulation", "Bones", "Type", "Movement"],
        ["Humeroulnar", "Trochlea + Trochlear notch of ulna", "Hinge", "Flexion / Extension"],
        ["Humeroradial", "Capitulum + Head of radius", "Hinge + Pivot", "Flexion / Extension"],
        ["Proximal radioulnar", "Head of radius + Radial notch of ulna", "Pivot", "Pronation / Supination"],
    ]
    artic_tbl = make_table(artic_data, col_widths=[avail_w*0.52*0.22, avail_w*0.52*0.38,
                                                    avail_w*0.52*0.18, avail_w*0.52*0.22])
    combo2 = Table([[diag2, artic_tbl]], colWidths=[avail_w*0.46, avail_w*0.54])
    combo2.setStyle(TableStyle([('VALIGN',(0,0),(-1,-1),'TOP'),('LEFTPADDING',(0,0),(-1,-1),0),
                                 ('RIGHTPADDING',(0,0),(-1,-1),4)]))
    elems.append(combo2)
    elems.append(space(4))

    elems.append(section_header("LIGAMENTS", colors.HexColor("#1a7a4a")))
    elib_data = [
        ["Ligament", "Origin", "Insertion", "Resists"],
        ["Medial (ulnar) collateral", "Medial epicondyle of humerus", "Coronoid process + olecranon (ulna)", "Valgus stress"],
        ["Lateral (radial) collateral", "Lateral epicondyle of humerus", "Annular ligament + ulna", "Varus stress"],
        ["Annular ligament of radius", "Anterior radial notch of ulna", "Posterior radial notch of ulna", "Radial head dislocation"],
    ]
    elems.append(make_table(elib_data, col_widths=[avail_w*0.28, avail_w*0.26, avail_w*0.26, avail_w*0.20],
                            hdr_color=colors.HexColor("#1a7a4a"), alt_color=LIGHT_GREEN))
    elems.append(space(4))

    elems.append(section_header("NERVE & BLOOD SUPPLY", colors.HexColor("#1a7a4a")))
    elems.append(body("<b>Nerve supply:</b> Radial nerve (main) | Musculocutaneous | Median | Ulnar"))
    elems.append(body("<b>Blood supply:</b> Anastomotic network - brachial, profunda brachii, radial, ulnar arteries"))
    elems.append(space(4))

    elems.append(section_header("CLINICAL CORRELATIONS", RED))
    elems.append(clinical_note("<b>Supracondylar fracture</b> (children): distal fragment displaced posteriorly by triceps → brachial artery kinking → Volkmann's ischaemic contracture (anterior compartment)"))
    elems.append(clinical_note("<b>Fat pad sign</b>: elevated posterior fat pad on X-ray = joint effusion = occult fracture (especially radial head in adults)"))
    elems.append(clinical_note("<b>Nursemaid's elbow</b> (pulled elbow, <5 years): radial head subluxation under annular ligament; treated by supination + flexion"))
    elems.append(clinical_note("<b>Olecranon fracture</b>: avulsion by triceps or direct blow; gap in extensor mechanism"))
    elems.append(clinical_note("<b>Carrying angle</b>: ~170° valgus (females > males); increased = cubitus valgus → tardy ulnar nerve palsy"))
    elems.append(clinical_note("<b>Medial epicondyle fracture</b>: commonest fracture around elbow in children; ulnar nerve at risk"))

    elems.append(PageBreak())

