Make a revision chart for forensic medicine n toxicology mbbs revision on the topic of all law sections

Reading File
Finding Sources
Searching the Web

forensic medicine toxicology MBBS law sections IPC CrPC Indian Evidence Act revision chart

Good - I have the forensic textbooks. Let me search for the law sections content from the most relevant MBBS books.
Finding Sources
Finding Sources
Finding Sources
Finding Sources
Excellent! I found key sections. Let me now read the most content-rich parts.
Reading File
Reading File
Reading File
The Essentials (2026 edition) has the most structured legal competencies section. Let me read more from it and also the Parikh's book for the full law sections list.
Reading File
Finding Sources
Reading File
Reading File
Excellent! I now have rich content. Let me read a bit more from block3 to get more sections, and also get the BNSS/BSA sections.
Reading File
Reading File
I now have comprehensive content from the 2026 Essentials textbook. Let me also get the rape/sexual offence and consent sections, then build the full chart.
Finding Sources
Finding Sources
Reading File
Finding Sources
I now have comprehensive content. Let me now build the revision chart. I have enough material from The Essentials of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology (2026 edition, the latest) to create a thorough, well-organized revision chart covering all major law sections with their BNS/BNSS/BSA equivalents (new codes replacing IPC/CrPC/IEA).
Reading File
I now have comprehensive data. Let me now create the complete revision chart as a well-formatted, downloadable document.
Reading File
The user asked for a "revision chart" - I'll create a comprehensive, well-formatted PPTX presentation as a revision chart covering all major law sections in forensic medicine & toxicology for MBBS.
Reading File
Running Command

mkdir -p /home/daytona/workspace/forensic-law-chart && ls /home/daytona/workspace/

Writing File

~/forensic-law-chart/build.js

const pptxgen = require("pptxgenjs");
const pres = new pptxgen();
pres.layout = "LAYOUT_WIDE"; // 13.3" x 7.5"
pres.title = "Forensic Medicine & Toxicology – Law Sections Revision Chart";
pres.author = "Orris Medical";

// ── COLOUR PALETTE ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
const DARK_BG    = "0D1B2A";   // deep navy
const MID_BG     = "1B2E44";   // slate navy
const ACCENT1    = "E63946";   // red
const ACCENT2    = "2DC7A2";   // teal/mint
const ACCENT3    = "F4A261";   // amber
const ACCENT4    = "A8DADC";   // sky blue
const WHITE      = "FFFFFF";
const LIGHT_TEXT = "D0E8F2";
const HEADER_BG  = "14213D";
const ROW_ODD    = "1B2E44";
const ROW_EVEN   = "12253B";
const DIVIDER    = "2DC7A2";

// ── HELPER FUNCTIONS ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
function titleSlide() {
  const s = pres.addSlide();
  s.addShape(pres.ShapeType.rect, { x: 0, y: 0, w: 13.3, h: 7.5, fill: { color: DARK_BG } });
  // Top accent bar
  s.addShape(pres.ShapeType.rect, { x: 0, y: 0, w: 13.3, h: 0.12, fill: { color: ACCENT1 } });
  // Bottom accent bar
  s.addShape(pres.ShapeType.rect, { x: 0, y: 7.38, w: 13.3, h: 0.12, fill: { color: ACCENT2 } });
  // Left side accent
  s.addShape(pres.ShapeType.rect, { x: 0, y: 0, w: 0.12, h: 7.5, fill: { color: ACCENT2 } });

  s.addText("FORENSIC MEDICINE & TOXICOLOGY", {
    x: 0.5, y: 1.4, w: 12.3, h: 0.8,
    fontSize: 30, bold: true, color: ACCENT2,
    align: "center", charSpacing: 4, fontFace: "Calibri"
  });
  s.addText("MBBS REVISION CHART", {
    x: 0.5, y: 2.3, w: 12.3, h: 0.7,
    fontSize: 42, bold: true, color: WHITE,
    align: "center", fontFace: "Calibri"
  });
  s.addShape(pres.ShapeType.rect, { x: 3.5, y: 3.15, w: 6.3, h: 0.05, fill: { color: ACCENT1 } });
  s.addText("ALL LAW SECTIONS  |  BNS · BNSS · BSA  |  IPC / CrPC / IEA Cross-Reference", {
    x: 0.5, y: 3.3, w: 12.3, h: 0.5,
    fontSize: 14, bold: false, color: LIGHT_TEXT,
    align: "center", fontFace: "Calibri"
  });
  s.addText("Ref: The Essentials of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, 36th Ed (2026)  |  Parikh's Textbook  |  PC Dikshit", {
    x: 0.5, y: 6.8, w: 12.3, h: 0.4,
    fontSize: 10, color: ACCENT4, align: "center", italic: true, fontFace: "Calibri"
  });

  // Decorative icons row
  const icons = ["⚖", "🏛", "📋", "🔬", "📜"];
  icons.forEach((icon, i) => {
    s.addText(icon, { x: 2.3 + i * 1.8, y: 4.0, w: 1, h: 0.8, fontSize: 28, align: "center" });
  });
}

// Generic section heading slide
function sectionSlide(title, subtitle, color = ACCENT2) {
  const s = pres.addSlide();
  s.addShape(pres.ShapeType.rect, { x: 0, y: 0, w: 13.3, h: 7.5, fill: { color: DARK_BG } });
  s.addShape(pres.ShapeType.rect, { x: 0, y: 0, w: 0.15, h: 7.5, fill: { color: color } });
  s.addText(title, {
    x: 0.5, y: 2.5, w: 12.3, h: 1.2,
    fontSize: 36, bold: true, color: color, align: "center", fontFace: "Calibri"
  });
  if (subtitle) {
    s.addText(subtitle, {
      x: 0.5, y: 3.8, w: 12.3, h: 0.6,
      fontSize: 16, color: LIGHT_TEXT, align: "center", fontFace: "Calibri"
    });
  }
}

// Table slide helper
function tableSlide(title, accentColor, headers, rows, fontSize = 9.5, colWidths = null) {
  const s = pres.addSlide();
  s.addShape(pres.ShapeType.rect, { x: 0, y: 0, w: 13.3, h: 7.5, fill: { color: DARK_BG } });
  s.addShape(pres.ShapeType.rect, { x: 0, y: 0, w: 13.3, h: 0.55, fill: { color: HEADER_BG } });
  s.addShape(pres.ShapeType.rect, { x: 0, y: 0.55, w: 13.3, h: 0.04, fill: { color: accentColor } });

  s.addText(title, {
    x: 0.2, y: 0.07, w: 12.9, h: 0.42,
    fontSize: 16, bold: true, color: accentColor,
    fontFace: "Calibri", valign: "middle"
  });

  const tableRows = [];
  // Header row
  tableRows.push(
    headers.map(h => ({
      text: h,
      options: {
        bold: true, fontSize: fontSize + 1, color: WHITE,
        fill: { color: "14213D" }, align: "center", valign: "middle",
        fontFace: "Calibri"
      }
    }))
  );
  // Data rows
  rows.forEach((row, i) => {
    tableRows.push(
      row.map((cell, ci) => ({
        text: cell,
        options: {
          fontSize: fontSize,
          color: ci === 0 ? accentColor : LIGHT_TEXT,
          fill: { color: i % 2 === 0 ? ROW_ODD : ROW_EVEN },
          bold: ci === 0,
          valign: "middle",
          fontFace: "Calibri",
          align: ci === 0 ? "center" : "left"
        }
      }))
    );
  });

  const tableOpts = {
    x: 0.2, y: 0.68, w: 12.9, h: 6.6,
    border: { type: "solid", pt: 0.5, color: MID_BG },
    rowH: null,
    fontFace: "Calibri"
  };
  if (colWidths) tableOpts.colW = colWidths;
  s.addTable(tableRows, tableOpts);
}

