from reportlab.lib.pagesizes import A4
from reportlab.lib.styles import getSampleStyleSheet, ParagraphStyle
from reportlab.lib.units import cm
from reportlab.lib.colors import HexColor, white, black
from reportlab.platypus import (
    SimpleDocTemplate, Paragraph, Spacer, Table, TableStyle,
    HRFlowable, PageBreak, KeepTogether
)
from reportlab.lib.enums import TA_CENTER, TA_LEFT, TA_JUSTIFY
from reportlab.lib import colors

OUTPUT = "/tmp/workspace/nursing-mgmt-guide/Nursing_Management_Leadership_Study_Guide.pdf"

# ── Colours ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
NAVY   = HexColor("#1a3a5c")
TEAL   = HexColor("#0e7c86")
GOLD   = HexColor("#f0a500")
LTBLUE = HexColor("#e8f4f8")
LTGOLD = HexColor("#fff8e1")
LTGRN  = HexColor("#e8f5e9")
GREY   = HexColor("#f5f5f5")
DKGREY = HexColor("#333333")
RED    = HexColor("#c0392b")
GREEN  = HexColor("#1e8449")

# ── Styles ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
styles = getSampleStyleSheet()

def S(name, **kw):
    return ParagraphStyle(name, **kw)

cover_title = S("CoverTitle", fontSize=28, fontName="Helvetica-Bold",
                textColor=white, alignment=TA_CENTER, spaceAfter=6)
cover_sub   = S("CoverSub",   fontSize=16, fontName="Helvetica",
                textColor=LTBLUE, alignment=TA_CENTER, spaceAfter=4)
cover_info  = S("CoverInfo",  fontSize=11, fontName="Helvetica",
                textColor=GOLD, alignment=TA_CENTER, spaceAfter=2)

h1 = S("H1", fontSize=15, fontName="Helvetica-Bold",
        textColor=white, backColor=NAVY,
        borderPad=6, leftIndent=0, spaceBefore=14, spaceAfter=6)
h2 = S("H2", fontSize=12, fontName="Helvetica-Bold",
        textColor=NAVY, spaceBefore=10, spaceAfter=4,
        borderPad=4, leftIndent=4)
h3 = S("H3", fontSize=11, fontName="Helvetica-Bold",
        textColor=TEAL, spaceBefore=8, spaceAfter=3)

body = S("Body", fontSize=9.5, fontName="Helvetica",
         textColor=DKGREY, leading=14, spaceAfter=4, alignment=TA_JUSTIFY)
bullet = S("Bullet", fontSize=9.5, fontName="Helvetica",
           textColor=DKGREY, leading=13, leftIndent=14,
           firstLineIndent=-8, spaceAfter=2)
bold_bullet = S("BoldBullet", fontSize=9.5, fontName="Helvetica-Bold",
                textColor=NAVY, leading=13, leftIndent=14,
                firstLineIndent=-8, spaceAfter=2)
note = S("Note", fontSize=9, fontName="Helvetica-Oblique",
         textColor=TEAL, leading=12, spaceAfter=4,
         leftIndent=6, borderPad=4, backColor=LTBLUE)
tip  = S("Tip", fontSize=9, fontName="Helvetica-Bold",
         textColor=RED, spaceAfter=4)
small= S("Small", fontSize=8.5, fontName="Helvetica",
         textColor=DKGREY, leading=12)

# ── Document ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
doc = SimpleDocTemplate(
    OUTPUT,
    pagesize=A4,
    leftMargin=2*cm, rightMargin=2*cm,
    topMargin=2.2*cm, bottomMargin=2.2*cm,
    title="BSc Nursing 6th Semester - Nursing Management & Leadership Study Guide",
    author="Orris Study Guides"
)

story = []

# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
# COVER PAGE
# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
# Navy background block (simulated via a full-width table)
cover_data = [[""]]
cover_bg = Table(cover_data, colWidths=[17*cm], rowHeights=[3*cm])
cover_bg.setStyle(TableStyle([
    ("BACKGROUND", (0,0), (-1,-1), NAVY),
    ("GRID",       (0,0), (-1,-1), 0, NAVY),
]))
story.append(cover_bg)
story.append(Spacer(1, 0.3*cm))

