mkdir -p /tmp/workspace/tracheobronchial && ls /tmp/workspace/tracheobronchial/

cat << 'PYEOF' > /tmp/workspace/tracheobronchial/build_docx.py from docx import Document from docx.shared import Pt, Inches, RGBColor from docx.enum.text import WD_ALIGN_PARAGRAPH from docx.oxml.ns import qn from docx.oxml import OxmlElement doc = Document() # ── Page margins ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── from docx.shared import Inches section = doc.sections[0] section.top_margin = Inches(1) section.bottom_margin = Inches(1) section.left_margin = Inches(1.2) section.right_margin = Inches(1.2) # ── Default Normal style ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────── normal = doc.styles['Normal'] normal.font.name = 'Times New Roman' normal.font.size = Pt(12) # ── Helper: add a horizontal rule ───────────────────────────────────────────── def add_hr(doc): p = doc.add_paragraph() p.paragraph_format.space_before = Pt(2) p.paragraph_format.space_after = Pt(2) pPr = p._p.get_or_add_pPr() pBdr = OxmlElement('w:pBdr') bottom = OxmlElement('w:bottom') bottom.set(qn('w:val'), 'single') bottom.set(qn('w:sz'), '6') bottom.set(qn('w:space'), '1') bottom.set(qn('w:color'), '4472C4') pBdr.append(bottom) pPr.append(pBdr) # ── Helper: styled heading ───────────────────────────────────────────────────── def h1(doc, text): p = doc.add_heading(text, level=1) p.runs[0].font.color.rgb = RGBColor(0x1F, 0x49, 0x7D) p.runs[0].font.size = Pt(16) p.paragraph_format.space_before = Pt(14) p.paragraph_format.space_after = Pt(4) def h2(doc, text): p = doc.add_heading(text, level=2) p.runs[0].font.color.rgb = RGBColor(0x2E, 0x74, 0xB5) p.runs[0].font.size = Pt(13) p.paragraph_format.space_before = Pt(10) p.paragraph_format.space_after = Pt(2) def body(doc, text): p = doc.add_paragraph(text) p.paragraph_format.space_after = Pt(6) p.paragraph_format.first_line_indent = Inches(0.3) return p def bullet(doc, text, bold_prefix=None): p = doc.add_paragraph(style='List Bullet') p.paragraph_format.space_after = Pt(4) if bold_prefix: run_b = p.add_run(bold_prefix) run_b.bold = True p.add_run(text) else: p.add_run(text) def sub_bullet(doc, text, bold_prefix=None): p = doc.add_paragraph(style='List Bullet 2') p.paragraph_format.space_after = Pt(3) if bold_prefix: run_b = p.add_run(bold_prefix) run_b.bold = True p.add_run(text) else: p.add_run(text) # ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── # TITLE BLOCK # ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── title_p = doc.add_paragraph() title_p.alignment = WD_ALIGN_PARAGRAPH.CENTER title_run = title_p.add_run("Anatomy of the Tracheobronchial Tree") title_run.bold = True title_run.font.size = Pt(20) title_run.font.color.rgb = RGBColor(0x1F, 0x49, 0x7D) sub_p = doc.add_paragraph() sub_p.alignment = WD_ALIGN_PARAGRAPH.CENTER sub_run = sub_p.add_run("10-Mark Answer | Respiratory System Anatomy") sub_run.italic = True sub_run.font.size = Pt(11) sub_run.font.color.rgb = RGBColor(0x70, 0x70, 0x70) add_hr(doc) # ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── # 1. INTRODUCTION # ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── h1(doc, "1. Introduction") body(doc, "The tracheobronchial tree is the conducting portion of the lower respiratory tract. " "It begins at the lower end of the larynx as the trachea and divides progressively into " "smaller airways - main bronchi, lobar bronchi, segmental bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal " "bronchioles - before giving rise to the respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts where " "gas exchange occurs. It serves to warm, humidify, and filter inspired air, and to conduct " "it to and from the alveoli.") # ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── # 2. TRACHEA # ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── h1(doc, "2. Trachea") h2(doc, "2.1 Extent and Position") body(doc, "The trachea is a flexible fibrocartilaginous tube, approximately 10-12 cm long and 2-2.5 cm " "wide in adults. It extends from the lower border of the cricoid cartilage (C6 vertebral level) " "to the carina at the level of the sternal angle (T4-T5 intervertebral disc / angle of Louis). " "It is divided into:") bullet(doc, "Cervical trachea (C6-T1): lies in the midline; related anteriorly to the thyroid gland, " "posteriorly to the oesophagus.") bullet(doc, "Thoracic trachea (T1-T4/5): lies in