// ── SLIDE 1: TITLE ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
titleSlide();

// ── SLIDE 2: OVERVIEW – THREE NEW CODES ────────────────────────────────────
{
  const s = pres.addSlide();
  s.addShape(pres.ShapeType.rect, { x: 0, y: 0, w: 13.3, h: 7.5, fill: { color: DARK_BG } });
  s.addShape(pres.ShapeType.rect, { x: 0, y: 0, w: 13.3, h: 0.55, fill: { color: HEADER_BG } });
  s.addShape(pres.ShapeType.rect, { x: 0, y: 0.55, w: 13.3, h: 0.04, fill: { color: ACCENT2 } });
  s.addText("OVERVIEW: NEW CRIMINAL CODES (2023) replacing IPC / CrPC / IEA", {
    x: 0.2, y: 0.07, w: 12.9, h: 0.42,
    fontSize: 16, bold: true, color: ACCENT2, fontFace: "Calibri", valign: "middle"
  });

  const codes = [
    {
      abbr: "BNS", full: "Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita",
      act: "Act 45 of 2023", old: "IPC 1860",
      desc: "Substantive criminal law – defines offences & prescribes punishments",
      color: ACCENT1
    },
    {
      abbr: "BNSS", full: "Bharatiya Nagarika Suraksha Sanhita",
      act: "Act 46 of 2023", old: "CrPC 1973",
      desc: "Procedural law – police duties, courts, trials, appeals, inquest",
      color: ACCENT3
    },
    {
      abbr: "BSA", full: "Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam",
      act: "Act 47 of 2023", old: "IEA 1872",
      desc: "Law of evidence – collection, preservation and use of evidence in courts",
      color: ACCENT4
    }
  ];
  codes.forEach((c, i) => {
    const x = 0.3 + i * 4.35;
    s.addShape(pres.ShapeType.rect, { x, y: 0.75, w: 4.1, h: 6.5, fill: { color: MID_BG }, line: { color: c.color, pt: 2 } });
    s.addShape(pres.ShapeType.rect, { x, y: 0.75, w: 4.1, h: 0.6, fill: { color: c.color } });
    s.addText(c.abbr, { x, y: 0.75, w: 4.1, h: 0.6, fontSize: 22, bold: true, color: WHITE, align: "center", valign: "middle", fontFace: "Calibri" });
    s.addText(c.full, { x: x+0.1, y: 1.45, w: 3.9, h: 0.55, fontSize: 12, bold: true, color: c.color, align: "center", fontFace: "Calibri" });
    s.addText(c.act, { x: x+0.1, y: 2.05, w: 3.9, h: 0.35, fontSize: 11, color: ACCENT3, align: "center", italic: true, fontFace: "Calibri" });
    s.addShape(pres.ShapeType.rect, { x: x+0.3, y: 2.45, w: 3.5, h: 0.04, fill: { color: c.color } });
    s.addText("Replaces:", { x: x+0.1, y: 2.55, w: 1.2, h: 0.35, fontSize: 11, bold: true, color: LIGHT_TEXT, fontFace: "Calibri" });
    s.addText(c.old, { x: x+1.2, y: 2.55, w: 2.8, h: 0.35, fontSize: 11, color: ACCENT3, bold: true, fontFace: "Calibri" });
    s.addText(c.desc, { x: x+0.15, y: 3.0, w: 3.8, h: 1.5, fontSize: 11, color: LIGHT_TEXT, wrap: true, align: "center", fontFace: "Calibri" });
  });
}

// ── SLIDE 3: BNS (IPC) SECTIONS – DEATH & HOMICIDE ──────────────────────────
tableSlide(
  "BNS (IPC) SECTIONS — DEATH, HOMICIDE & RELATED OFFENCES",
  ACCENT1,
  ["BNS Section", "IPC Section", "Offence", "Punishment"],
  [
    ["§ 100", "§ 299", "Culpable Homicide (CH) – act done with intention/knowledge of causing death", "CH Not Amounting to Murder → §105"],
    ["§ 101", "§ 300", "Murder – CH is murder when: (1) Intention to cause death (2) Intention to cause injury sufficient to cause death in ordinary course (3) Knowledge that act is imminently dangerous", "Death or Life Imprisonment"],
    ["§ 103", "§ 302", "Punishment for Murder", "Death OR Life Imprisonment + Fine"],
    ["§ 104", "§ 303", "Murder by Life Convict", "Death"],
    ["§ 105", "§ 304", "Culpable Homicide NOT amounting to murder", "Life Imprisonment OR upto 10 yrs + Fine (if victim is woman → Life imprisonment)"],
    ["§ 106", "§ 304-A", "Causing death by Rash/Negligent act (not CH) – medical negligence falls here", "Upto 2 years OR Fine OR Both"],
    ["§ 107", "§ 305", "Abetment of Suicide of child/insane person", "10 years imprisonment"],
    ["§ 108", "§ 306", "Abetment of Suicide", "Upto 10 years + Fine"],
    ["§ 109", "§ 307", "Attempt to Murder", "10 years imprisonment"],
    ["§ 110", "§ 308", "Attempt to Commit Culpable Homicide", "Upto 7 yrs OR Fine OR Both"],
    ["§ 226", "§ 309", "Attempt to Commit Suicide", "Upto 1 year simple imprisonment OR Fine OR Both"],
    ["§ 80", "§ 304-B", "Dowry Death – woman dies within 7 yrs of marriage due to burns/bodily injury in connection with dowry demand", "Min 7 yrs → Life Imprisonment"],
  ],
  8.5,
  [1.1, 1.1, 5.5, 4.2]
);

// ── SLIDE 4: BNS – HURT & GRIEVOUS HURT ────────────────────────────────────
tableSlide(
  "BNS (IPC) SECTIONS — HURT, GRIEVOUS HURT & WRONGFUL RESTRAINT",
  ACCENT3,
  ["BNS Section", "IPC Section", "Offence / Definition", "Key Points / Punishment"],
  [
    ["§ 114", "§ 319", "HURT – bodily pain, disease or infirmity caused to any person", "Does NOT include mental pain. Infirmity = any inability of organ to perform usual function (may be temporary)"],
    ["§ 116", "§ 320", "GRIEVOUS HURT – 8 categories:\n1. Emasculation\n2. Permanent privation of sight of either eye\n3. Permanent privation of hearing of either ear\n4. Privation of any member or joint\n5. Destruction/permanent impairing of power of any member or joint\n6. Permanent disfigurement of head or face\n7. Fracture or dislocation of a bone or tooth\n8. Hurt endangering life / causing severe bodily pain / unable to follow ordinary pursuits for ≥15 days", "All 8 must be memorized\nMnemonic: E–S–H–P–D–D–F–H"],
    ["§ 115", "§ 321-322", "Voluntarily causing hurt / voluntarily causing grievous hurt", "Hurt: Upto 1 yr OR ₹1000 fine\nGrievous Hurt: Upto 7 yrs + Fine"],
    ["§ 117", "§ 323-324", "Causing hurt by dangerous weapons/fire/corrosive substances", "3 yrs + Fine (voluntary); 7 yrs + Fine (grievous)"],
    ["§ 127", "§ 339", "Wrongful Restraint – obstruct person from proceeding in any direction", "Upto 1 month simple imprisonment OR ₹500 fine"],
    ["§ 128", "§ 340", "Wrongful Confinement – wrongful restraint in a limited area", "Upto 1 yr OR ₹1000 fine"],
    ["§ 115 pt.II", "§ 326-A", "Acid Attack – voluntarily throwing acid causing permanent disfigurement", "Min 10 yrs → Life Imprisonment + Fine (to be paid to victim)"],
  ],
  8.5,
  [1.1, 1.1, 5.0, 4.7]
);