# Title band
title_data = [["BSc NURSING - 6th SEMESTER"]]
title_tbl = Table(title_data, colWidths=[17*cm], rowHeights=[1.4*cm])
title_tbl.setStyle(TableStyle([
    ("BACKGROUND",  (0,0),(-1,-1), NAVY),
    ("TEXTCOLOR",   (0,0),(-1,-1), white),
    ("FONTNAME",    (0,0),(-1,-1), "Helvetica-Bold"),
    ("FONTSIZE",    (0,0),(-1,-1), 20),
    ("ALIGN",       (0,0),(-1,-1), "CENTER"),
    ("VALIGN",      (0,0),(-1,-1), "MIDDLE"),
]))
story.append(title_tbl)

main_title_data = [["NURSING MANAGEMENT\n& LEADERSHIP"]]
mt = Table(main_title_data, colWidths=[17*cm], rowHeights=[3.2*cm])
mt.setStyle(TableStyle([
    ("BACKGROUND", (0,0),(-1,-1), TEAL),
    ("TEXTCOLOR",  (0,0),(-1,-1), white),
    ("FONTNAME",   (0,0),(-1,-1), "Helvetica-Bold"),
    ("FONTSIZE",   (0,0),(-1,-1), 26),
    ("ALIGN",      (0,0),(-1,-1), "CENTER"),
    ("VALIGN",     (0,0),(-1,-1), "MIDDLE"),
]))
story.append(mt)

sub_data = [["COMPLETE EXAM STUDY GUIDE WITH ANSWERS"]]
st = Table(sub_data, colWidths=[17*cm], rowHeights=[1*cm])
st.setStyle(TableStyle([
    ("BACKGROUND", (0,0),(-1,-1), GOLD),
    ("TEXTCOLOR",  (0,0),(-1,-1), NAVY),
    ("FONTNAME",   (0,0),(-1,-1), "Helvetica-Bold"),
    ("FONTSIZE",   (0,0),(-1,-1), 13),
    ("ALIGN",      (0,0),(-1,-1), "CENTER"),
    ("VALIGN",     (0,0),(-1,-1), "MIDDLE"),
]))
story.append(st)
story.append(Spacer(1, 0.6*cm))

# Info cards
info_data = [
    ["University", "INC / KUHS / RGUHS & All Indian Universities"],
    ["Semester",   "6th Semester - 3rd Year BSc Nursing"],
    ["Subject",    "Nursing Management & Leadership (NMLE 330)"],
    ["Coverage",   "All Units | MCQs | Essays | Short Notes | Differentiate"],
]
info_tbl = Table(info_data, colWidths=[4*cm, 13*cm], rowHeights=[0.75*cm]*4)
info_tbl.setStyle(TableStyle([
    ("BACKGROUND",   (0,0),(0,-1), NAVY),
    ("BACKGROUND",   (1,0),(1,-1), LTBLUE),
    ("TEXTCOLOR",    (0,0),(0,-1), white),
    ("TEXTCOLOR",    (1,0),(1,-1), NAVY),
    ("FONTNAME",     (0,0),(0,-1), "Helvetica-Bold"),
    ("FONTNAME",     (1,0),(1,-1), "Helvetica"),
    ("FONTSIZE",     (0,0),(-1,-1), 10),
    ("ALIGN",        (0,0),(0,-1), "CENTER"),
    ("VALIGN",       (0,0),(-1,-1), "MIDDLE"),
    ("GRID",         (0,0),(-1,-1), 0.5, white),
    ("ROWBACKGROUNDS",(1,0),(1,-1), [LTBLUE, white, LTBLUE, white]),
]))
story.append(info_tbl)
story.append(Spacer(1, 0.5*cm))