    # ── 3. WRIST JOINT ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    elems.append(joint_header(3, "WRIST (RADIOCARPAL) JOINT", "Synovial Condyloid (Ellipsoid)", colors.HexColor("#5b2d8e")))
    elems.append(space(6))

    wrist_overview = [
        ["Feature", "Details"],
        ["Type", "Synovial condyloid (ellipsoid)"],
        ["Proximal surface", "Distal radius + articular disc (TFCC)"],
        ["Distal surface", "Scaphoid + Lunate + Triquetrum (proximal row)"],
        ["Note on ulna", "Does NOT directly articulate; separated by TFCC"],
        ["Movements", "Flex, Ext, Radial deviation, Ulnar deviation, Circumduction"],
    ]
    elems.append(make_table(wrist_overview, col_widths=[avail_w*0.35, avail_w*0.65],
                            hdr_color=PURPLE, alt_color=LIGHT_PURPLE))
    elems.append(space(5))

    elems.append(section_header("LIGAMENTS OF WRIST", PURPLE))
    wrist_lig = [
        ["Ligament", "Sides", "Details"],
        ["Radial collateral lig.", "Lateral (radial)", "Radial styloid → scaphoid & trapezium"],
        ["Ulnar collateral lig.", "Medial (ulnar)", "Ulnar styloid → triquetrum & pisiform"],
        ["Palmar radiocarpal lig.", "Anterior", "Radius → carpals; very strong; prevents hyperextension"],
        ["Dorsal radiocarpal lig.", "Posterior", "Radius → carpals; limits flexion"],
        ["TFCC (triangular fibrocartilage complex)", "Ulnar side", "Articular disc + ligaments; key stabiliser of distal radioulnar + wrist"],
    ]
    elems.append(make_table(wrist_lig, col_widths=[avail_w*0.30, avail_w*0.18, avail_w*0.52],
                            hdr_color=PURPLE, alt_color=LIGHT_PURPLE))
    elems.append(space(5))

    elems.append(section_header("CARPAL BONES (Mnemonic)", PURPLE))
    elems.append(body('<b>Proximal row:</b> Scaphoid — Lunate — Triquetrum — Pisiform'))
    elems.append(body('<b>Distal row:</b> Trapezium — Trapezoid — Capitate — Hamate'))
    elems.append(body('<b>Mnemonic:</b> <i>"Some Lovers Try Positions That They Cannot Handle"</i>'))
    elems.append(space(5))

    elems.append(section_header("CLINICAL CORRELATIONS", RED))
    elems.append(clinical_note("<b>Colles' fracture</b>: distal radius, dorsal displacement → 'dinner fork deformity'. FOOSH in elderly women (osteoporosis). Radial nerve at risk."))
    elems.append(clinical_note("<b>Smith's fracture</b>: reverse Colles' — volar displacement. Direct blow to dorsal wrist."))
    elems.append(clinical_note("<b>Scaphoid fracture</b>: most commonly fractured carpal bone (FOOSH). Risk of AVN (blood supply enters distally). Anatomical snuffbox tenderness. May be occult on initial X-ray."))
    elems.append(clinical_note("<b>TFCC injury</b>: ulnar-sided wrist pain, especially with rotation."))
    elems.append(clinical_note("<b>Carpal tunnel syndrome</b>: compression of median nerve under flexor retinaculum → thenar wasting + 'ape hand'."))

    elems.append(PageBreak())

    # ── 4. HAND JOINTS ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    elems.append(joint_header(4, "JOINTS OF THE HAND", "CMC • MCP • IP Joints", colors.HexColor("#c89a2a")))
    elems.append(space(6))

    hand_data = [
        ["Joint", "Type", "Movements", "Key Features"],
        ["Thumb CMC (1st carpometacarpal)", "Saddle (sellar)", "Flex, Ext, Abd, Add, Opposition", "Most mobile CMC; thumb opposition unique to primates"],
        ["Fingers CMC (2nd-5th)", "Plane (gliding)", "Limited gliding", "2nd & 3rd almost immobile; 4th & 5th slight mobility"],
        ["MCP joints (knuckles)", "Condyloid", "Flex, Ext, Abd, Add", "Collateral ligs taut in flexion; palmar plates prevent hyperext"],
        ["PIP joints", "Hinge", "Flexion & Extension only", "Most important for grip; commonly injured"],
        ["DIP joints", "Hinge", "Flexion & Extension only", "Mallet finger = extensor tendon injury here"],
    ]
    elems.append(make_table(hand_data, col_widths=[avail_w*0.28, avail_w*0.16, avail_w*0.24, avail_w*0.32],
                            hdr_color=GOLD, alt_color=LIGHT_GOLD))
    elems.append(space(5))

