Dysuria
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dysuria symptoms causes when to seek care CDC
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Dysuria means pain, burning, or discomfort while passing urine.
Common causes include:
- Urinary tract infection (UTI), often with urgency, frequent urination, and lower abdominal discomfort
- Sexually transmitted urethritis such as chlamydia or gonorrhea, particularly if there is genital discharge or recent unprotected sex
- Vaginal irritation or yeast infection, especially with itching or unusual discharge
- Less commonly, kidney stones, prostate inflammation, or chemical irritation from soaps or spermicides
Seek urgent medical care today if you have fever, chills, flank/back pain, vomiting, visible blood in urine, inability to pass urine, severe pain, pregnancy, or are male with new urinary symptoms.
A urine test, and sometimes STI testing, can identify the cause. Do not use leftover antibiotics. Drinking water may help while arranging assessment. Dysuria is defined as painful or uncomfortable urination in CDC UTI guidance. Goldman-Cecil Medicine, p. 1131.
Oligouria
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oliguria AND acute kidney injury
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oliguria definition low urine output acute kidney injury NHS
Oliguria means abnormally low urine output, usually less than 0.5 mL/kg/hour for at least 6 hours. In many adults, this is roughly less than 400 to 500 mL urine in 24 hours.
It can occur due to:
- Dehydration or blood loss: vomiting, diarrhea, bleeding, shock
- Reduced kidney blood flow: heart failure, severe infection, low blood pressure
- Direct kidney injury: acute kidney injury, inflammation, toxins or some medicines
- Urinary obstruction: enlarged prostate, stones, blocked catheter
It is a warning sign, not a diagnosis. Seek urgent assessment if urine output suddenly falls, particularly with swelling, breathlessness, confusion, fever, severe vomiting/diarrhea, flank pain, blood in urine, or inability to pass urine. Clinicians usually check hydration and blood pressure, bladder obstruction, creatinine/electrolytes, urinalysis, and sometimes ultrasound.
NICE AKI guidance identifies oliguria as urine output below 0.5 mL/kg/hour and recommends assessment for acute kidney injury. The Harriet Lane Handbook, 23rd ed., clinical presentation section, states the same threshold.
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