// ── SLIDE 5: BNS – SEXUAL OFFENCES ──────────────────────────────────────────
tableSlide(
  "BNS (IPC) SECTIONS — SEXUAL OFFENCES & POCSO",
  ACCENT1,
  ["BNS Section", "IPC Section", "Offence", "Punishment"],
  [
    ["§ 63", "§ 375", "RAPE – definition: Penetration of penis/object/body part into vagina, urethra, anus, or mouth of a woman\nException: (1) Medical procedure/intervention NOT rape (2) Marital sex with wife ≥15 yrs NOT rape", "–"],
    ["§ 64", "§ 376", "Punishment for rape (ordinary cases)", "Rigorous Imprisonment ≥10 yrs → Life + Fine"],
    ["§ 64(2)", "§ 376(2)", "Aggravated rape (police officer, public servant, armed forces, hospital staff, teacher, guardian, during communal violence, pregnant woman, repeat offender)", "Rigorous Imprisonment ≥10 yrs → Life (remaining natural life) + Fine"],
    ["§ 65", "§ 376-AB", "Rape of woman under 12 yrs of age", "Min 20 yrs → Life (natural) OR Death"],
    ["§ 66", "§ 376-A", "Death or vegetative state resulting from rape", "Min 20 yrs → Life (natural) OR Death"],
    ["§ 70", "§ 376-D", "Gang Rape – woman raped by one or more persons in furtherance of common intention", "Life Imprisonment (remaining natural life) + Fine ≥₹1 lakh (to victim)"],
    ["§ 72", "§ 376-E", "Repeat offenders", "Life Imprisonment OR Death"],
    ["§ 73", "§ 228-A", "Disclosure of rape victim's identity", "Upto 2 yrs + Fine"],
    ["§ 183 BNSS", "§ 164-A CrPC", "Medical examination of rape victim (within 24 hrs by registered medical practitioner – with consent)", "Report to be sent to IO within 3 hours"],
    ["POCSO Act 2012", "–", "Protection of Children from Sexual Offences\n– Child = person under 18 yrs\n– Applies to all sexual offences against children\n– Special Courts for trial", "Penetrative sexual assault: Min 10 yrs → Life\nAggravated: Min 20 yrs → Death/Life"],
  ],
  8.5,
  [1.3, 1.2, 5.2, 4.2]
);

// ── SLIDE 6: BNS – OTHER IMPORTANT SECTIONS ─────────────────────────────────
tableSlide(
  "BNS (IPC) SECTIONS — ABORTION, DRUGS, POISONING & MISCELLANEOUS",
  ACCENT2,
  ["BNS Section", "IPC Section", "Offence", "Punishment"],
  [
    ["§ 88", "§ 312", "Causing Miscarriage (without good faith to save woman's life)", "Upto 3 yrs + Fine; if woman quick with child → Upto 7 yrs + Fine"],
    ["§ 89", "§ 313", "Causing Miscarriage WITHOUT woman's consent", "Life Imprisonment OR Upto 10 yrs + Fine"],
    ["§ 90", "§ 314", "Death of woman caused by act done to cause miscarriage", "Upto 10 yrs + Fine; if without her consent → Life or 10 yrs"],
    ["§ 91", "§ 315", "Act done with intent to prevent child being born alive / cause it to die after birth", "Upto 10 yrs OR Fine OR Both"],
    ["§ 92", "§ 316", "Causing death of quick unborn child by act amounting to CH", "Life Imprisonment OR Upto 10 yrs + Fine"],
    ["§ 93", "§ 317", "Exposure and abandonment of child under 12 years by parent/person having care of it", "Upto 7 yrs OR Fine OR Both"],
    ["§ 94", "§ 318", "Concealment of birth by secret disposal of dead body of child", "Upto 2 yrs OR Fine OR Both"],
    ["§ 124", "§ 326-B", "Attempt to throw acid", "Min 5 yrs → 7 yrs + Fine"],
    ["§ 139", "§ 349", "FORCE – motion, change of motion, cessation of motion caused to body of a person", "–"],
    ["§ 140", "§ 350", "Criminal Force – force used intentionally without consent to commit offence / cause injury", "–"],
    ["§ 141", "§ 351", "Assault – gesture/preparation causing apprehension of criminal force (NO physical contact needed)", "–"],
    ["§ 275-276 IPC (retained)", "§ 274-276", "Sale of adulterated / misbranded drugs (now under drug laws)\n§275: Sale of adulterated drugs → Upto 6 months + ₹1000 fine\n§276: Sale of drug as different drug → Upto 6 months + ₹1000 fine", ""],
  ],
  8.0,
  [1.3, 1.2, 5.2, 4.2]
);

// ── SLIDE 7: BNSS (CrPC) KEY SECTIONS ───────────────────────────────────────
tableSlide(
  "BNSS (CrPC) KEY SECTIONS — INQUEST, EXAMINATION & PROCEDURE",
  ACCENT3,
  ["BNSS Section", "CrPC Section", "Subject / Description", "Key Points"],
  [
    ["§ 194", "§ 174", "Police Inquest – conducted by Officer-in-Charge (≥ Head Constable rank)\nReport = Panchanama (signed by IO + 2 panchas)", "For: suicide, killed by another/animal/machinery/accident, suspicious deaths\nBody sent to nearest authorised govt doctor for PM with dead body challan"],
    ["§ 195", "§ 175", "Police officer may summon persons to assist inquest investigation", "Persons summoned must truthfully answer all questions"],
    ["§ 196", "§ 176", "Magistrate's Inquest (Executive Magistrate)\nConditions: (1) Dowry death (2) Death within 7 yrs of marriage – suicide/suspicious/relative request (3) Exhumation (4) Death/rape in police/judicial custody", "Conducted by: District Magistrate, SDM, Tahsildar, or specially empowered Executive Magistrate"],
    ["§ 183", "§ 164-A", "Medical examination of rape survivor\n– Within 24 hrs, by Registered Medical Practitioner\n– With consent of victim\n– Report to IO within 3 hrs", "Female victim must be examined by female RMP or in presence of female"],
    ["§ 184", "§ 53", "Medical examination of accused on arrest – on request of police officer (≥ Sub-Inspector)", "Examination by RMP with consent; report to IO"],
    ["§ 185", "§ 53-A", "Medical examination of person accused of rape", "Conducted by RMP registered under MCI (now NMC)"],
    ["§ 23", "§ 29", "Court powers – punishment jurisdiction for Magistrates\n1st class: Upto 3 yrs + ₹50,000 fine\n2nd class: Upto 1 yr + ₹10,000 fine", "Sessions Court: any sentence; Death sentence to be confirmed by HC"],
    ["§ 213", "§ 193", "Sessions Court can only try cases committed to it by a Magistrate", "—"],
    ["§ 22", "§ 28(1)", "High Court may try any offence and pass any sentence authorized by law", "Judges appointed by President of India"],
  ],
  8.5,
  [1.3, 1.2, 5.5, 4.0]
);

