Here are the answers to all the questions shown in your images:

Question 3 - Chromosomal mutation shown in the figure (break with loss of a segment):

Deletion (also called deficiency)

The diagram shows chromosome ABCDEF breaking, with segment A being lost, leaving BCDEF. This is a deletion - a type of chromosomal mutation where a segment of the chromosome is lost.

Question 4 - Name the primary producer:

Primary producers (autotrophs) are organisms that produce their own food via photosynthesis. Among the options:

Question 5 - Fecal egg method NOT used to detect which nematodes:

Trichinella spiralis and Wuchereria bancrofti

Question 6 - Sex chromosome sets possible in children from a normal woman (XX) and a man with no sex chromosome divergence (XY):

Normal meiosis: mother (XX) contributes X; father (XY) contributes X or Y. Possible offspring: XX (daughter) and XY (son).

Answer: XX XY

Question 7 - Key part of the carbon cycle:

All four processes are integral parts of the carbon cycle:

Question 8 - Diphyllobothrium latum lifecycle stages (No. 1 = egg):

The correct order starting from egg (No. 1):

So:

Question 10 - Body cavity characteristics in flukes (Trematoda):

Flukes (class Trematoda, phylum Platyhelminthes) are acoelomates - they have no true body cavity. The space between organs is filled with parenchyma (mesenchyme) tissue.Here are the answers to all questions in your new images:

Question 11 - Latin name of the genus (blood smear showing infected red blood cells):

The image shows red blood cells with parasites inside them - some RBCs appear enlarged. This is a classic blood smear for Plasmodium (malaria parasite).

Answer: Plasmodium

Question 12 - What applies to non-traditional inheritance of traits (select all that apply):

Genomic imprinting and cytoplasmic inheritance

Question 13 (Meiosis question) - Meiosis is based on which process?

Meiosis is the cellular division process that underlies gametogenesis (formation of gametes - sperm and eggs). It is the fundamental mechanism by which diploid germ cells produce haploid gametes.

Question (Reproductive strategy) - Reproductive strategy to which ancestors of Homo sapiens shifted:

K-strategists produce few offspring but invest heavily in parental care, have long lifespans, and delayed sexual maturity. This perfectly describes the shift in human evolution - fewer offspring, prolonged dependency, extensive parental investment.

Question (Female non-malarial mosquito) - Differential diagnostic features of the female non-malarial mosquito (Culex):

Key distinctions: Culex (non-malarial) sits with its body parallel to the surface, while Anopheles (malarial) holds its abdomen at an angle. Culex has palps shorter than the proboscis; Anopheles has palps equal to proboscis length.

Question (Primordial germ cells) - In humans, primordial germ cells are formed:

Primordial germ cells (PGCs) originate in the wall of the yolk sac (specifically in the endoderm near the allantois base) and then migrate to the developing gonads via the dorsal mesentery.

Question (Balantidiasis) - Source of infection in balantidiasis:

Balantidium coli (now reclassified as Neobalantidium coli) is a ciliated protozoan parasite. Pigs are the primary reservoir host and main source of human infection. Humans acquire it by ingesting cysts contaminated with pig feces.

Question (Latin name - organism with pole ring, conoid, rhoptries, apicoplast) - Write the Latin name:

The diagram shows an organism with a pole ring, conoid, rhoptries, and apicoplast - these are the defining structures of the Apicomplexa phylum, specifically the apical complex. The crescent/banana-shaped tachyzoites shown on the left are classic for:

Answer: Toxoplasma gondii

(The conoid + rhoptries + apicoplast + crescent-shaped cells = Toxoplasma tachyzoites)

Question (Twin study method) - Method used to study the role of genotype and environment in the formation of human traits:

Answer: Twin method (twin study method)

The twin method compares monozygotic (identical) and dizygotic (fraternal) twins to distinguish genetic vs. environmental contributions to trait development. It is the classic method in human genetics for this purpose.