# Exam pattern summary
ep_data = [
    ["SECTION",              "QUESTIONS", "MARKS EACH", "TOTAL"],
    ["Multiple Choice (MCQ)","12",        "1",          "12"],
    ["Essays",               "2",         "15",         "30"],
    ["Short Notes",          "5",         "5",          "25"],
    ["Differentiate Between","2",         "2",          "4"],
    ["List Down",            "2",         "2",          "4"],
    ["TOTAL",                "",          "",           "75"],
]
ep = Table(ep_data, colWidths=[5.5*cm,3.5*cm,3.5*cm,4.5*cm])
ep.setStyle(TableStyle([
    ("BACKGROUND",  (0,0),(-1,0), NAVY),
    ("TEXTCOLOR",   (0,0),(-1,0), white),
    ("FONTNAME",    (0,0),(-1,0), "Helvetica-Bold"),
    ("FONTSIZE",    (0,0),(-1,-1), 10),
    ("ALIGN",       (0,0),(-1,-1), "CENTER"),
    ("VALIGN",      (0,0),(-1,-1), "MIDDLE"),
    ("ROWBACKGROUNDS",(0,1),(-1,-2), [LTBLUE, white]),
    ("BACKGROUND",  (0,-1),(-1,-1), GOLD),
    ("FONTNAME",    (0,-1),(-1,-1), "Helvetica-Bold"),
    ("TEXTCOLOR",   (0,-1),(-1,-1), NAVY),
    ("GRID",        (0,0),(-1,-1), 0.5, NAVY),
    ("ROWHEIGHT",   (0,0),(-1,-1), 0.65*cm),
]))
story.append(ep)

story.append(PageBreak())

# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
# HELPER FUNCTIONS
# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
def unit_header(text):
    data = [[text]]
    t = Table(data, colWidths=[17*cm], rowHeights=[0.9*cm])
    t.setStyle(TableStyle([
        ("BACKGROUND",(0,0),(-1,-1), NAVY),
        ("TEXTCOLOR", (0,0),(-1,-1), white),
        ("FONTNAME",  (0,0),(-1,-1), "Helvetica-Bold"),
        ("FONTSIZE",  (0,0),(-1,-1), 12),
        ("ALIGN",     (0,0),(-1,-1), "LEFT"),
        ("VALIGN",    (0,0),(-1,-1), "MIDDLE"),
        ("LEFTPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1), 10),
    ]))
    return t

def q_header(text):
    data = [[text]]
    t = Table(data, colWidths=[17*cm], rowHeights=[0.7*cm])
    t.setStyle(TableStyle([
        ("BACKGROUND",(0,0),(-1,-1), TEAL),
        ("TEXTCOLOR", (0,0),(-1,-1), white),
        ("FONTNAME",  (0,0),(-1,-1), "Helvetica-Bold"),
        ("FONTSIZE",  (0,0),(-1,-1), 10),
        ("ALIGN",     (0,0),(-1,-1), "LEFT"),
        ("VALIGN",    (0,0),(-1,-1), "MIDDLE"),
        ("LEFTPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1), 8),
    ]))
    return t

def make_table(header_row, data_rows, col_widths=None, stripe=True):
    if col_widths is None:
        n = len(header_row)
        col_widths = [17*cm/n]*n
    all_data = [header_row] + data_rows
    t = Table(all_data, colWidths=col_widths)
    style = [
        ("BACKGROUND",  (0,0),(-1,0), NAVY),
        ("TEXTCOLOR",   (0,0),(-1,0), white),
        ("FONTNAME",    (0,0),(-1,0), "Helvetica-Bold"),
        ("FONTSIZE",    (0,0),(-1,-1), 9),
        ("VALIGN",      (0,0),(-1,-1), "MIDDLE"),
        ("GRID",        (0,0),(-1,-1), 0.4, HexColor("#cccccc")),
        ("TOPPADDING",  (0,0),(-1,-1), 4),
        ("BOTTOMPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1), 4),
        ("LEFTPADDING", (0,0),(-1,-1), 6),
        ("RIGHTPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1), 6),
    ]
    if stripe:
        for i in range(1, len(all_data)):
            bg = LTBLUE if i % 2 == 1 else white
            style.append(("BACKGROUND", (0,i),(-1,i), bg))
    t.setStyle(TableStyle(style))
    return t

def tip_box(text, color=LTGOLD):
    data = [[Paragraph(f"<b>KEY POINT:</b> {text}", tip)]]
    t = Table(data, colWidths=[17*cm])
    t.setStyle(TableStyle([
        ("BACKGROUND",(0,0),(-1,-1), color),
        ("BOX",       (0,0),(-1,-1), 1, GOLD),
        ("LEFTPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1), 8),
        ("TOPPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1), 5),
        ("BOTTOMPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1), 5),
    ]))
    return t

def B(text): return Paragraph(f"• {text}", bullet)
def BB(text): return Paragraph(f"• <b>{text}</b>", bold_bullet)
def P(text): return Paragraph(text, body)
def SP(h=0.2): return Spacer(1, h*cm)


# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
# UNIT 1: MANAGEMENT CONCEPTS & PRINCIPLES
# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
story.append(unit_header("UNIT 1: MANAGEMENT — CONCEPTS & PRINCIPLES"))
story.append(SP())

story.append(q_header("Q1. What is Management? Explain the Levels of Management."))
story.append(SP(0.15))
story.append(P("<b>Definition:</b> Management is the process of <b>planning, organizing, staffing, directing, and controlling</b> available human, material, and financial resources to achieve organizational goals efficiently and effectively."))
story.append(SP(0.2))
story.append(Paragraph("<b>Levels of Management:</b>", h3))

lvl_data = [
    ["Level", "Also Called", "Key Personnel", "Main Functions"],
    ["Top Level", "Administrative\nLevel", "CNO, Director of Nursing,\nPrincipal of Nursing College", "Policy making, goal setting,\nstrategic planning"],
    ["Middle Level", "Executive\nLevel", "Nursing Superintendent,\nDeputy NS, HOD", "Implement policies, coordinate\nbetween levels, staff development"],
    ["Lower Level", "Supervisory\nLevel", "Ward Sister, Staff Nurse,\nCharge Nurse", "Direct patient care supervision,\ndaily scheduling, implementing orders"],
]
story.append(make_table(lvl_data[0], lvl_data[1:], [3*cm, 3.5*cm, 5*cm, 5.5*cm]))
story.append(SP(0.3))

story.append(q_header("Q2. Describe the 14 Principles of Management (Henri Fayol)"))
story.append(SP(0.15))
principles = [
    ("1. Division of Work",        "Specific parts of the job assigned to different individuals for efficiency"),
    ("2. Authority & Responsibility","Authority to give orders; responsibility must accompany authority"),
    ("3. Discipline",              "Obedience and respect between management and staff"),
    ("4. Unity of Command",        "Each employee receives orders from ONLY ONE superior"),
    ("5. Unity of Direction",      "One plan and one head for activities with the same objective"),
    ("6. Subordination",           "Organizational interests over personal interests"),
    ("7. Remuneration",            "Fair pay for services rendered"),
    ("8. Centralization",          "Degree to which authority is concentrated at top levels"),
    ("9. Scalar Chain",            "Line of authority from top to bottom (chain of command)"),
    ("10. Order",                  "Right person in the right place at the right time"),
    ("11. Equity",                 "Fair and equal treatment of all employees"),
    ("12. Stability of Tenure",    "Low staff turnover leads to greater efficiency"),
    ("13. Initiative",             "Employees should be encouraged to take initiative"),
    ("14. Esprit de Corps",        "Team spirit — union is strength"),
]
p_data = [[Paragraph(f"<b>{p[0]}</b>", small), Paragraph(p[1], small)] for p in principles]
story.append(make_table(["Principle", "Meaning"], p_data, [5*cm, 12*cm]))
story.append(tip_box("Unity of Command and Scalar Chain are the most frequently asked MCQ topics from Fayol's principles."))

story.append(PageBreak())

# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
# UNIT 2: STAFFING
# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
story.append(unit_header("UNIT 2: STAFFING"))
story.append(SP())

story.append(q_header("Q3. Explain the Functions of Staffing"))
story.append(SP(0.15))
story.append(P("<b>Definition:</b> Staffing is the process of determining and providing the acceptable number and mix of nursing personnel to produce a desired level of care to meet patient demand."))
story.append(SP(0.2))
staffing_funcs = [
    ("Workforce Planning",    "Determining future staffing needs based on patient census and acuity"),
    ("Recruitment",           "Attracting qualified candidates through internal/external sources"),
    ("Selection",             "Choosing the best candidate via tests, interviews, reference checks"),
    ("Placement / Induction", "Orienting new employees to the organization, policies, and ward"),
    ("Training & Development","In-service education, workshops, and continuing nursing education"),
    ("Performance Appraisal", "Evaluating employee performance against set standards"),
    ("Promotion & Transfer",  "Career advancement and lateral movement within the organization"),
    ("Retention",             "Reducing turnover through job satisfaction and incentive strategies"),
    ("Separation",            "Procedures for retirement, resignation, and termination"),
]
sf_data = [[Paragraph(f"<b>{f[0]}</b>", small), Paragraph(f[1], small)] for f in staffing_funcs]
story.append(make_table(["Function", "Description"], sf_data, [4.5*cm, 12.5*cm]))
story.append(tip_box("As per INC Norms: Nurse-to-patient ratio = 1:6 (medical/surgical wards) | 1:1 (ICU/CCU)"))
story.append(SP(0.3))