// ── SLIDE 8: BSA (IEA) KEY SECTIONS ─────────────────────────────────────────
tableSlide(
  "BSA (INDIAN EVIDENCE ACT) KEY SECTIONS — MEDICAL EVIDENCE & TESTIMONY",
  ACCENT4,
  ["BSA Section", "IEA Section", "Subject", "Details"],
  [
    ["§ 2", "§ 3", "Definition of Evidence: (1) Statements made by witnesses (oral) (2) Documents produced for court inspection", "Doctor's evidence = opinion (corroborative), NOT positive evidence like eyewitness"],
    ["§ 56 – 92", "§ 56–90", "Documentary Evidence: Primary evidence = document itself. Secondary evidence = certified copies, mechanical copies, oral account of contents", "Primary evidence preferred; secondary allowed in specific cases [BSA §59]"],
    ["§ 208", "§ 3", "Documents must be proved by primary evidence except in certain cases", "—"],
    ["§ 27", "§ 32", "DYING DECLARATION – statement by person who believes he is dying, regarding cause/circumstances of his death. Admissible even if declarant survives!", "Most important section in FMT. Doctor's role: certify mental fitness of declarant. Magistrate records DyD. Thumb impression + certification essential."],
    ["§ 29", "§ 32(1)", "Relevance of statements made under certain circumstances (res gestae, etc.)", "Statements made in ordinary course of business are relevant"],
    ["§ 93", "§ 45", "Expert Opinion: Court may refer to experts in science, art, foreign law, handwriting or finger impressions", "Doctor = expert witness. Opinion is advisory – court can accept or reject"],
    ["§ 94", "§ 46", "Relevance of facts bearing upon opinion of experts", "Facts which explain/show basis of expert opinion are relevant"],
    ["§ 58", "§ 63", "Secondary Evidence", "Includes certified copies, mechanical copies, copies compared with original"],
    ["§ 59", "§ 64", "Documents must be proved by primary evidence", "Exception in cases of loss of original, voluminous documents"],
    ["§ 113-A IEA (retained)", "§ 113-A", "Presumption of abetment of suicide by married woman within 7 yrs of marriage – if husband/relatives subjected her to cruelty", "Court MAY presume abetment by husband/relatives"],
    ["§ 113-B IEA", "§ 113-B", "Presumption of dowry death – woman died within 7 yrs of marriage with evidence of dowry harassment", "Court SHALL presume death is dowry death"],
  ],
  8.5,
  [1.3, 1.2, 5.2, 4.2]
);

// ── SLIDE 9: INQUEST COMPARISON CHART ───────────────────────────────────────
{
  const s = pres.addSlide();
  s.addShape(pres.ShapeType.rect, { x: 0, y: 0, w: 13.3, h: 7.5, fill: { color: DARK_BG } });
  s.addShape(pres.ShapeType.rect, { x: 0, y: 0, w: 13.3, h: 0.55, fill: { color: HEADER_BG } });
  s.addShape(pres.ShapeType.rect, { x: 0, y: 0.55, w: 13.3, h: 0.04, fill: { color: ACCENT3 } });
  s.addText("INQUEST: POLICE (§194 BNSS) vs MAGISTRATE'S (§196 BNSS) — AT A GLANCE", {
    x: 0.2, y: 0.07, w: 12.9, h: 0.42, fontSize: 15, bold: true,
    color: ACCENT3, fontFace: "Calibri", valign: "middle"
  });

  const compareRows = [
    ["Parameter", "Police Inquest (§194 BNSS)", "Magistrate's Inquest (§196 BNSS)"],
    ["Conducted by", "Officer-in-Charge of Police Station\n(≥ Head Constable rank)", "Executive Magistrate (District Magistrate / SDM / Tahsildar / specially empowered EM)"],
    ["Old Section", "S. 174 CrPC", "S. 176 CrPC"],
    ["Cases", "• Suicide\n• Killed by another person\n• Killed by animal / machinery / accident\n• Suspicious / unnatural death", "• Dowry death\n• Death of married woman within 7 yrs\n  – suicide / suspicious / relative request\n• Exhumation\n• Death / rape in police or judicial custody"],
    ["Report Name", "Panchanama / Inquest Report\n(signed by IO + 2 respectable witnesses / panchas)", "Magistrate's Inquest Report"],
    ["Body sent to", "Nearest authorised Govt. doctor for PM\n(with dead body challan + copy of inquest)\nWithout removing clothes", "Same – nearest Govt. doctor for PM"],
    ["PM Authority", "Only Govt. authorised doctors\n(Private hospitals CAN do medicolegal exam of living; NOT PM unless State Govt. permission)", "Same"],
    ["Power to summon", "Yes – §195 BNSS (S.175 CrPC)", "Yes – wider powers"],
  ];

  const tRows = compareRows.map((row, ri) =>
    row.map((cell, ci) => ({
      text: cell,
      options: {
        fontSize: 9.5,
        bold: ri === 0 || ci === 0,
        color: ri === 0 ? WHITE : (ci === 0 ? ACCENT3 : LIGHT_TEXT),
        fill: { color: ri === 0 ? HEADER_BG : (ri % 2 === 0 ? ROW_EVEN : ROW_ODD) },
        valign: "middle", fontFace: "Calibri",
        align: (ri === 0 || ci === 0) ? "center" : "left"
      }
    }))
  );
  s.addTable(tRows, { x: 0.2, y: 0.68, w: 12.9, h: 6.65, border: { type: "solid", pt: 0.5, color: MID_BG }, colW: [2.5, 5.1, 5.3] });
}

// ── SLIDE 10: COURTS OF LAW ──────────────────────────────────────────────────
tableSlide(
  "COURTS OF LAW IN INDIA (BNSS / CrPC) — CRIMINAL JURISDICTION",
  ACCENT4,
  ["Court", "BNSS / CrPC Reference", "Powers & Jurisdiction", "Key Notes"],
  [
    ["Supreme Court", "Article 134, Constitution of India", "Highest appellate court in criminal cases; binding on ALL courts in India", "Purely appellate in criminal cases; does not hold prima facie trials"],
    ["High Court", "Article 214, Constitution of India\nBNSS §22 (CrPC §28(1))", "May try ANY offence; pass ANY sentence authorized by law", "Judges appointed by President. Death sentence from Sessions Court must be confirmed by HC"],
    ["Sessions Court", "BNSS §8 (CrPC §9)\nBNSS §213 (CrPC §193)", "Can try cases committed by Magistrate; Pass any sentence. Death sentence needs HC confirmation", "Located at district HQ. Civil matters → District Court"],
    ["Asst. Sessions Court", "BNSS §22 (CrPC §28(3))", "Upto 10 years imprisonment + unlimited fine", "—"],
    ["Chief Judicial Magistrate (CJM)", "BNSS §10 (CrPC §12)", "3 yrs imprisonment + fine up to ₹50,000 (First Class Magistrate)", "Removed in metropolitan cities >1 million population per BNSS"],
    ["1st Class Magistrate", "BNSS §11 (CrPC §15)", "Upto 3 yrs + fine ₹50,000", "—"],
    ["2nd Class Magistrate", "BNSS §11 (CrPC §15)", "Upto 1 yr + fine ₹10,000", "—"],
    ["Executive Magistrate", "BNSS §196 (CrPC §176)", "Holds Magistrate's Inquest; NO trial powers", "Holds inquest in dowry deaths, custody deaths, exhumation"],
    ["Juvenile Justice Board", "Juvenile Justice Act, 2015", "Trials for offences by persons < 18 yrs of age", "Child in conflict with law; not regular criminal courts"],
  ],
  8.5,
  [2.2, 2.5, 4.5, 3.0]
);

