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🗂️ What's in the Sheet

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⚡ Key Numbers to Burn Into Memory

• 1 Glucose (aerobic) = ~32 ATP
• NADH → 2.5 ATP | FADH₂ → 1.5 ATP
• ATP hydrolysis ΔG° = −7.3 kcal/mol
• Anaerobic = only 2 ATP (cytoplasm only)
• Uncouplers (DNP) = O₂ consumption ↑ but ATP ↓ (exam trap!)

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Option 1 — Download & Open (Easiest) ✅

1. Click the link in my previous message: study_sheet.html
2. Your browser will download the file
3. Find it in your Downloads folder
4. Double-click the file → it opens in your browser (Chrome, Firefox, Edge, Safari — any works)

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Option 2 — Open Directly in Browser

1. Open Chrome / Firefox / Edge
2. Press Ctrl + O (Windows/Linux) or Cmd + O (Mac)
3. Navigate to your Downloads folder
4. Select study_sheet.html → click Open

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Option 3 — Drag & Drop

1. Find the downloaded file in your file explorer
2. Drag it into an open browser window
3. Done — it renders instantly

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Option 4 — Right-click Method

1. Right-click the .html file
2. Select "Open with"
3. Choose any web browser

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⚠️ Troubleshooting

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How to open it:

• Click the link above to download
• It will open automatically with any PDF viewer (Adobe Reader, your browser, Preview on Mac, or the built-in Windows PDF viewer)
• No special software needed - PDFs work on every laptop out of the box

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• 🧠 Mind Map grid (colour-coded)
• 🍬 Carbs, Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic Acids tables
• ⚡ Free Energy (ΔG) + ATP tables
• 🔀 Glucose → ATP flowchart with ATP yield bar
• 🔋 ETC complexes I–V strip + inhibitors table
• 🧪 Coenzymes & vitamins table
• 🎯 High-yield facts + Aerobic vs Anaerobic comparison

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🧬 Biomolecules + Bioenergetics

⚡ 5-Minute Rapid Revision Sheet | Harper's 32e & Lippincott's 8e

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🧠 Section 1 — Big Picture Mind Map

                    🍭 CARBOHYDRATES              🧩 PROTEINS
                  Monosaccharides→Polysaccharides  AA→Polypeptides
                  Energy source, cell signals      Structure, enzymes
                           \                           /
                            \                         /
        🧈 LIPIDS ————————— [ BIOCHEMISTRY CORE ] ————————— 🔬 NUCLEIC ACIDS
        FA, TG, Phospholipids       ⬆⬇            DNA & RNA, Purines/Pyrimidines
        Energy storage, membranes  /   \
                                  /     \
                   ⚡ ATP & BIOENERGETICS   🔋 ETC & OXPHOS
                   ΔG, Keq, Coupled rxns   Complexes I–V, 32 ATP

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🍬 Section 2 — Biomolecules at a Glance

🍭 Carbohydrates

🟢 Remember: Glycogen = α-1,4 backbone + α-1,6 branch points (liver & muscle). Cellulose = β-1,4 (NOT digestible). Brain = 100% glucose-dependent normally.

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🧩 Proteins — Structural Levels

🔵 Key: Hydrophobic AA cluster inside the protein; charged/polar AA on the surface. Denaturation disrupts 2°/3°/4° — NOT 1° (peptide bonds remain intact).

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🧈 Lipids

🟡 Key: Phospholipids are amphipathic — hydrophilic heads face water, hydrophobic tails cluster together to form the bilayer.

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🔬 Nucleic Acids — DNA vs RNA

🟣 Mnemonic: PURe As Gold = Purines: Adenine, Guanine. CUT the PY = Pyrimidines: Cytosine, Uracil, Thymine.

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🔗 Covalent Bond Energies (Quick Reference)

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⚡ Section 3 — Bioenergetics Core Concepts

🌡️ Free Energy

        ΔG  =  ΔH  −  T·ΔS
        │       │       │
        │    Enthalpy  Entropy × Temp (K)
     Free energy change

• ΔG° = −RT ln Keq
• ΔG = ΔG° + RT ln [Products]/[Reactants]
• ΔG° values are additive in sequential reactions
• Standard conditions: 1 mol/L, pH 7.0, 25°C

🟡 Key: ΔG° = −RT ln Keq. If Keq > 1 → ΔG° < 0 (favourable). If Keq < 1 → ΔG° > 0 (unfavourable).

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⚡ ATP — The Energy Currency

🔴 EXAM TRAP: ATP has 2 high-energy bonds (β–γ and α–β phosphoanhydride), NOT 3! The α–ribose bond is NOT high-energy.