    elems.append(section_header("CLINICAL CORRELATIONS", RED))
    elems.append(clinical_note("<b>Mallet finger:</b> rupture of extensor tendon at DIP → fixed flexion deformity of distal phalanx"))
    elems.append(clinical_note("<b>Boutonniere deformity:</b> central slip of extensor tendon at PIP ruptures → PIP flexion + DIP hyperextension"))
    elems.append(clinical_note("<b>Swan neck deformity:</b> PIP hyperextension + DIP flexion (rheumatoid arthritis)"))
    elems.append(clinical_note("<b>Gamekeeper's thumb (skier's thumb):</b> UCL injury of thumb MCP; valgus stress"))
    elems.append(clinical_note("<b>Trigger finger:</b> stenosing tenosynovitis of flexor tendon sheath; finger locks in flexion"))

    elems.append(PageBreak())

    # ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════
    # PART 2: LOWER LIMB JOINTS
    # ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════
    elems.append(PartBanner("PART 2: LOWER LIMB JOINTS",
        "Hip  •  Knee  •  Ankle  •  Foot", ACCENT, avail_w))
    elems.append(space(10))

    # ── 5. HIP JOINT ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    elems.append(joint_header(5, "HIP JOINT", "Synovial Ball & Socket — Stability > Mobility", ACCENT))
    elems.append(space(6))

    diag5 = HipDiagram(avail_w * 0.48, 175)
    hip_basic = [
        ["Feature", "Details"],
        ["Type", "Synovial multiaxial ball & socket"],
        ["Bones", "Head of femur + acetabulum"],
        ["Design emphasis", "Stability & weight-bearing"],
        ["Socket depth", "Deepened by acetabular labrum"],
        ["Labrum function", "Increases articular surface, stabilises"],
        ["Acetabular fossa", "Non-articular; contains fat & lig. teres"],
    ]
    hip_tbl = make_table(hip_basic, col_widths=[avail_w*0.52*0.40, avail_w*0.52*0.60],
                         hdr_color=ACCENT, alt_color=colors.HexColor("#fdecea"))
    combo5 = Table([[diag5, hip_tbl]], colWidths=[avail_w*0.48, avail_w*0.52])
    combo5.setStyle(TableStyle([('VALIGN',(0,0),(-1,-1),'TOP'),('LEFTPADDING',(0,0),(-1,-1),0),
                                 ('RIGHTPADDING',(0,0),(-1,-1),4)]))
    elems.append(combo5)
    elems.append(space(4))

    elems.append(section_header("LIGAMENTS", ACCENT))
    hip_lig = [
        ["Ligament", "Origin", "Insertion", "Function / Resists"],
        ["Iliofemoral (Y-lig. of Bigelow)", "Ant. inferior iliac spine", "Intertrochanteric line", "Resists hyperextension; STRONGEST lig. in body"],
        ["Pubofemoral", "Pubic part of acetabular rim", "Intertrochanteric line (ant.)", "Limits abduction & extension"],
        ["Ischiofemoral", "Posterior acetabular rim", "Greater trochanter (base)", "Limits medial rotation; winds capsule in extension"],
        ["Ligamentum teres (intracapsular)", "Acetabular fossa / transverse lig.", "Fovea of femoral head", "Minor stabiliser; carries small obturator artery branch"],
    ]
    elems.append(make_table(hip_lig, col_widths=[avail_w*0.27, avail_w*0.22, avail_w*0.22, avail_w*0.29],
                            hdr_color=ACCENT, alt_color=LIGHT_RED))
    elems.append(space(4))