the superior mediastinum.") h2(doc, "2.2 Structure of the Wall") body(doc, "The tracheal wall has three layers:") bullet(doc, " Mucosa: ", "Inner layer -") sub_bullet(doc, "Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (respiratory epithelium) with goblet cells.") sub_bullet(doc, "Lamina propria contains mixed mucoserous glands (tracheal glands).") bullet(doc, " Fibromusculocartilaginous layer: ", "Middle layer -") sub_bullet(doc, "16-20 C-shaped (horseshoe) hyaline cartilage rings reinforce the anterior and lateral walls.") sub_bullet(doc, "Rings are connected by annular (fibroelastic) ligaments.") sub_bullet(doc, "Posterior wall - the trachealis (smooth muscle) - closes the 'C', making trachea D-shaped in cross-section.") bullet(doc, " Adventitia: ", "Outer layer -") sub_bullet(doc, "Loose connective tissue, rich in elastic fibres, allowing movement and distension.") h2(doc, "2.3 Blood Supply, Nerve Supply, and Lymphatics") bullet(doc, "Arterial supply: Inferior thyroid artery (cervical part); bronchial arteries (thoracic part).") bullet(doc, "Venous drainage: Inferior thyroid veins.") bullet(doc, "Nerve supply: Recurrent laryngeal nerve (motor to trachealis; sensory and secretory); " "sympathetic fibres from middle cervical ganglion.") bullet(doc, "Lymphatics: Paratracheal lymph nodes; superior and inferior tracheobronchial nodes near the carina.") h2(doc, "2.4 Relations of the Trachea") bullet(doc, "Anteriorly: Thyroid isthmus (rings 2-4), pretracheal fascia, inferior thyroid veins, " "brachiocephalic artery, arch of aorta (thoracic part).") bullet(doc, "Posteriorly: Oesophagus (with left recurrent laryngeal nerve in groove between them).") bullet(doc, "Laterally: Lobes of thyroid, carotid sheaths, subclavian arteries.") # ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── # 3. CARINA # ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── h1(doc, "3. Carina (Tracheal Bifurcation)") body(doc, "At the level of T4-T5 (angle of Louis / sternal angle), the trachea bifurcates into the " "right and left main (primary) bronchi. The carina is a sagittally-oriented ridge of cartilage " "that projects internally at the bifurcation and divides the airstream. The carinal angle is " "normally 50-70 degrees; widening (>70 degrees) suggests enlargement of subcarinal lymph nodes " "(e.g., lymphoma, metastasis, sarcoidosis) and is clinically significant.") # ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── # 4. MAIN (PRIMARY) BRONCHI # ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── h1(doc, "4. Main (Primary) Bronchi") # Table: Right vs Left table = doc.add_table(rows=7, cols=3) table.style = 'Table Grid' hdr = table.rows[0].cells hdr[0].text = 'Feature' hdr[1].text = 'Right Main Bronchus' hdr[2].text = 'Left Main Bronchus' for cell in hdr: for run in cell.paragraphs[0].runs: run.bold = True rows_data = [ ("Length", "~2.5 cm (shorter)", "~5 cm (longer)"), ("Width/Diameter", "Wider (~1.5 cm)", "Narrower (~1.3 cm)"), ("Angle with trachea", "~25-30° (more vertical)", "~45° (more oblique)"), ("Foreign body", "More common site", "Less common"), ("Lobar branches", "3 (upper, middle, lower)", "2 (upper, lower)"), ("Eparterial bronchus", "Upper lobe bronchus is eparterial (above pulmonary artery)", "No eparterial bronchus"), ] for i, (f, r, l) in enumerate(rows_data, 1): row = table.rows[i].cells row[0].text = f row[1].text = r row[2].text = l doc.add_paragraph() # spacing after table # ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── # 5. LOBAR (SECONDARY) BRONCHI # ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── h1(doc, "5. Lobar (Secondary) Bronchi") body(doc, "The main bronchi divide into lobar bronchi, each supplying a lobe of the lung. " "The lobar bronchi are 8-12 mm in diameter.") bullet(doc, "Right lung (3 lobes): Right upper lobe bronchus (1-2.5 cm from carina); " "Right middle and lower lobe bronchi (~5 cm from carina).") bullet(doc, "Left lung (2 lobes): Left upper and lower lobe bronchi (~5 cm from carina).") # ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── # 6. SEGMENTAL (TERTIARY) BRONCHI & BRONCHOPULMONARY SEGMENTS # ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── h1(doc, "6. Segmental (Tertiary) Bronchi and Bronchopulmonary Segments") body(doc, "Each lobar bronchus divides into segmental bronchi. Each segmental bronchus with its " "accompanying branch of