Question 13 - Bond connecting nucleotides in one chain, formed between the phosphoric acid residue of one nucleotide and the hydroxyl group of deoxyribose of another:

Answer: phosphodiester (covalent phosphodiester bond)

This 3'-5' phosphodiester bond links the 3'-OH of one deoxyribose to the phosphate group attached to the 5' carbon of the next deoxyribose, forming the sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA.Here are the answers to all questions in this batch:

Question 22 - Cyclin ___ + ___ complex acts in the cell during S phase:

Cyclin E partners with CDK2 to drive the G1/S transition and is active during S phase initiation. This is the classic S-phase cyclin-CDK pair.

Answer: First blank = E, Second blank = CDK2

Question (Bees/haploid males) - Breeding process where males have a haploid set:

In bees (Hymenoptera), males (drones) develop from unfertilized eggs by parthenogenesis - specifically arrhenotoky (a form of parthenogenesis where haploid males develop from unfertilized eggs).

Question (Pyramid of net production - base) - Which best describes the base:

The base of a pyramid of net production represents the producers (plants), whose energy comes from photosynthesis. Net primary production = gross photosynthesis minus plant respiration.

Question (Tapeworm Finns - plerocercoid and cysticercus) - Numbers from the diagram:

Looking at the 5 figures:

Answer: 3 2

Question (Tapeworm muscles) - Which muscles are characteristic of tapeworms:

smooth muscles (also described as: longitudinal muscles, transverse muscles, and dorsoventral muscles forming a skin-muscle sac)

In the context of this Russian curriculum question, the expected answer is:

Question (DNA bond between two polynucleotide chains) - What type of bond:

Hydrogenic (Hydrogen bonds)

The two complementary strands of DNA are held together by hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous bases (A-T: 2 hydrogen bonds; G-C: 3 hydrogen bonds). Note: the option says "Hydrogenic" which refers to hydrogen bonds.

Question 28 - Life cycle shown: crustacean → small fish → predator fish → human, with procercoid and plerocercoid stages, unembryonated eggs in feces:

This is the classic broad fish tapeworm lifecycle:

Question 29 - Ancient (archaic) features of Australopithecus afarensis:

These are primitive/archaic (ape-like) features retained by A. afarensis. The reduced canines, wider pelvis, and non-parallel dental arcade are more derived (human-like) features of this species.

Question 30 - Fluke diagram: name organs indicated by numbers 4 and 11:

In the standard fluke (trematode) body diagram:

Based on standard Fasciola/fluke diagrams used in Russian parasitology courses:

Answer: 4 pharynx 11 ovary

Question (Russian scientist - matrix synthesis of hereditary molecules as proteins):

Koltsov (Nikolai Konstantinovich Koltsov)

Nikolai Koltsov (1872-1940) was a Russian biologist who in 1927 proposed that hereditary molecules were reproduced by a matrix (template) mechanism. He believed proteins were the hereditary molecules (before DNA was established), but his concept of matrix/template replication was visionary and preceded the DNA double helix model.

Answer: KoltsovHere are the answers to all questions in this batch:

Question (Sex-linked traits gene location):

Sex-linked traits include both X-linked (genes in the non-homologous region of X only) and XY-linked/pseudoautosomal genes (homologous region of X and Y). The complete answer encompasses both locations in the sex chromosomes (heterosomes).

Question 33 - Cytogenetic method used to determine which pathological conditions:

The cytogenetic method (karyotyping, chromosome analysis) directly visualizes chromosomes, so it detects changes in chromosome number (genomic mutations) and chromosome structure (chromosomal mutations). It cannot detect single gene mutations or polygenic diseases.