    elems.append(section_header("BLOOD SUPPLY TO FEMORAL HEAD (CRITICAL)", RED))
    elems.append(body("<b>1. Medial circumflex femoral artery (MCFA)</b> — main supply; enters posteriorly via retinacular vessels"))
    elems.append(body("<b>2. Lateral circumflex femoral artery (LCFA)</b> — minor contribution"))
    elems.append(body("<b>3. Obturator artery</b> via ligamentum teres — minimal contribution (only in children)"))
    elems.append(body("<b>Trochanteric anastomosis</b>: ring of vessels around femoral neck from MCFA + LCFA branches"))
    elems.append(space(4))

    elems.append(section_header("CLINICAL CORRELATIONS", RED))
    elems.append(clinical_note("<b>Neck of femur fracture</b>: disrupts MCFA → avascular necrosis (AVN) of femoral head. Elderly females with osteoporosis. Intracapsular (Garden I-IV) vs extracapsular."))
    elems.append(clinical_note("<b>Posterior dislocation</b> (most common, 90%): high-energy trauma (dashboard injury). Limb: flexed, adducted, internally rotated. Risk of sciatic nerve injury."))
    elems.append(clinical_note("<b>Perthes disease</b>: idiopathic AVN femoral head in children 4-8 years (boys > girls). Self-limiting but may cause deformity."))
    elems.append(clinical_note("<b>DDH (developmental dysplasia)</b>: shallow acetabulum; Ortolani & Barlow tests; treated with Pavlik harness."))
    elems.append(clinical_note("<b>Trendelenburg sign (+)</b>: pelvis drops on unsupported side when standing on one leg = gluteus medius weakness (superior gluteal nerve injury / hip OA / coxa vara)."))
    elems.append(clinical_note("<b>Thomas test</b>: fixed flexion deformity of hip; <b>FABER/FADIR</b> tests for hip pathology."))

    elems.append(PageBreak())

    # ── 6. KNEE JOINT ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    elems.append(joint_header(6, "KNEE JOINT", "Largest Synovial Joint — Modified Hinge", colors.HexColor("#1a3a6b")))
    elems.append(space(6))

    diag6 = KneeDiagram(avail_w * 0.46, 175)
    knee_basic = [
        ["Feature", "Details"],
        ["Type", "Synovial modified hinge (condylar)"],
        ["Articulatons", "Tibiofemoral + Patellofemoral"],
        ["Size", "Largest joint in the body"],
        ["Patella role", "Sesamoid; increases mechanical advantage of quad"],
        ["Locking mech.", "Lateral tibial rotation (screw-home) in full ext."],
        ["Unlocking", "Popliteus muscle (medially rotates tibia)"],
    ]
    knee_tbl = make_table(knee_basic, col_widths=[avail_w*0.54*0.36, avail_w*0.54*0.64],
                          hdr_color=DARK_BLUE, alt_color=LIGHT_BLUE)
    combo6 = Table([[diag6, knee_tbl]], colWidths=[avail_w*0.46, avail_w*0.54])
    combo6.setStyle(TableStyle([('VALIGN',(0,0),(-1,-1),'TOP'),('LEFTPADDING',(0,0),(-1,-1),0),
                                 ('RIGHTPADDING',(0,0),(-1,-1),4)]))
    elems.append(combo6)
    elems.append(space(4))

    elems.append(section_header("MENISCI", DARK_BLUE))
    menisci_data = [
        ["Feature", "Medial Meniscus", "Lateral Meniscus"],
        ["Shape", "C-shaped (larger, more open)", "O-shaped (smaller, more circular)"],
        ["Attachment to capsule", "Firmly attached to tibial collateral ligament & capsule", "NOT attached to fibular collateral ligament; loose"],
        ["Mobility", "Less mobile → more commonly torn", "More mobile → less commonly torn"],
        ["Transverse lig.", "Connected anteriorly by transverse ligament of knee", ""],
        ["Extra connection", "Coronary ligament to tibia", "Posterior horn: ligament of Wrisberg to medial fem. condyle"],
    ]
    elems.append(make_table(menisci_data, col_widths=[avail_w*0.22, avail_w*0.39, avail_w*0.39],
                            hdr_color=DARK_BLUE, alt_color=LIGHT_BLUE))
    elems.append(space(4))