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🔄 Coupled Reactions (Worked Example)

Glucose + Pi → Glucose-6-P       ΔG° = +3.3 kcal/mol  ❌ (unfavourable)
ATP → ADP + Pi                   ΔG° = −7.3 kcal/mol  ✅ (favourable)
─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
NET: Glucose + ATP → G-6-P + ADP ΔG° = −4.0 kcal/mol  ✅ SPONTANEOUS

• Endergonic reactions are driven by coupling to ATP hydrolysis
• Share a common intermediate
• Overall ΔG° = sum of individual ΔG° values

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🔀 Section 4 — Glucose → ATP Flowchart

🍭 GLUCOSE
    │
    ▼ ─────────────────────────────────────────
   GLYCOLYSIS (Cytoplasm)
   • 2 ATP net (substrate-level phosphorylation)
   • 2 NADH produced
   • Glucose (C6) → 2 Pyruvate (C3)
    │
    ▼ ─────────────────────────────────────────
   PYRUVATE DECARBOXYLATION (Mitochondrial matrix)
   • Pyruvate → Acetyl-CoA
   • 2 NADH + 2 CO₂ released
   • Enzyme: Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (needs B₁/TPP)
    │
    ▼ ─────────────────────────────────────────
   TCA CYCLE / KREBS CYCLE (Mitochondrial matrix)
   • Per glucose: 6 NADH, 2 FADH₂, 2 GTP
   • Produces: 4 CO₂
   • Key intermediates: Citrate → Isocitrate → α-KG
     → Succinyl-CoA → Succinate → Fumarate → Malate → OAA
    │
    ▼ ─────────────────────────────────────────
   ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN (Inner mitochondrial membrane)
   • NADH & FADH₂ donate electrons to Complexes I–IV
   • Creates H⁺ gradient across inner membrane
    │
    ▼ ─────────────────────────────────────────
   ATP SYNTHASE — Complex V
   • H⁺ flows back through F₀F₁ ATPase
   • ADP + Pi → ATP
    │
    ▼ ─────────────────────────────────────────
   CO₂ + H₂O  +  ~32 ATP  🎉

⚡ ATP Yield Summary

NADH = 2.5 ATP each | FADH₂ = 1.5 ATP each

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🔋 Section 5 — Electron Transport Chain

Complex Strip

Mobile Carriers

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🛑 ETC Inhibitors — High Yield Table

🔴 EXAM TRAP: Uncouplers (DNP, Thermogenin/UCP-1) = ETC keeps running + O₂ consumption INCREASES, but ATP synthesis STOPS — energy released as heat. Inhibitors stop both.

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🧪 Section 6 — Key Coenzymes & Vitamins

🟢 Mnemonic for B-vitamins in metabolism: The Ripe Nectarine Provides Body's Life = Thiamine(B₁), Riboflavin(B₂), Niacin(B₃), Pantothenic(B₅), Biotin(B₇), Lipoic acid

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🎯 Section 7 — Last-Minute High-Yield Facts

Quick Recall Cards

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📊 Aerobic vs Anaerobic — Final Comparison

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🧠 Top 10 One-Liners to Memorise

1. ΔG < 0 = spontaneous = exergonic (energy OUT)
2. ΔG = 0 = equilibrium (no net reaction)
3. ATP has 2 high-energy bonds, NOT 3
4. Complex II does NOT pump protons
5. Cyanide kills at Complex IV (blocks O₂ binding)
6. DNP = uncoupler → O₂ use ↑, ATP ↓, heat ↑
7. NADH enters at Complex I → 2.5 ATP
8. FADH₂ enters at Complex II → 1.5 ATP
9. Cellulose = β-1,4 → humans cannot digest it
10. G≡C has 3 H-bonds; A=T/A=U has 2 H-bonds

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Heading 1

Heading 2

Heading 3

Heading 4

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✍️ Text Formatting

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📋 Tables

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📝 Lists

• Item one
• Item two
  • Nested item
  • Nested item
    • Deeper nested

1. First item
2. Second item
   1. Sub-item
   2. Sub-item
3. Third item

• Completed task
• Also done
• Not done yet
• Pending

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💬 Blockquotes

Single blockquote — use >

Nested blockquote:

Level 2

Level 3

🟢 Tip box style Use for key facts or warnings

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💻 Code Blocks

def atp_yield(nadh, fadh2):
    return (nadh * 2.5) + (fadh2 * 1.5)

print(atp_yield(10, 2))  # Output: 28.0

Glucose → Pyruvate → Acetyl-CoA → TCA → ETC → ATP

const delta_g = (dH, T, dS) => dH - T * dS;

python3 build_pdf.py

{ "molecule": "ATP", "bonds": 2, "dG": -7.3 }

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➗ Math / Equations

• α β γ δ ε ζ η θ
• Δ Σ Π Ω λ μ ν π
• ≤ ≥ ≠ ≈ ± × ÷ √
• ⁰ ¹ ² ³ ⁴ ⁵ (superscripts)
• ₀ ₁ ₂ ₃ ₄ ₅ (subscripts)
• → ← ↑ ↓ ↔ ⇌ ⇒

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─── Dividers / Horizontal Rules

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🔗 Links

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ASCII Flowcharts & Diagrams

┌─────────┐     ┌─────────┐     ┌─────────┐
│ Glucose │────▶│Glycolysis│────▶│ Pyruvate│
└─────────┘     └─────────┘     └─────────┘
                                      │
                                      ▼
                               ┌─────────────┐
                               │  Acetyl-CoA  │
                               └─────────────┘

        [Topic]
       /   |   \
      /    |    \
  [A]    [B]    [C]
   |      |      |
  [a1]  [b1]   [c1]

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📊 Progress / Bar Charts (ASCII)

ATP Yield:
Glycolysis  ██░░░░░░░░  2 ATP
Pyruvate    ████░░░░░░  5 ATP
TCA Cycle   ████████░░  20 ATP
TOTAL       ██████████  32 ATP

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🃏 Emoji Support

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📌 Footnotes

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What does NOT render here

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✅ Summary — What Works Best in Chat

Footnotes

1. Source: Harper's Illustrated Biochemistry 32e ↩