the pulmonary artery supplies one bronchopulmonary segment - the " "smallest functionally independent resectable unit of the lung. Pulmonary veins run intersegmentally.") # Segments table seg_table = doc.add_table(rows=12, cols=3) seg_table.style = 'Table Grid' sh = seg_table.rows[0].cells sh[0].text = 'Lobe' sh[1].text = 'Right Lung (10 segments)' sh[2].text = 'Left Lung (8-10 segments)' for c in sh: for r in c.paragraphs[0].runs: r.bold = True seg_data = [ ("Upper Lobe", "1-Apical 2-Posterior 3-Anterior", "1+2-Apicoposterior 3-Anterior"), ("Middle / Lingula", "4-Lateral 5-Medial", "4-Superior lingular 5-Inferior lingular"), ("Lower Lobe", "6-Superior 7-Medial basal 8-Anterior basal 9-Lateral basal 10-Posterior basal", "6-Superior 7-Absent (medial basal) 8-Anterior basal 9-Lateral basal 10-Posterior basal"), ] for i, (lobe, right, left) in enumerate(seg_data, 1): for j in range(3): seg_table.rows[i*4-3].cells[j].text = "" # spacing hack not needed row = seg_table.rows[i].cells row[0].text = lobe row[1].text = right row[2].text = left # Rebuild properly with correct row count seg_table2 = doc.add_table(rows=4, cols=3) seg_table2.style = 'Table Grid' seg_table._element.getparent().remove(seg_table._element) sh2 = seg_table2.rows[0].cells sh2[0].text = 'Lobe' sh2[1].text = 'Right Lung (10 segments)' sh2[2].text = 'Left Lung (8-10 segments)' for c in sh2: for r in c.paragraphs[0].runs: r.bold = True for i, (lobe, right, left) in enumerate(seg_data, 1): row = seg_table2.rows[i].cells row[0].text = lobe row[1].text = right row[2].text = left doc.add_paragraph() # ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── # 7. BRONCHIOLES # ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── h1(doc, "7. Bronchioles") body(doc, "Segmental bronchi subdivide into progressively smaller bronchi (medium and small), " "then into bronchioles (<1.5 mm diameter). Bronchioles lack cartilage in their walls; " "patency is maintained by transpulmonary pressure and elastic recoil of surrounding lung tissue.") bullet(doc, " Terminal bronchioles: ", "Conducting bronchioles (no gas exchange) end as -") sub_bullet(doc, "Last purely conducting airways; contain Clara (club) cells which produce surfactant proteins.") bullet(doc, " Respiratory bronchioles: ", "Transitional zone -") sub_bullet(doc, "Have alveoli in their walls; gas exchange begins here.") bullet(doc, " Alveolar ducts and alveolar sacs: ", "Respiratory zone -") sub_bullet(doc, "Walls entirely composed of alveoli; site of bulk gas exchange.") h2(doc, "7.1 Generations of Branching (Weibel Model)") body(doc, "The trachea is generation 0. The tree branches approximately 23 times before " "reaching the alveoli. Approximately 65,000 terminal bronchioles exist in both lungs, " "distributing airflow resistance across an enormous parallel network.") h2(doc, "7.2 Control of Bronchiolar Calibre") bullet(doc, " Sympathetic (adrenergic) stimulation: ", "Autonomic -") sub_bullet(doc, "Beta-2 receptors on smooth muscle -> bronchodilation (norepinephrine / epinephrine).") bullet(doc, " Parasympathetic (cholinergic) stimulation: ", "") sub_bullet(doc, "Muscarinic (M3) receptors -> bronchoconstriction; also increases mucus secretion.") bullet(doc, " Local factors: ", "") sub_bullet(doc, "Hypoxia, histamine, leukotrienes, substance P -> constriction.") sub_bullet(doc, "Prostacyclin, beta-2 agonists -> dilation.") # ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── # 8. HISTOLOGY OF THE BRONCHIAL WALL # ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── h1(doc, "8. Histology of the Bronchial Wall") body(doc, "As airway diameter decreases, the wall undergoes progressive changes:") hist_table = doc.add_table(rows=6, cols=4) hist_table.style = 'Table Grid' hist_hdr = hist_table.rows[0].cells for c, t in zip(hist_hdr, ['Feature', 'Trachea / Main Bronchi', 'Smaller Bronchi', 'Bronchioles']): c.text = t for r in c.paragraphs[0].runs: r.bold = True hist_data = [ ("Epithelium", "Pseudostrat. ciliated columnar", "Ciliated columnar (becomes simpler)", "Ciliated simple columnar; Clara cells"), ("Cartilage", "C-rings / plates", "Irregular plates", "Absent"), ("Smooth muscle", "Trachealis (posterior)", "Circumferential bands", "Prominent (relative)"), ("Glands", "Tracheal glands (mucoserous)", "Present", "Absent"), ("Goblet cells", "Present", "Decrease distally", "Absent"), ] for i, row_data in