story.append(q_header("Q4. Job Description of a Staff Nurse in a Medical Ward"))
story.append(SP(0.15))
story.append(P("<b>Job Title:</b> Staff Nurse | <b>Qualification:</b> BSc Nursing / GNM + Valid State Nursing Council Registration | <b>Responsible to:</b> Ward Sister / Charge Nurse"))
story.append(SP(0.2))

jd_data = [
    ["Clinical Duties",     "• Nursing assessment of patients\n• Plan, implement, evaluate nursing care\n• Administer medications, IV fluids, treatments\n• Monitor vital signs and report abnormalities\n• Pre- and post-operative nursing care\n• Assist doctors during rounds and procedures"],
    ["Administrative Duties","• Maintain ward registers and records\n• Inventory management of supplies and equipment\n• Hand over duty properly (shift reporting)\n• Follow infection control protocols"],
    ["Educational Duties",  "• Patient and family health education\n• Orient and supervise student nurses\n• Participate in in-service education programs"],
]
jd_rows = [[Paragraph(f"<b>{r[0]}</b>", small), Paragraph(r[1], small)] for r in jd_data]
story.append(make_table(["Category", "Responsibilities"], jd_rows, [4*cm, 13*cm]))

story.append(PageBreak())

# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
# UNIT 3: LEADERSHIP
# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
story.append(unit_header("UNIT 3: LEADERSHIP"))
story.append(SP())

story.append(q_header("Q5. Define Leadership and Explain Leadership Theories"))
story.append(SP(0.15))
story.append(P("<b>Definition:</b> Leadership is the ability to <b>influence and direct</b> individuals or groups toward the achievement of organizational goals."))
story.append(SP(0.2))

story.append(Paragraph("<b>A. Trait Theory</b>", h3))
story.append(P("Leaders are BORN, not made. Key traits: intelligence, self-confidence, determination, integrity, sociability. Limitation: does not consider the situation."))
story.append(SP(0.15))

story.append(Paragraph("<b>B. Behavioral Theories</b>", h3))
beh_data = [
    ["Lewin's Leadership Styles", "Autocratic | Democratic | Laissez-faire"],
    ["Ohio State Studies",        "Initiating Structure vs. Consideration"],
    ["Managerial Grid (Blake & Mouton)", "5 styles based on concern for people vs. task (1,1 to 9,9)"],
]
story.append(make_table(["Theory", "Styles"], beh_data, [6*cm, 11*cm]))
story.append(SP(0.2))

story.append(Paragraph("<b>C. Situational Leadership (Hersey & Blanchard)</b>", h3))
story.append(P("Leader adapts style based on follower's readiness/maturity:"))
sit_data = [
    ["S1 - Telling",      "Low maturity",              "High task, low relationship"],
    ["S2 - Selling",      "Low to moderate maturity",  "High task, high relationship"],
    ["S3 - Participating","Moderate to high maturity",  "Low task, high relationship"],
    ["S4 - Delegating",   "High maturity",              "Low task, low relationship"],
]
story.append(make_table(["Style", "Follower Maturity", "Leader Behavior"], sit_data, [4.5*cm, 6.5*cm, 6*cm]))
story.append(SP(0.2))

story.append(Paragraph("<b>D. Transformational Leadership</b>", h3))
story.append(P("Inspires followers to exceed their own self-interests for the good of the organization. <b>4 I's:</b> Idealized Influence, Inspirational Motivation, Intellectual Stimulation, Individualized Consideration."))
story.append(SP(0.15))

story.append(Paragraph("<b>E. Transactional Leadership</b>", h3))
story.append(P("Based on exchange — reward for performance, punishment for non-performance. Focuses on maintaining the status quo."))
story.append(SP(0.25))

story.append(q_header("Q6. Differentiate: Situational Leadership vs Transformational Leadership"))
story.append(SP(0.15))
diff_data = [
    ["Basis",         "Adapts style to follower maturity",         "Inspires and motivates change"],
    ["Focus",         "Task behavior vs. relationship behavior",   "Vision, values, inspiration"],
    ["Theorist",      "Hersey & Blanchard",                        "Burns, Bass"],
    ["Approach",      "Flexible, situation-dependent",             "Consistent inspirational style"],
    ["Change",        "Works within the system",                   "Creates change in followers and system"],
    ["Follower Role", "Maturity/readiness determines leader style","Followers become leaders themselves"],
    ["Best Used For", "Day-to-day supervision",                    "Organizational transformation"],
]
story.append(make_table(["Feature", "Situational Leadership", "Transformational Leadership"], diff_data, [4*cm, 6.5*cm, 6.5*cm]))

story.append(PageBreak())

# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
# UNIT 4: MOTIVATION THEORIES
# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
story.append(unit_header("UNIT 4: MOTIVATION THEORIES"))
story.append(SP())

story.append(q_header("Q7. Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory"))
story.append(SP(0.15))
story.append(P("<b>Developed by:</b> Frederick Herzberg"))
story.append(SP(0.15))
herz_data = [
    ["Hygiene Factors (Dissatisfiers)",          "Motivation Factors (Satisfiers)"],
    ["Salary, working conditions, job security", "Achievement, recognition of work done"],
    ["Company policy, supervision quality",      "Responsibility, advancement"],
    ["Interpersonal relationships",              "Status, opportunities for growth"],
    ["Physical work environment",                "Challenging tasks, the work itself"],
    ["Absence = DISSATISFACTION",                "Presence = MOTIVATION & JOB SATISFACTION"],
]
hf = Table(herz_data, colWidths=[8.5*cm, 8.5*cm])
hf.setStyle(TableStyle([
    ("BACKGROUND",  (0,0),(0,-1), LTBLUE),
    ("BACKGROUND",  (1,0),(1,-1), LTGRN),
    ("FONTNAME",    (0,0),(-1,0), "Helvetica-Bold"),
    ("FONTNAME",    (0,-1),(-1,-1), "Helvetica-Bold"),
    ("FONTSIZE",    (0,0),(-1,-1), 9),
    ("GRID",        (0,0),(-1,-1), 0.5, HexColor("#cccccc")),
    ("TOPPADDING",  (0,0),(-1,-1), 4),
    ("BOTTOMPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1), 4),
    ("LEFTPADDING", (0,0),(-1,-1), 6),
    ("VALIGN",      (0,0),(-1,-1), "MIDDLE"),
    ("TEXTCOLOR",   (0,-1),(-1,-1), RED),
]))
story.append(hf)
story.append(tip_box("MCQ Answer: Recognition, growth, challenging tasks = Motivation factor (Satisfier). Salary, working conditions = Hygiene factor (Dissatisfier)."))
story.append(SP(0.3))

story.append(q_header("Other Important Motivation Theories"))
story.append(SP(0.15))
mot_data = [
    ["Theory",                       "Key Concept"],
    ["Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs",  "Physiological → Safety → Social → Esteem → Self-actualization"],
    ["McGregor's Theory X",          "Workers are lazy, need to be controlled and directed"],
    ["McGregor's Theory Y",          "Workers are self-motivated, creative, capable, seek responsibility"],
    ["Vroom's Expectancy Theory",    "Motivation = Expectancy x Instrumentality x Valence"],
    ["McClelland's Needs Theory",    "Need for Achievement, Affiliation, and Power"],
]
story.append(make_table(mot_data[0], mot_data[1:], [6.5*cm, 10.5*cm]))

story.append(PageBreak())

# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
# UNIT 5: PLANNING TOOLS
# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
story.append(unit_header("UNIT 5: PLANNING TOOLS"))
story.append(SP())

story.append(q_header("Q8. Program Evaluation Review Technique (PERT)"))
story.append(SP(0.15))
story.append(P("<b>Definition:</b> PERT is a statistical project management tool that analyzes and represents the tasks involved in completing a given project, focusing on time."))
story.append(SP(0.2))
pert_items = [
    ("Network Diagram",    "Shows sequence of activities and their dependencies"),
    ("Critical Path",      "Longest sequence of activities — determines minimum project time"),
    ("Optimistic Time (O)","Best possible completion time"),
    ("Pessimistic Time (P)","Worst case completion time"),
    ("Most Likely Time (M)","Most realistic time estimate"),
    ("Expected Time (te)", "Formula: te = (O + 4M + P) / 6"),
]
pert_data = [[Paragraph(f"<b>{p[0]}</b>", small), Paragraph(p[1], small)] for p in pert_items]
story.append(make_table(["Term", "Description"], pert_data, [4.5*cm, 12.5*cm]))
story.append(SP(0.2))
story.append(P("<b>Uses in Nursing:</b> Planning nursing education programs, organizing health camps, hospital construction/renovation, clinical rotation planning."))
story.append(tip_box("PERT vs. Gantt Chart: PERT shows activity relationships/dependencies; Gantt chart shows activities on a timeline bar chart."))
story.append(SP(0.3))