    elems.append(section_header("LIGAMENTS", DARK_BLUE))
    knee_lig = [
        ["Ligament", "Attachment", "Taut When", "Resists / Function"],
        ["Tibial (MCL) collateral", "Med. fem. epicondyle → medial tibia", "Flexion & Extension", "Valgus stress; attached to medial meniscus"],
        ["Fibular (LCL) collateral", "Lat. fem. epicondyle → head of fibula", "Extension", "Varus stress; NOT attached to lateral meniscus"],
        ["ACL (ant. cruciate)", "Ant. tibial intercondylar area → post. lat. fem. condyle", "Extension", "Prevents ant. tibial displacement; prevents hyperextension"],
        ["PCL (post. cruciate)", "Post. tibial intercondylar → ant. med. fem. condyle", "Flexion", "Prevents post. tibial displacement; stronger than ACL"],
        ["Patellar ligament", "Apex of patella → tibial tuberosity", "—", "Continuation of quad tendon; transmits extensor force"],
    ]
    elems.append(make_table(knee_lig, col_widths=[avail_w*0.22, avail_w*0.26, avail_w*0.18, avail_w*0.34],
                            hdr_color=DARK_BLUE, alt_color=LIGHT_BLUE))
    elems.append(space(4))

    elems.append(section_header("BURSAE", DARK_BLUE))
    bursae_data = [
        ["Bursa", "Location", "Clinical Significance"],
        ["Prepatellar bursa", "Between patella and skin", "Housemaid's knee (kneeling); bursitis"],
        ["Superficial infrapatellar", "Between tibial tuberosity and skin", "Clergyman's knee (on all fours)"],
        ["Deep infrapatellar", "Between patellar ligament and tibia", "Clergyman's knee"],
        ["Semimembranosus bursa", "Posterior, between semimembranosus & med. head gastrocnemius", "Baker's cyst (communicates with joint in adults)"],
        ["Suprapatellar pouch", "Communicates with knee joint cavity", "Effusion visible / palpable above patella"],
    ]
    elems.append(make_table(bursae_data, col_widths=[avail_w*0.28, avail_w*0.32, avail_w*0.40],
                            hdr_color=MED_BLUE, alt_color=LIGHT_BLUE))
    elems.append(space(4))

    elems.append(section_header("CLINICAL TESTS & CORRELATIONS", RED))
    tests_data = [
        ["Test / Condition", "Technique", "Positive Result / Significance"],
        ["Lachman's test (ACL)", "Tibia pulled forward at 15-30° flexion", "Anterior tibial displacement = ACL tear (most sensitive)"],
        ["Anterior drawer test (ACL)", "Tibia pulled forward at 90° flexion", "Anterior displacement = ACL tear"],
        ["Posterior drawer test (PCL)", "Tibia pushed back at 90° flexion", "Posterior displacement = PCL tear"],
        ["McMurray's test", "Knee flex/ext with valgus + rotation", "Click = meniscal tear"],
        ["Valgus stress test (MCL)", "Valgus force at 30° flexion", "Pain/laxity = MCL tear"],
        ["Unhappy triad (O'Donoghue)", "Valgus force on flexed knee", "ACL + MCL + Medial meniscus torn"],
    ]
    elems.append(make_table(tests_data, col_widths=[avail_w*0.27, avail_w*0.32, avail_w*0.41],
                            hdr_color=RED, alt_color=LIGHT_RED))

    elems.append(PageBreak())