// ── SLIDE 11: IMPORTANT SINGLE-CONCEPT SECTIONS ──────────────────────────────
{
  const s = pres.addSlide();
  s.addShape(pres.ShapeType.rect, { x: 0, y: 0, w: 13.3, h: 7.5, fill: { color: DARK_BG } });
  s.addShape(pres.ShapeType.rect, { x: 0, y: 0, w: 13.3, h: 0.55, fill: { color: HEADER_BG } });
  s.addShape(pres.ShapeType.rect, { x: 0, y: 0.55, w: 13.3, h: 0.04, fill: { color: ACCENT2 } });
  s.addText("QUICK RECALL — HIGH-YIELD INDIVIDUAL SECTIONS FOR EXAM", {
    x: 0.2, y: 0.07, w: 12.9, h: 0.42, fontSize: 15, bold: true,
    color: ACCENT2, fontFace: "Calibri", valign: "middle"
  });

  const cards = [
    { label: "§ 106 BNS\n(304-A IPC)", desc: "Medical Negligence\n(Death by Rash/Negligent Act)", color: ACCENT1 },
    { label: "§ 63 BNS\n(375 IPC)", desc: "Definition of\nRape", color: ACCENT1 },
    { label: "§ 116 BNS\n(320 IPC)", desc: "8 Types of\nGrievous Hurt", color: ACCENT3 },
    { label: "§ 80 BNS\n(304-B IPC)", desc: "Dowry Death\n(within 7 yrs)", color: ACCENT3 },
    { label: "§ 194 BNSS\n(174 CrPC)", desc: "Police Inquest\n(Panchanama)", color: ACCENT4 },
    { label: "§ 196 BNSS\n(176 CrPC)", desc: "Magistrate's Inquest\n(Dowry death/Custody)", color: ACCENT4 },
    { label: "§ 27 BSA\n(32 IEA)", desc: "Dying Declaration\n(Admissible even if survives)", color: ACCENT2 },
    { label: "§ 93 BSA\n(45 IEA)", desc: "Expert Opinion\n(Doctor as Expert Witness)", color: ACCENT2 },
    { label: "§ 88 BNS\n(312 IPC)", desc: "Causing Miscarriage\n(without consent → §89)", color: "#9B59B6" },
    { label: "§ 183 BNSS\n(164-A CrPC)", desc: "Medical Exam\nof Rape Survivor", color: "#9B59B6" },
    { label: "MTP Act 1971", desc: "Legal Abortion upto\n20 wks (24 wks in special cases)", color: "#E67E22" },
    { label: "POCSO 2012", desc: "Sexual Offences vs\nChildren (<18 yrs)", color: "#E67E22" },
  ];

  cards.forEach((card, i) => {
    const col = i % 6;
    const row = Math.floor(i / 6);
    const x = 0.25 + col * 2.15;
    const y = 0.72 + row * 3.25;
    s.addShape(pres.ShapeType.roundRect, { x, y, w: 2.0, h: 3.0, fill: { color: MID_BG }, line: { color: card.color, pt: 2 }, rectRadius: 0.1 });
    s.addShape(pres.ShapeType.rect, { x, y, w: 2.0, h: 0.75, fill: { color: card.color } });
    s.addText(card.label, { x, y, w: 2.0, h: 0.75, fontSize: 10, bold: true, color: WHITE, align: "center", valign: "middle", fontFace: "Calibri" });
    s.addText(card.desc, { x: x+0.05, y: y+0.8, w: 1.9, h: 2.1, fontSize: 10.5, color: LIGHT_TEXT, align: "center", valign: "top", fontFace: "Calibri", wrap: true });
  });
}

// ── SLIDE 12: DYING DECLARATION DEEP-DIVE ────────────────────────────────────
{
  const s = pres.addSlide();
  s.addShape(pres.ShapeType.rect, { x: 0, y: 0, w: 13.3, h: 7.5, fill: { color: DARK_BG } });
  s.addShape(pres.ShapeType.rect, { x: 0, y: 0, w: 13.3, h: 0.55, fill: { color: HEADER_BG } });
  s.addShape(pres.ShapeType.rect, { x: 0, y: 0.55, w: 13.3, h: 0.04, fill: { color: ACCENT2 } });
  s.addText("DYING DECLARATION — § 27 BSA (§ 32 IEA) — DETAILED NOTES", {
    x: 0.2, y: 0.07, w: 12.9, h: 0.42, fontSize: 16, bold: true,
    color: ACCENT2, fontFace: "Calibri", valign: "middle"
  });

  const points = [
    { head: "Definition", body: "Statement made by a person who believes he is about to die, regarding the cause of his death or the circumstances of the transaction resulting in his death." },
    { head: "Basis", body: "\"Nemo moriturus praesumitur mentire\" – A dying person is presumed not to lie (dying person won't commit sin of lying before God)." },
    { head: "Key Rule", body: "Admissible even if the person survives! The belief of impending death at the time of making the statement is sufficient." },
    { head: "Who Records?", body: "Ideally recorded by Executive/Judicial Magistrate. If Magistrate unavailable due to urgency, doctor can record it." },
    { head: "Doctor's Role", body: "(1) Certify that declarant is in a fit mental condition to make the statement. (2) Record if no Magistrate is available. (3) Sign as witness." },
    { head: "Requirements", body: "• Must relate to cause of death / circumstances\n• Person must believe he is dying\n• Must be voluntary, free from coaching/tutoring\n• Thumb impression / signature + certification essential" },
    { head: "Types", body: "(1) Oral dying declaration (2) Written dying declaration (3) Signs/gestures (if unable to speak) (4) Thumb impression\nAll types are equally valid in law." },
    { head: "Hostile Witness", body: "A witness who gives evidence against the party who called him. Can be cross-examined by the party calling him with court's permission [BSA provisions]." },
  ];

  const colW = 6.35;
  points.forEach((p, i) => {
    const col = i % 2;
    const row = Math.floor(i / 2);
    const x = 0.25 + col * (colW + 0.3);
    const y = 0.68 + row * 1.65;
    s.addShape(pres.ShapeType.rect, { x, y, w: colW, h: 1.55, fill: { color: MID_BG }, line: { color: ACCENT2, pt: 1 } });
    s.addShape(pres.ShapeType.rect, { x, y, w: colW, h: 0.32, fill: { color: "0A3D5C" } });
    s.addText(p.head, { x: x+0.08, y: y+0.03, w: colW - 0.16, h: 0.28, fontSize: 10, bold: true, color: ACCENT2, fontFace: "Calibri", valign: "middle" });
    s.addText(p.body, { x: x+0.08, y: y+0.35, w: colW - 0.16, h: 1.12, fontSize: 9.5, color: LIGHT_TEXT, fontFace: "Calibri", valign: "top", wrap: true });
  });
}