story.append(q_header("Q9. Differentiate: Master Plan vs Clinical Rotation Plan"))
story.append(SP(0.15))
mcp_data = [
    ["Definition",    "Overall plan of total curriculum (theory + clinical)", "Specific plan for posting students to clinical areas"],
    ["Scope",         "Entire nursing program (3-4 years)",                   "Semester or year-wise rotation"],
    ["Content",       "All subjects, hours, internal marks schedule",          "Ward name, dates, batch allocation"],
    ["Prepared by",   "Principal / Head of Department",                       "Clinical coordinator / faculty"],
    ["Flexibility",   "Less flexible (INC approved curriculum)",              "More flexible, adjustable as needed"],
]
story.append(make_table(["Feature", "Master Plan", "Clinical Rotation Plan"], mcp_data, [3.5*cm, 6.75*cm, 6.75*cm]))

story.append(PageBreak())

# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
# UNIT 6: QUALITY ASSURANCE
# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
story.append(unit_header("UNIT 6: QUALITY ASSURANCE"))
story.append(SP())

story.append(q_header("Q10. Nursing Audit"))
story.append(SP(0.15))
story.append(P("<b>Definition:</b> An independent review conducted to compare some aspect of quality performance with a standard for that performance."))
story.append(SP(0.2))
audit_types = [
    ["Retrospective Audit", "Review of patient records AFTER discharge", "Most common type"],
    ["Concurrent Audit",    "Review WHILE patient is still admitted",    "Ongoing quality check"],
    ["Prospective Audit",   "Review BEFORE care is given",               "Standards and criteria setting"],
]
story.append(make_table(["Type", "Description", "Note"], audit_types, [4.5*cm, 8*cm, 4.5*cm]))
story.append(SP(0.2))
story.append(P("<b>Nursing Audit Process:</b>"))
for step in ["Establish standards of care", "Collect data (record review, observation, interview)", "Compare data with established standards", "Identify deficiencies and gaps", "Plan and implement corrective action", "Re-audit to check improvement (cycle continues)"]:
    story.append(B(step))
story.append(tip_box("MCQ Answer: Specific approach in quality assurance = Nursing Audit (not licensure, credentialing, or certification)."))

story.append(SP(0.3))
story.append(q_header("Recent Trends and Issues in Nursing Management"))
story.append(SP(0.15))
trends = [
    "Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) — using current research to guide nursing care",
    "Nursing Informatics — use of EMR/EHR technology in nursing",
    "Patient Safety initiatives — Zero harm goals, NABH accreditation",
    "Magnet Hospital Concept — recognition for nursing excellence",
    "Clinical Nurse Specialist / Nurse Practitioner roles expanding",
    "Burnout and mental health of nursing staff — post-COVID challenges",
    "Telehealth nursing — remote patient monitoring",
    "Nursing shortage — global crisis affecting staffing ratios",
    "Continuing Nursing Education (CNE) — mandatory upgradation requirement",
    "Interprofessional collaboration — team-based care models",
]
for t in trends: story.append(B(t))

story.append(PageBreak())

# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
# UNIT 7: INVENTORY CONTROL
# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
story.append(unit_header("UNIT 7: INVENTORY CONTROL"))
story.append(SP())

story.append(q_header("Q11. Inventory Control"))
story.append(SP(0.15))
story.append(P("<b>Definition:</b> Inventory control is the systematic management of ordering, storing, and using hospital supplies to ensure availability while minimizing waste and cost."))
story.append(SP(0.2))