Question 34 - What does NOT fit the concept of an ideal population (Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium):

The Hardy-Weinberg ideal population requires: panmixia, large size, no selection, no mutation, no migration/isolation. So the conditions that do NOT fit are:

Question 35 - Characteristics of mutations:

Mutations are NOT reversible (in general), NOT adaptive (not adequate to environment), and NOT group-specific (they are individual/random). The key properties of mutations: they are sudden, stable (durable), heritable, non-directed, and can occur in any cell.

Question (Leishmania tropica minor) - Correct features:

Leishmania tropica minor causes anthroponotic (urban) cutaneous leishmaniasis:

Note: L. tropica major (zoonotic form) has rodents as reservoir and produces wet/moist ulcers with shorter incubation (1-4 weeks).

Question (PCR Nobel Prize scientist):

Mullis (Kary Mullis)

Kary Mullis developed the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1993.

Question (Components of natural focus of disease):

According to Pavlovsky's doctrine of natural focality, the components of a natural disease focus are: the causative agent, the vector (arthropod), the reservoir host (sensitive animals), and a specific biotope/ecosystem where they all coexist. People and water/soil are not obligatory components.

Question (Imaginal stage of ixodal tick):

The imago (adult) stage of ixodid ticks has 4 pairs of legs (8 legs, as they are arachnids) and a fully developed reproductive system. Larvae have 3 pairs of legs and no reproductive system. Nymphs have 4 pairs of legs but no reproductive system.

Question (Covering of the parasite's cell - diagram showing a ciliated protozoan):

The diagram shows a large ovoid cell with cilia covering the surface - this is a ciliate. The covering is:

Ciliates (like Balantidium coli) are covered by a pellicle - a flexible but firm protein membrane complex beneath the cell membrane that maintains cell shape and anchors the cilia.

Question (What eventually happens to all incoming ecosystem energy):

This is a fundamental law of thermodynamics applied to ecology. All energy that enters an ecosystem is ultimately lost as heat. Energy flows in one direction - it cannot be recycled like matter. Each trophic transfer loses ~90% as heat, and eventually all energy is dissipated as thermal energy.Here are the answers to all questions in this batch:

Question 42 - Enzyme activated during photoreactivation (light repair) that restores normal DNA structure:

Photolyase (DNA photolyase / photoreactivating enzyme)

Photolyase is activated by visible light (300-500 nm). It directly cleaves the cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (thymine dimers) formed by UV radiation, restoring the normal base structure without excising any nucleotides. This is the simplest and most direct DNA repair mechanism.

Question 44 - Which form of Entamoeba histolytica is invasive to humans:

magna form (forma magna / trophozoite magna)

E. histolytica has several forms:

Answer: magna form

Question 45 - Sex-dependent traits: genes located...

Sex-dependent (sex-influenced) traits have autosomal genes whose expression is modulated by sex hormones. Classic example: pattern baldness - the allele is expressed more strongly in males due to androgens. The genes are on autosomes, but phenotype depends on the individual's hormonal environment.

Question 46 - Electrophoresis is used to:

Separate DNA fragments by weight (by size/molecular weight) ✓

Gel electrophoresis separates DNA, RNA, or protein fragments based on their size (molecular weight) - smaller fragments migrate faster through the gel matrix under an electric field. It does not extract DNA, separate by chemical composition alone, or isolate RNA by itself.

Also valid: Separation of DNA and RNA fragments ✓ (electrophoresis can separate both)

Primary answer: separate DNA fragments by weight

Question 47 - Chromosomal mutation shown in the figure (ABCDE|FGH → ADCBE|FGH, segment BCD flipped):

The diagram shows chromosome ABCDE-FGH where segment BCD is cut out, rotated 180°, and reinserted as DCB, giving ADCBE-FGH. This is a paracentric inversion (the inverted segment does not include the centromere, which is between E and F).

Answer: inversion

Question 48 - Progressive (derived/human-like) features of Australopithecus afarensis:

These are the evolutionarily advanced (progressive) features, contrasted with the archaic features (massive cranial ridges, U-shaped dental arch, well-developed supraorbital arches, large flat face).