// ── SLIDE 13: MEDICAL NEGLIGENCE (§ 106 BNS / 304-A IPC) ────────────────────
{
  const s = pres.addSlide();
  s.addShape(pres.ShapeType.rect, { x: 0, y: 0, w: 13.3, h: 7.5, fill: { color: DARK_BG } });
  s.addShape(pres.ShapeType.rect, { x: 0, y: 0, w: 13.3, h: 0.55, fill: { color: HEADER_BG } });
  s.addShape(pres.ShapeType.rect, { x: 0, y: 0.55, w: 13.3, h: 0.04, fill: { color: ACCENT1 } });
  s.addText("MEDICAL NEGLIGENCE — § 106 BNS (§ 304-A IPC) & CONSUMER PROTECTION", {
    x: 0.2, y: 0.07, w: 12.9, h: 0.42, fontSize: 15, bold: true,
    color: ACCENT1, fontFace: "Calibri", valign: "middle"
  });

  // Left column
  const leftItems = [
    ["Section 106 BNS (304-A IPC)", "Causing death by RASH or NEGLIGENT act not amounting to culpable homicide\nPunishment: Upto 2 years OR Fine OR Both"],
    ["Essential elements", "1. Death of a person\n2. Act was rash/negligent\n3. NOT amounting to culpable homicide\n4. Causal connection between act and death"],
    ["Bolam Test (UK)", "A doctor is not negligent if he acts in accordance with a practice accepted as proper by a responsible body of medical men skilled in that particular art"],
    ["Indian Standard", "Jacob Mathew v State of Punjab (2005) – SC: Rashness/negligence requires high degree; Mere error of judgment ≠ criminal negligence"],
    ["Consumer Protection Act 2019", "Medical services = 'services' under CPA. Deficiency in service = negligence. Patient = consumer. Complaint to State/National Consumer Commission."],
    ["Civil vs Criminal negligence", "Civil: lower standard (balance of probabilities); damages awarded\nCriminal: Gross negligence / rashness required; imprisonment possible"],
  ];

  leftItems.forEach((item, i) => {
    const y = 0.68 + i * 1.1;
    s.addShape(pres.ShapeType.rect, { x: 0.2, y, w: 6.2, h: 1.0, fill: { color: MID_BG }, line: { color: ACCENT1, pt: 1 } });
    s.addText(item[0], { x: 0.3, y: y+0.03, w: 6.0, h: 0.28, fontSize: 9.5, bold: true, color: ACCENT1, fontFace: "Calibri" });
    s.addText(item[1], { x: 0.3, y: y+0.3, w: 6.0, h: 0.65, fontSize: 9, color: LIGHT_TEXT, fontFace: "Calibri", wrap: true });
  });

  // Right column – 4 Ds of negligence
  s.addShape(pres.ShapeType.rect, { x: 6.7, y: 0.68, w: 6.35, h: 6.65, fill: { color: MID_BG }, line: { color: ACCENT1, pt: 2 } });
  s.addShape(pres.ShapeType.rect, { x: 6.7, y: 0.68, w: 6.35, h: 0.42, fill: { color: ACCENT1 } });
  s.addText("4 D's of NEGLIGENCE (to prove in court)", { x: 6.8, y: 0.68, w: 6.15, h: 0.42, fontSize: 11, bold: true, color: WHITE, fontFace: "Calibri", valign: "middle", align: "center" });

  const fours = [
    { d: "1. DUTY", detail: "Existence of a doctor-patient relationship (duty of care). A doctor must have accepted the patient for treatment." },
    { d: "2. DERELICTION", detail: "Failure to perform the duty. The doctor fell below the standard of care expected of a reasonably competent doctor." },
    { d: "3. DAMAGE", detail: "Actual damage/harm resulted to the patient – bodily injury, disease, death, financial loss." },
    { d: "4. DIRECT CAUSATION", detail: "A direct causal link between the dereliction of duty and the damage caused. Mere correlation is insufficient." },
  ];
  fours.forEach((f, i) => {
    const y = 1.2 + i * 1.4;
    s.addShape(pres.ShapeType.rect, { x: 6.85, y, w: 1.1, h: 1.1, fill: { color: ACCENT1 } });
    s.addText(f.d, { x: 6.85, y, w: 1.1, h: 1.1, fontSize: 11, bold: true, color: WHITE, align: "center", valign: "middle", fontFace: "Calibri" });
    s.addText(f.detail, { x: 8.05, y: y+0.05, w: 4.85, h: 1.0, fontSize: 10, color: LIGHT_TEXT, fontFace: "Calibri", wrap: true, valign: "middle" });
  });
}

// ── SLIDE 14: SUMMARY / MASTER TABLE ─────────────────────────────────────────
tableSlide(
  "MASTER SUMMARY — ALL KEY SECTIONS AT A GLANCE",
  ACCENT2,
  ["BNS / BNSS / BSA", "IPC / CrPC / IEA", "Topic", "Punishment / Key Point"],
  [
    ["BNS § 100", "IPC § 299", "Culpable Homicide", "Intention/knowledge to cause death"],
    ["BNS § 101", "IPC § 300", "Murder", "4 conditions; distinguished from CH"],
    ["BNS § 103", "IPC § 302", "Punishment – Murder", "Death OR Life imprisonment + Fine"],
    ["BNS § 105", "IPC § 304", "Culpable Homicide not murder", "Life / upto 10 yrs + Fine"],
    ["BNS § 106", "IPC § 304-A", "Death by Negligence (medical negligence)", "Upto 2 yrs OR Fine OR Both"],
    ["BNS § 80", "IPC § 304-B", "Dowry Death", "Min 7 yrs → Life Imprisonment"],
    ["BNS § 108", "IPC § 306", "Abetment of Suicide", "Upto 10 yrs + Fine"],
    ["BNS § 114", "IPC § 319", "Hurt", "Bodily pain, disease or infirmity (not mental pain)"],
    ["BNS § 116", "IPC § 320", "Grievous Hurt (8 types)", "Remember: E-S-H-P-D-D-F-H mnemonic"],
    ["BNS § 63", "IPC § 375", "Rape – Definition", "Penetration; Medical procedure exception"],
    ["BNS § 64", "IPC § 376", "Punishment – Rape", "Min 10 yrs → Life + Fine"],
    ["BNS § 70", "IPC § 376-D", "Gang Rape", "Life (natural) + Fine ≥ ₹1 lakh"],
    ["BNS § 88", "IPC § 312", "Causing Miscarriage", "Upto 3 yrs; 7 yrs if quick child"],
    ["BNS § 89", "IPC § 313", "Miscarriage without consent", "Life / Upto 10 yrs + Fine"],
    ["BNSS § 194", "CrPC § 174", "Police Inquest", "Panchanama; ≥ Head Constable rank"],
    ["BNSS § 196", "CrPC § 176", "Magistrate's Inquest", "Dowry death / Custody death / Exhumation"],
    ["BNSS § 183", "CrPC § 164-A", "Medical exam – Rape survivor", "Within 24 hrs; report to IO in 3 hrs"],
    ["BSA § 27", "IEA § 32", "Dying Declaration", "Admissible even if declarant survives"],
    ["BSA § 93", "IEA § 45", "Expert Opinion", "Doctor = expert witness; corroborative evidence"],
    ["IEA § 113-B (retained)", "IEA § 113-B", "Presumption – Dowry Death", "Court SHALL presume dowry death"],
  ],
  8.2,
  [2.3, 2.0, 4.0, 4.6]
);