    # ── 7. ANKLE JOINT ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    elems.append(joint_header(7, "ANKLE (TALOCRURAL) JOINT", "Synovial Hinge — Mortise & Tenon", PURPLE))
    elems.append(space(6))

    diag7 = AnkleDiagram(avail_w * 0.46, 165)
    ankle_basic = [
        ["Feature", "Details"],
        ["Type", "Synovial hinge joint"],
        ["Bones", "Distal tibia + fibula (mortise) + talus"],
        ["Mortise", "Medial malleolus + lateral malleolus + tibial plafond"],
        ["Movements", "Dorsiflexion (tibialis ant.) & Plantarflexion (gastrocnemius/soleus)"],
        ["Most stable position", "Dorsiflexion (wide ant. talus fills mortise tightly)"],
        ["Most vulnerable position", "Plantarflexion (narrow post. talus = less stable)"],
    ]
    ankle_tbl = make_table(ankle_basic, col_widths=[avail_w*0.54*0.36, avail_w*0.54*0.64],
                           hdr_color=PURPLE, alt_color=LIGHT_PURPLE)
    combo7 = Table([[diag7, ankle_tbl]], colWidths=[avail_w*0.46, avail_w*0.54])
    combo7.setStyle(TableStyle([('VALIGN',(0,0),(-1,-1),'TOP'),('LEFTPADDING',(0,0),(-1,-1),0),
                                 ('RIGHTPADDING',(0,0),(-1,-1),4)]))
    elems.append(combo7)
    elems.append(space(4))

    elems.append(section_header("LIGAMENTS", PURPLE))
    ankle_lig = [
        ["Ligament", "Side", "Parts", "Function"],
        ["Deltoid (medial) ligament", "Medial", "Tibionavicular, Ant. tibiotalar, Post. tibiotalar, Tibiocalcaneal", "Very strong; resists eversion; rarely torn alone"],
        ["ATFL (ant. talofibular lig.)", "Lateral", "Single band", "Resists plantarflexion + inversion; MOST COMMONLY TORN"],
        ["CFL (calcaneofibular lig.)", "Lateral", "Single band", "Resists inversion with foot neutral"],
        ["PTFL (post. talofibular lig.)", "Lateral", "Strongest lateral lig.", "Resists extreme dorsiflexion & internal rotation; rarely torn"],
    ]
    elems.append(make_table(ankle_lig, col_widths=[avail_w*0.26, avail_w*0.10, avail_w*0.36, avail_w*0.28],
                            hdr_color=PURPLE, alt_color=LIGHT_PURPLE))
    elems.append(space(4))

    elems.append(section_header("CLINICAL CORRELATIONS", RED))
    elems.append(clinical_note("<b>Lateral ankle sprain</b>: most common ankle injury; ATFL torn first (plantarflexion + inversion). Ottawa ankle rules guide X-ray decision."))
    elems.append(clinical_note("<b>Pott's fracture</b>: bimalleolar (both malleoli) or trimalleolar (+ posterior tibial margin) fracture-dislocation"))
    elems.append(clinical_note("<b>High ankle sprain</b>: syndesmosis injury (anterior tibiofibular ligament); often missed; mechanism = external rotation"))
    elems.append(clinical_note("<b>Achilles tendon rupture</b>: Simmond's/Thompson test positive (squeeze calf → no plantarflexion)"))
    elems.append(clinical_note("<b>Talus fractures</b>: risk of AVN (blood supply from three vessels entering at neck/sinus tarsi)"))

    elems.append(PageBreak())

    # ── 8. FOOT JOINTS ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    elems.append(joint_header(8, "SUBTALAR & FOOT JOINTS", "Inversion • Eversion • Arches", colors.HexColor("#1a7a4a")))
    elems.append(space(6))