Question 49 - Name of the finna (larval stage) described: thick multi-layered shell, smooth surface, germinal layer, daughter bladders, multiple scolices with necks, granddaughter bladders, fluid-filled cavity:

Echinococcus (this describes the echinococcal cyst / hydatid cyst)

The description matches the multilocular echinococcus larva of Echinococcus multilocularis, but the classic description with daughter and granddaughter bladders, germinal layer, and multiple protoscolices describes:

Answer: echinococcus (or more specifically multilocular echinococcus / alveococcus)

Given the detail about granddaughter bladders and multiple daughter bladders: alveococcus (Echinococcus multilocularis larva)

Question 50 - Consequences of disruption of anaphase of mitosis:

During anaphase of mitosis, chromatids separate and move to poles. If this is disrupted (non-disjunction), daughter cells receive abnormal chromosome numbers - one cell gets an extra chromosome (trisomy in resulting cells) and the other lacks one (monosomy). Inversion, duplication, and deletion are structural mutations caused by chromosome breaks, not anaphase failure. Polyteny results from repeated DNA replication without division.Here are the answers to all questions in this batch:

Question 51 - Characteristics of prokaryotic cells (4 answers):

Excluded: cellulose cell wall (plants/algae), cellular center/centrioles (animal eukaryotes), mitochondria (eukaryotes only), conjunctiva (not a cell component).

Question 54 - Russian scientist who described ~200 new helminth species and contributed to helminth taxonomy:

Skrjabin (Konstantin Ivanovich Skryabin)

K.I. Skryabin (1878-1972) was the founder of Soviet helminthology. He described over 200 new species of helminths and made enormous contributions to helminth taxonomy and classification. He also developed the "devasting" method of helminthological dissection.

Question 55 - Leishmania tropica major (zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis) correct features:

L. tropica major = zoonotic (rural) form: short incubation (weeks), wet ulcers, rodent reservoir. This contrasts with L. tropica minor (anthroponotic/urban): long incubation (months), dry ulcers, human reservoir.

Question 56 - Where is Giardia lamblia localized in the body of a sick person:

duodenum (small intestine / duodenum and upper small intestine)

Giardia lamblia (syn. Giardia intestinalis/duodenalis) attaches via its ventral sucker to the epithelium of the duodenum and upper jejunum (small intestine). It does not invade the mucosa but lives in the lumen/brush border of the small intestine.

Answer: duodenum (or: small intestine / upper small intestine)

Question 57 - Fluke drawing: name organs indicated by numbers 7 and 11:

Looking at the detailed fluke diagram with numbered structures (this appears to be Fasciola or a similar large trematode):

In the standard Russian parasitology fluke diagrams (Fasciola hepatica):

Answer: 7 ovary 11 testis

Question 58 - Characteristics that prove Homo sapiens belongs to family Hominidae (3 answers):

The other options (mammary glands, no tail, developed clavicles, eyes facing forward) are features of broader groups (Mammalia, Primates) - not specific to Hominidae.

Question 59 - Invasive form of Opisthorchis felineus for humans:

The Opisthorchis felineus lifecycle:

The invasive (infective) form for humans = metacercaria

Question 60 - Russian scientist who viewed parasites of animals "as a kind of biocenosis of parasitic organisms connected by a chain of close relationships, which should be studied in their entirety" - founder of ecological parasitology:

Dogel (Valentin Alexandrovich Dogel / Dogiel)

V.A. Dogel (1882-1955) was a major Russian zoologist and parasitologist who founded the ecological approach to parasitology. He viewed the parasite fauna of a host as a "parasitocenosis" - a community of parasites interconnected by relationships that must be studied as a whole. He is considered the father of ecological parasitology in Russia.

Question 61 - Tapeworm Finns diagram - numbers indicating cysticercus and cysticercoid:

From the same 5-figure diagram seen earlier:

Answer: 2 4