// ── SLIDE 15: CLOSING ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
{
  const s = pres.addSlide();
  s.addShape(pres.ShapeType.rect, { x: 0, y: 0, w: 13.3, h: 7.5, fill: { color: DARK_BG } });
  s.addShape(pres.ShapeType.rect, { x: 0, y: 0, w: 13.3, h: 0.12, fill: { color: ACCENT2 } });
  s.addShape(pres.ShapeType.rect, { x: 0, y: 7.38, w: 13.3, h: 0.12, fill: { color: ACCENT1 } });

  s.addText("KEY MNEMONICS & EXAM TIPS", {
    x: 0.5, y: 0.3, w: 12.3, h: 0.6, fontSize: 22, bold: true,
    color: ACCENT2, align: "center", fontFace: "Calibri"
  });

  const tips = [
    { title: "Grievous Hurt (§116 BNS / §320 IPC) — 8 Types", tip: "E-S-H-P-D-D-F-H\nEmasculation, Sight, Hearing, Joint/member Privation, Destruction of member, Disfigurement of head/face, Fracture/dislocation, Hurt endangering life (≥15 days)" },
    { title: "CH vs Murder — Key Difference", tip: "'Likely to cause death' = Culpable Homicide\n'Sufficient in ordinary course of nature to cause death' = Murder\nWeapon matters: fist/stick → likely; knife to vital part → sufficient" },
    { title: "Inquest Types (BNS S → New Code S)", tip: "Police = §194 BNSS (§174 CrPC) → Panchanama\nMagistrate = §196 BNSS (§176 CrPC) → Dowry death, Custody death, Exhumation, Rape in custody" },
    { title: "Dying Declaration (§27 BSA / §32 IEA)", tip: "Latin: Nemo moriturus praesumitur mentire\nAdmissible even if person SURVIVES\nDoctor certifies mental fitness; Magistrate records it" },
    { title: "4 Ds of Medical Negligence", tip: "Duty → Dereliction → Damage → Direct Causation\nAll 4 must be proved. §106 BNS (§304-A IPC) = 2 yrs / fine" },
    { title: "New Codes Memory Aid", tip: "BNS (45/2023) = Body of offences (replaced IPC)\nBNSS (46/2023) = Nagarika Safety = Procedure (replaced CrPC)\nBSA (47/2023) = Sakshya = Evidence (replaced IEA)" },
  ];

  tips.forEach((tip, i) => {
    const col = i % 2;
    const row = Math.floor(i / 2);
    const x = 0.25 + col * 6.55;
    const y = 1.05 + row * 2.0;
    s.addShape(pres.ShapeType.rect, { x, y, w: 6.3, h: 1.85, fill: { color: MID_BG }, line: { color: ACCENT2, pt: 1 } });
    s.addShape(pres.ShapeType.rect, { x, y, w: 6.3, h: 0.38, fill: { color: "0A3D5C" } });
    s.addText(tip.title, { x: x+0.1, y: y+0.04, w: 6.1, h: 0.32, fontSize: 9.5, bold: true, color: ACCENT2, fontFace: "Calibri", valign: "middle" });
    s.addText(tip.tip, { x: x+0.1, y: y+0.42, w: 6.1, h: 1.35, fontSize: 9.5, color: LIGHT_TEXT, fontFace: "Calibri", wrap: true, valign: "top" });
  });

  s.addText("Ref: The Essentials of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology 36th Ed (2026) | Parikh's | PC Dikshit | BNS Act 45/2023 | BNSS Act 46/2023 | BSA Act 47/2023", {
    x: 0.5, y: 7.1, w: 12.3, h: 0.25, fontSize: 8.5, color: ACCENT4,
    align: "center", italic: true, fontFace: "Calibri"
  });
}

// ── WRITE FILE ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
pres.writeFile({ fileName: "/home/daytona/workspace/forensic-law-chart/FMT_Law_Sections_Revision_Chart.pptx" })
  .then(() => console.log("SUCCESS: FMT_Law_Sections_Revision_Chart.pptx created"))
  .catch(e => { console.error("ERROR:", e); process.exit(1); });
Running Command

cd /home/daytona/workspace/forensic-law-chart && node build.js 2>&1

The presentation was created successfully. Here is your complete revision chart:

FMT Law Sections Revision Chart

Presentation · PPTX


What's Inside — 15 Slides

The chart is built from The Essentials of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, 36th Ed (2026), Parikh's, and PC Dikshit. It includes both the new 2023 Indian criminal codes (BNS/BNSS/BSA) with their old IPC/CrPC/IEA cross-references.
SlideContent
1Title slide
2Overview of new codes — BNS, BNSS, BSA vs old IPC/CrPC/IEA
3Death & Homicide (§§ 100–110, 226 BNS)
4Hurt & Grievous Hurt (8 types)
5Sexual Offences + POCSO Act
6Abortion, Drugs, Poisoning & Miscellaneous
7BNSS (CrPC) — Inquest, Medical Examination
8BSA (IEA) — Dying Declaration, Expert Evidence
9Police Inquest vs Magistrate's Inquest comparison
10Courts of Law — jurisdiction & powers
11Quick-recall cards — 12 highest-yield sections
12Dying Declaration — full deep-dive notes
13Medical Negligence — 4 Ds + landmark cases
14Master Summary Table — all sections in one place
15Mnemonics & Exam Tips

Key Mnemonics included

  • Grievous Hurt 8 types: E-S-H-P-D-D-F-H
  • 4 Ds of Negligence: Duty - Dereliction - Damage - Direct Causation
  • New codes memory: BNS=Body (offences), BNSS=Nagarika (procedure), BSA=Sakshya (evidence)
  • Dying Declaration: Nemo moriturus praesumitur mentire

Sections of subpoena

In Indian forensic medicine/legal context, "subpoena" is the summons issued to compel a witness (including doctors) to appear in court. The relevant sections are in BNSS (CrPC) and BSA (IEA).
Searching sources...
Finding Sources
Finding Sources
Reading File
Reading File
I now have complete, detailed content from both textbooks. Here is the full answer:

Subpoena / Summons — All Sections (Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, MBBS)

Etymology

Sub = under | Poena = penalty A subpoena is a document compelling the attendance of a witness in a court of law under penalty, on a specified day, time and place, for the purpose of giving evidence.

Governing Sections

BNSS (New Code) — replaces CrPC 1973

BNSS SectionOld CrPC SectionSubject
§§ 63–71 BNSS§§ 61–69 CrPCAll provisions relating to Summons
§ 63 BNSS§ 61 CrPCIssue of summons — in writing, in duplicate, signed by presiding officer, bears seal of the Court. Crime number and name of accused mentioned
§ 64 BNSS§ 62 CrPCService of summons — served by police officer, court officer, or other public servant; witness signs a receipt on back of the duplicate copy
§ 64 BNSS§ 62 CrPCCan also be served by registered post or fixed on a conspicuous part of the house where the person resides
§ 68 BNSS§ 66 CrPCIf summoned person is a government servant — summons sent in duplicate to the Head of Office, who serves it and returns it with endorsement to the court
§ 94 BNSS§ 91 CrPCSummons to produce a document or article — person in possession may send the document instead of attending personally
§ 195 BNSS§ 175 CrPCPolice officer may summon persons for inquest investigation
§ 389 BNSS§ 350 CrPCProcedure when witness fails to attend — Court issues notice, hears witness; if no justification found → fine, imprisonment, or bailable/non-bailable warrant
§ 90 BNSS§ 87 CrPCWarrant may be issued to secure attendance of a witness