    foot_data = [
        ["Joint", "Type", "Bones", "Main Movements", "Key Feature"],
        ["Subtalar (talocalcaneal)", "Plane synovial", "Talus + calcaneus", "Inversion & eversion", "3 facets; supported by interosseous talocalcaneal ligament"],
        ["Talonavicular", "Ball & socket (part of midtarsal)", "Talus + navicular", "Inversion, eversion, adduction", "With calcaneocuboid = transverse tarsal joint"],
        ["Calcaneocuboid", "Saddle (part of midtarsal)", "Calcaneus + cuboid", "Limited gliding", "Key component of lateral column of foot"],
        ["Tarsometatarsal (Lisfranc)", "Plane synovial", "Tarsals + metatarsal bases", "Minimal gliding", "Lisfranc ligament (2nd TMT); injury commonly missed"],
        ["MTP joints", "Condyloid synovial", "Metatarsals + proximal phalanges", "Flex, ext, abd, add", "1st MTP = hallux valgus (bunion) site"],
        ["IP joints (toe)", "Hinge synovial", "Phalanges", "Flexion, extension", "Hammer toe = PIP flexion deformity"],
    ]
    elems.append(make_table(foot_data, col_widths=[avail_w*0.20, avail_w*0.16, avail_w*0.18, avail_w*0.16, avail_w*0.30],
                            hdr_color=colors.HexColor("#1a7a4a"), alt_color=LIGHT_GREEN))
    elems.append(space(6))

    elems.append(section_header("ARCHES OF THE FOOT", colors.HexColor("#1a7a4a")))
    arches = [
        ["Arch", "Bones", "Keystone", "Main Support"],
        ["Medial longitudinal (higher)", "Calcaneus - talus - navicular - cuneiforms - 1st-3rd MT", "Talus", "Spring (plantar calcaneonavicular) ligament + tibialis posterior + FHL"],
        ["Lateral longitudinal (lower)", "Calcaneus - cuboid - 4th-5th MT", "Cuboid", "Long & short plantar ligaments + peroneus longus"],
        ["Transverse arch", "Cuboid + 3 cuneiforms + bases of MT", "2nd cuneiform", "Peroneus longus (crosses obliquely)"],
    ]
    elems.append(make_table(arches, col_widths=[avail_w*0.24, avail_w*0.36, avail_w*0.12, avail_w*0.28],
                            hdr_color=colors.HexColor("#1a7a4a"), alt_color=LIGHT_GREEN))
    elems.append(space(6))

    elems.append(section_header("CLINICAL CORRELATIONS", RED))
    elems.append(clinical_note("<b>Pes planus (flat foot)</b>: loss of medial longitudinal arch; spring ligament laxity; posterior tibial tendon dysfunction"))
    elems.append(clinical_note("<b>Pes cavus (high arch)</b>: exaggerated medial arch; associated with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease & Friedreich's ataxia"))
    elems.append(clinical_note("<b>Hallux valgus (bunion)</b>: lateral deviation of great toe at 1st MTP; female predominance; ill-fitting shoes"))
    elems.append(clinical_note("<b>Lisfranc injury</b>: disruption of tarsometatarsal joints; mechanism = axial load on plantarflexed foot; commonly missed on X-ray"))
    elems.append(clinical_note("<b>Plantar fasciitis</b>: inflammation at calcaneal attachment of plantar fascia; heel pain worst in morning"))
    elems.append(clinical_note("<b>Morton's neuroma</b>: perineural fibrosis of common digital nerve (3rd-4th interspace most common)"))

    elems.append(PageBreak())

    # ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════
    # SUMMARY COMPARISON TABLE
    # ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════
    elems.append(PartBanner("MASTER SUMMARY TABLES", "Quick Reference for Revision", MED_BLUE, avail_w))
    elems.append(space(10))