enumerate(hist_data, 1): row = hist_table.rows[i].cells for j, val in enumerate(row_data): row[j].text = val doc.add_paragraph() # ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── # 9. BLOOD SUPPLY OF THE LOWER AIRWAYS # ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── h1(doc, "9. Blood Supply and Lymphatics of the Bronchial Tree") bullet(doc, "Arterial supply: Bronchial arteries (from descending thoracic aorta, usually 1 right and 2 left) " "supply the walls of the bronchi down to the respiratory bronchioles.") bullet(doc, "Venous drainage: Bronchial veins drain to azygos (right) and hemiazygos (left) veins. " "Deep bronchial veins drain to pulmonary veins.") bullet(doc, "Lymphatics: Drain to pulmonary, bronchomediastinal and tracheobronchial lymph nodes.") # ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── # 10. CLINICAL CORRELATIONS # ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── h1(doc, "10. Clinical Correlations") bullet(doc, " Foreign body aspiration: ", "Right bronchus -") sub_bullet(doc, "More vertical, shorter, and wider right main bronchus means aspirated objects " "preferentially lodge in the right lung (typically right lower lobe or right middle lobe).") bullet(doc, " Carinal angle widening: ", "Subcarinal mass -") sub_bullet(doc, "Angle >70° on chest X-ray or bronchoscopy suggests enlarged subcarinal nodes " "(lymphoma, sarcoid, bronchogenic carcinoma).") bullet(doc, " Endotracheal intubation: ", "Endobronchial -") sub_bullet(doc, "ETT advanced too far tends to enter the right main bronchus (due to smaller angle), " "causing left lung collapse.") bullet(doc, " Asthma / COPD: ", "Bronchospasm -") sub_bullet(doc, "Disease of smooth muscle and smaller bronchi/bronchioles; absence of cartilage makes " "them vulnerable to dynamic collapse during forced expiration.") bullet(doc, " Squamous metaplasia: ", "Smoking -") sub_bullet(doc, "Cigarette smoking converts respiratory epithelium to stratified squamous epithelium " "and immobilises cilia, impairing mucociliary clearance and predisposing to carcinoma.") # ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── # SUMMARY BOX # ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── add_hr(doc) p = doc.add_paragraph() p.alignment = WD_ALIGN_PARAGRAPH.CENTER summary_run = p.add_run("Summary: Key Anatomical Facts") summary_run.bold = True summary_run.font.size = Pt(12) summary_run.font.color.rgb = RGBColor(0x1F, 0x49, 0x7D) bullet(doc, "Trachea: 10-12 cm, C6 to T4/5, 16-20 C-shaped cartilage rings, trachealis muscle posteriorly.") bullet(doc, "Right main bronchus: shorter (~2.5 cm), wider, more vertical (25-30°) - common site for FB aspiration.") bullet(doc, "Left main bronchus: longer (~5 cm), narrower, more oblique (45°).") bullet(doc, "Right lung: 3 lobes, 10 segments. Left lung: 2 lobes, 8-10 segments (some fuse).") bullet(doc, "Eparterial bronchus: right upper lobe bronchus (only bronchus above the pulmonary artery).") bullet(doc, "Bronchioles (<1.5 mm): no cartilage; terminal bronchioles are the last purely conducting airways.") bullet(doc, "Carinal angle normally 50-70°; widening suggests subcarinal lymphadenopathy.") # ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── # REFERENCES # ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── add_hr(doc) ref_p = doc.add_paragraph() ref_run = ref_p.add_run("References") ref_run.bold = True ref_run.font.size = Pt(11) ref_run.font.color.rgb = RGBColor(0x70, 0x70, 0x70) doc.add_paragraph("1. Guyton & Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14e - Ch. 38: Trachea, Bronchi, and Bronchioles.", style='Normal') doc.add_paragraph("2. Gray's Anatomy for Students, 4e - Bronchopulmonary Segments.", style='Normal') doc.add_paragraph("3. Color Atlas of Human Anatomy Vol. 2 (Internal Organs) - Trachea, Bronchi & Segments.", style='Normal') # ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── # SAVE # ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── out_path = "/tmp/workspace/tracheobronchial/Anatomy_Tracheobronchial_Tree_10Marks.docx" doc.save(out_path) print(f"Saved: {out_path}") PYEOF python3 /tmp/workspace/tracheobronchial/build_docx.py

python3 -c " from docx import Document doc = Document('/tmp/workspace/tracheobronchial/Anatomy_Tracheobronchial_Tree_10Marks.docx') for p in doc.paragraphs[:30]: if p.text.strip(): print(f'[{p.style.name}] {p.text[:80]}') "