BNS (New Code) — replaces IPC 1860

BNS SectionOld IPC SectionSubject
§§ 206–208 BNS§§ 172–174 IPCNon-attendance in obedience to court summons
§ 208 BNS§ 174 IPCNon-attendance intentionally (without valid reason) — Imprisonment upto 1 month, OR fine, OR both

BSA (New Code) — replaces IEA 1872

BSA SectionOld IEA SectionSubject
§ 165 BSA§ 165 IEASummons to produce documents (subpoena duces tecum)

Subpoena Duces Tecum

A special type of subpoena that requires the witness to bring with him any books, documents, or other things under his control that are required as evidence. Governed by: §§ 94 & 195 BNSS; § 165 BSA

Punishment for Non-Compliance

SituationConsequence
Civil case — fails to attendLiable to pay damages (compensation)
Criminal case — fails to attendCourt issues notice under § 389 BNSS; if no valid reason → fine, imprisonment, or bailable/non-bailable warrant (§ 90 BNSS)
Intentional non-attendance§ 208 BNS (§ 174 IPC) — imprisonment upto 1 month OR fine OR both
Criminal case — no conduct moneyWitness MUST attend; failure = contempt of court

Priority Rules (Important for Exams)

  1. Criminal Court > Civil Court — if summoned to both on same day, attend Criminal Court first; intimate Civil Court
  2. Higher Court > Lower Court — if summoned by two courts of the same type, attend the one from which the summons was received first
  3. Never leave court without the presiding officer's permission

Conduct Money

Type of CaseConduct Money
Civil casePaid to witness at the time of serving summons (travel expenses). If amount is inadequate, witness can pray to judge for more. Witness may ignore summons if no conduct money is paid
Criminal caseNo conduct money paid at time of summons. Government pays TA/DA. Witness must attend in the interest of justice/State

Summary Table — Quick Revision

PointSection
All summons provisions§§ 63–71 BNSS (§§ 61–69 CrPC)
Issue of summons (form)§ 63 BNSS (§ 61 CrPC)
Service of summons§ 64 BNSS (§ 62 CrPC)
Govt. servant summons§ 68 BNSS (§ 66 CrPC)
Produce documents (duces tecum)§ 94 BNSS + § 165 BSA (§ 91 CrPC)
Failure to attend — criminal§ 389 BNSS + § 208 BNS
Intentional non-attendance punishment§ 208 BNS = 1 month / fine / both
Warrant for witness§ 90 BNSS
Source: The Essentials of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, 36th Ed (2026); PC Dikshit Textbook of FMT

Difference between BNS BNSS BSA

BNS, BNSS, and BSA are India's three new criminal laws enacted in 2023, replacing the IPC, CrPC, and IEA respectively.
Searching sources...
Finding Sources
Reading File
I have all the content needed. Here is the complete comparison:

Difference Between BNS, BNSS & BSA

These are India's three new criminal codes, all enacted in 2023, replacing the old colonial-era laws.

Side-by-Side Comparison

FeatureBNSBNSSBSA
Full NameBharatiya Nyaya SanhitaBharatiya Nagarika Suraksha SanhitaBharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam
Act NumberAct 45 of 2023Act 46 of 2023Act 47 of 2023
ReplacesIndian Penal Code (IPC), 1860Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC), 1973Indian Evidence Act (IEA), 1872
Type of LawSubstantive criminal lawProcedural criminal lawLaw of Evidence
Core FunctionDefines offences & prescribes punishmentsProvides the mechanism/procedure for punishmentDeals with categories, collection, preservation & use of evidence
Applies toCriminal offences onlyCriminal procedure (police, courts, trials)ALL judicial proceedings — criminal AND civil
Memory KeyNyaya = Justice (what IS an offence?)Nagarika = Citizen Safety (how is justice delivered?)Sakshya = Evidence (what proves it?)

Deep-Dive: Each Code

1. BNS — Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (Act 45/2023)

Replaces: IPC 1860
  • Defines every criminal offence in India
  • Prescribes punishment for each offence
  • Answers the question: "What is the crime and what is the penalty?"
  • Key sections relevant to FMT:
BNS §Old IPC §Topic
§ 100–101§ 299–300Culpable Homicide & Murder
§ 103§ 302Punishment for Murder
§ 105§ 304Culpable Homicide not amounting to murder
§ 106§ 304-ACausing death by negligence (medical negligence)
§ 116§ 320Grievous Hurt (8 types)
§ 63–70§ 375–376Rape — definition & punishment
§ 80§ 304-BDowry Death
§ 88–94§ 312–318Abortion / Foetal offences
§ 208§ 174Non-attendance in obedience to summons

2. BNSS — Bharatiya Nagarika Suraksha Sanhita (Act 46/2023)

Replaces: CrPC 1973
  • Provides the machinery/mechanism for enforcing criminal law
  • Deals with: police duties in arrest, investigation, production of documents
  • Sets up classes of courts and their powers
  • Governs actual procedure in trials, appeals, references, revisions, transfer of criminal cases
  • Answers the question: "How is a criminal case investigated, tried and decided?"
  • Key sections relevant to FMT:
BNSS §Old CrPC §Topic
§ 63–71§ 61–69Summons / Subpoena
§ 194§ 174Police Inquest (Panchanama)
§ 195§ 175Persons summoned for inquest
§ 196§ 176Magistrate's Inquest
§ 183§ 164-AMedical examination of rape survivor
§ 184§ 53Medical examination of accused on arrest
§ 185§ 53-AMedical examination of accused in rape
§ 389§ 350Failure to attend court
§ 90§ 87Warrant for witness
§ 8, 22§ 9, 28Courts and their powers

3. BSA — Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam (Act 47/2023)

Replaces: IEA 1872
  • Governs the law of evidence
  • Applies to ALL judicial proceedings in any court (criminal + civil)
  • Defines what evidence is, how it is collected, preserved and used
  • Answers the question: "What can be presented in court to prove a fact?"
  • Key sections relevant to FMT:
BSA §Old IEA §Topic
§ 2§ 3Definition of evidence (oral + documentary)
§ 27§ 32Dying declaration
§ 56–92§ 56–90Documentary evidence
§ 93§ 45Expert opinion (doctor as expert witness)
§ 94§ 46Facts bearing on expert opinion
§ 58–59§ 63–64Primary vs secondary evidence
§ 165§ 165Summons to produce documents (subpoena duces tecum)
IEA § 113-A (retained)§ 113-APresumption — abetment of suicide by husband
IEA § 113-B (retained)§ 113-BPresumption — dowry death (court SHALL presume)

Memory Aid

BNS  (45) = Body of offences   → WHAT is the crime?
BNSS (46) = Nagarika Suraksha  → HOW is it tried?
BSA  (47) = Sakshya/Evidence   → WHAT proves it?

Acts 45, 46, 47 of 2023 — consecutive numbers, easy to remember!

One-Line Exam Answer

BNS (Act 45/2023) defines crimes and punishments (replaced IPC 1860); BNSS (Act 46/2023) governs criminal procedure — police, courts, trials (replaced CrPC 1973); BSA (Act 47/2023) deals with law of evidence applicable to all courts (replaced IEA 1872).
Source: The Essentials of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, 36th Ed (2026)
This is a shared conversation. Sign in to Orris to start your own chat.