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Menstrual cycle detailed PG notes for obstetrics and gynaecology class.

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"menstrual cycle" AND physiology

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menstrual cycle physiology FIGO normal menstrual cycle terminology guidelines

The menstrual cycle is best studied as linked hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian (HPO) axis, ovarian, endometrial, cervical, and systemic cycles. It is the physiological basis for ovulation, fertility assessment, abnormal uterine bleeding, endocrine disorders, and hormonal contraception.

Topic map for PG obstetrics and gynaecology

  1. Definitions and normal parameters
    • Menarche, cycle length, duration, volume, regularity
    • FIGO terminology and normal versus abnormal menstrual patterns
  2. HPO axis and neuroendocrinology
    • Pulsatile GnRH secretion
    • FSH and LH synthesis, secretion, and feedback
    • Roles of kisspeptin, inhibin, activin, follistatin, prolactin, thyroid and adrenal influences
  3. Ovarian cycle
    • Follicular recruitment, selection and dominance
    • Two-cell, two-gonadotropin theory of steroidogenesis
    • Ovulation and luteinization
    • Corpus luteum, luteolysis, and luteal phase defect
  4. Endometrial and uterine cycle
    • Menstrual, proliferative, and secretory phases
    • Histological changes in glands, stroma, spiral arterioles, and myometrium
    • Molecular mechanisms of menstruation and endometrial repair
  5. Hormonal events
    • Patterns of GnRH, FSH, LH, estradiol, progesterone, inhibin A/B, and AMH
    • Positive versus negative feedback
    • Mechanism and timing of the mid-cycle LH surge
  6. Ovulation and fertility window
    • Timing, mechanisms, clinical signs and biochemical confirmation
    • Cervical mucus, basal body temperature, urinary LH, mid-luteal progesterone, ultrasound folliculometry
  7. Cycle variations across reproductive life
    • Puberty and adolescence
    • Postpartum/lactational amenorrhea
    • Perimenopause and menopause
  8. Clinical correlations
    • Anovulation and PCOS
    • Hyperprolactinemia, thyroid dysfunction, hypothalamic amenorrhea, premature ovarian insufficiency
    • Abnormal uterine bleeding and dysmenorrhea
    • Effects of hormonal contraceptives

High-level overview

Day 1 is the first day of full menstrual bleeding. In a typical ovulatory cycle, the follicular phase is variable, whereas the luteal phase is comparatively fixed, generally about 14 days. Follicular development produces increasing estradiol, which stimulates endometrial proliferation. Sustained high estradiol then switches to positive feedback, triggering the LH surge and ovulation.
After ovulation, the corpus luteum secretes progesterone with estradiol and inhibin A. Progesterone transforms the proliferative endometrium into a secretory, implantation-ready endometrium and raises basal body temperature. In the absence of implantation, corpus luteum regression causes progesterone and estradiol withdrawal, leading to prostaglandin-mediated vasoconstriction, tissue breakdown, and menstruation.
Berek & Novak includes a dedicated section on menstrual-cycle physiology, and Costanzo describes the repeating sequence of follicular development, ovulation, and corpus-luteum formation.
References: Berek & Novak’s Gynecology, “Menstrual Cycle Physiology”; Costanzo Physiology, “Menstrual Cycle.”
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Menstrual cycle detailed notes for obstetrics and gynaecology mbbs final year.

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A detailed final-year MBBS note on the menstrual cycle covers physiology, histology, hormonal regulation, and clinical application.
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