    elems.append(sub_header("All Joints at a Glance"))
    summary = [
        ["Joint", "Type", "Key Movements", "Key Nerve", "Common Problem"],
        ["Shoulder", "Ball & socket", "All (most mobile)", "Axillary (C5,C6)", "Anterior dislocation"],
        ["Elbow", "Compound hinge+pivot", "Flex/Ext + Pro/Sup", "Radial nerve", "Supracondylar # (child)"],
        ["Wrist", "Condyloid", "Flex/Ext + Deviation", "Ant. interosseous", "Colles' fracture"],
        ["Hand CMC/MCP/IP", "Various", "Flex/Ext, Opposition", "Median/Ulnar", "Mallet, Boutonniere"],
        ["Hip", "Ball & socket", "All (most stable)", "Femoral/Obturator/Sciatic", "NOF # → AVN"],
        ["Knee", "Modified hinge", "Flex/Ext + Rotation", "Femoral/Sciatic", "ACL + Meniscal tear"],
        ["Ankle", "Hinge", "Dorsiflex/Plantarflex", "Tibial + Deep peroneal", "Lateral sprain (ATFL)"],
        ["Foot", "Multiple types", "Inversion/Eversion", "Tibial + Peroneal", "Hallux valgus, Flat foot"],
    ]
    elems.append(make_table(summary,
        col_widths=[avail_w*0.14, avail_w*0.18, avail_w*0.20, avail_w*0.22, avail_w*0.26]))
    elems.append(space(10))

    elems.append(sub_header("Nerve Supply Summary"))
    nerves = [
        ["Joint", "Nerve(s)", "Spinal Level", "Hilton's Law Note"],
        ["Shoulder", "Axillary, suprascapular, lat. pectoral", "C5, C6", "Muscles acting on + nerve crossing over joint"],
        ["Elbow", "Radial (main), musculocutaneous, median, ulnar", "C5-T1", "All main arm nerves contribute"],
        ["Wrist/Hand", "Radial, median, ulnar (ant. & post. interosseous)", "C6-T1", "Median = thumb/index/middle; Ulnar = ring/little"],
        ["Hip", "Femoral, obturator, sciatic, sup. gluteal", "L2-S1", "Knee pain may be referred from hip (obturator)"],
        ["Knee", "Femoral, obturator, common peroneal, tibial", "L2-S2", "Obturator → explains hip OA causing knee pain"],
        ["Ankle/Foot", "Deep peroneal (dorsum), tibial (sole), sural", "L4-S2", "Tibial nerve = intrinsic muscles of sole"],
    ]
    elems.append(make_table(nerves,
        col_widths=[avail_w*0.12, avail_w*0.30, avail_w*0.14, avail_w*0.44],
        hdr_color=GREEN, alt_color=LIGHT_GREEN))
    elems.append(space(10))

    elems.append(sub_header("Blood Supply Summary"))
    blood = [
        ["Joint", "Main Artery", "Source", "Clinical Note"],
        ["Shoulder", "Ant. & Post. circumflex humeral", "Axillary artery", "Surgical neck # → anterior circumflex at risk"],
        ["Elbow", "Anastomotic network", "Brachial + Radial + Ulnar", "Network = collateral circulation preserved in distal occlusion"],
        ["Wrist", "Dorsal + palmar carpal arches", "Radial + Ulnar", "Scaphoid fracture → AVN (distal to proximal supply)"],
        ["Hip", "Medial circumflex femoral (main)", "Profunda femoris", "NOF # disrupts MCFA → AVN femoral head"],
        ["Knee", "Genicular branches", "Femoral + Popliteal + Ant. tibial", "Rich anastomosis above and below joint"],
        ["Ankle/Foot", "Ant. tibial, post. tibial, peroneal", "Popliteal artery", "Talus AVN after fracture (poor supply at neck)"],
    ]
    elems.append(make_table(blood,
        col_widths=[avail_w*0.12, avail_w*0.25, avail_w*0.18, avail_w*0.45],
        hdr_color=ACCENT, alt_color=LIGHT_RED))
    elems.append(space(10))

    # ── Footer note
    elems.append(hr())
    elems.append(Paragraph(
        "BDC Anatomy Joint Notes | Source: Gray's Anatomy for Students | For educational purposes only",
        S['footer']))

    # ── Build PDF
    doc.build(elems)
    print(f"PDF created: {path}")
    return path

if __name__ == "__main__":
    build()

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