story.append(Paragraph("<b>ABC Analysis (Always Better Control):</b>", h3))
abc_data = [
    ["Category", "Description",       "Examples",                  "Control Level"],
    ["A Items",  "High value,\nlow quantity",  "Costly drugs, ventilators, defibrillators", "TIGHT control — daily review"],
    ["B Items",  "Moderate value,\nmoderate quantity", "Syringes, IV sets, surgical gloves",  "MODERATE control — weekly review"],
    ["C Items",  "Low value,\nhigh quantity",  "Cotton, bandages, gauze pieces",    "MINIMAL control — monthly review"],
]
story.append(make_table(abc_data[0], abc_data[1:], [2.5*cm, 3.5*cm, 5.5*cm, 5.5*cm]))
story.append(SP(0.2))

story.append(Paragraph("<b>Other Inventory Methods:</b>", h3))
inv_data = [
    ["FIFO (First In, First Out)", "Items received first are used first — prevents expiry of medications"],
    ["Economic Order Quantity (EOQ)", "Optimal order quantity that minimizes total inventory costs"],
    ["Par Level System",           "Minimum stock level maintained; reorder when stock falls to par level"],
    ["Stock Register",             "Maintains records of all items received, issued, and balance stock"],
]
story.append(make_table(["Method", "Description"], inv_data, [5*cm, 12*cm]))
story.append(SP(0.15))
story.append(P("<b>Nurse's Role:</b> Check expiry dates regularly, maintain par levels, prevent wastage, accurately maintain ward stock register, report discrepancies."))

story.append(PageBreak())

# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
# UNIT 8: RECORDS AND REPORTS
# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
story.append(unit_header("UNIT 8: RECORDS AND REPORTS"))
story.append(SP())

story.append(q_header("Q12. Components of Problem Oriented Medical Record (POMR)"))
story.append(SP(0.15))
story.append(P("<b>Introduced by:</b> Dr. Lawrence Weed"))
story.append(SP(0.15))
pomr_data = [
    ["1. Database",     "Complete history, physical examination, lab results, and baseline assessment data"],
    ["2. Problem List", "Numbered list of ALL patient problems — medical, social, psychological, nursing"],
    ["3. Initial Plan", "Diagnostic, therapeutic, and patient education plan for each identified problem"],
    ["4. Progress Notes","Written using SOAP format for each problem"],
]
story.append(make_table(["Component", "Description"], pomr_data, [3.5*cm, 13.5*cm]))
story.append(SP(0.2))
story.append(P("<b>SOAP Progress Notes Format:</b>"))
soap_data = [
    ["S - Subjective",  "Patient's own complaints, symptoms, and feelings"],
    ["O - Objective",   "Findings on examination, vital signs, lab values"],
    ["A - Assessment",  "Nursing diagnosis or clinical conclusion"],
    ["P - Plan",        "Nursing interventions and care planned"],
]
story.append(make_table(["Component", "Content"], soap_data, [4*cm, 13*cm]))
story.append(SP(0.3))

story.append(q_header("Q13. Records and Reports of a College of Nursing"))
story.append(SP(0.15))
rr_data = [
    ["Records",  "Admission register, Attendance register, Examination records & mark sheets, Clinical posting records, Library records, Faculty service books, INC/university affiliation documents"],
    ["Reports",  "Annual report of the college, Internal assessment reports, Clinical posting reports, Faculty appraisal reports, Inspection committee reports, Student progress reports"],
]
rr_rows = [[Paragraph(f"<b>{r[0]}</b>", small), Paragraph(r[1], small)] for r in rr_data]
story.append(make_table(["Type", "Items"], rr_rows, [3*cm, 14*cm]))

story.append(PageBreak())

# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
# UNIT 9: POWER AND AUTHORITY
# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
story.append(unit_header("UNIT 9: POWER AND AUTHORITY"))
story.append(SP())

story.append(q_header("Q14. Types of Power (French & Raven)"))
story.append(SP(0.15))
power_data = [
    ["Reward Power",       "Ability to give rewards (salary, promotion) for compliance"],
    ["Coercive Power",     "Ability to FORCE or PUNISH employee for non-compliance"],
    ["Legitimate Power",   "Power derived from official position or organizational authority"],
    ["Referent Power",     "Power from admiration, personal magnetism, and charisma"],
    ["Expert Power",       "Power derived from specialized knowledge, skills, and expertise"],
    ["Informational Power","Power from access to and control of important information"],
]
story.append(make_table(["Type of Power", "Description"], power_data, [4.5*cm, 12.5*cm]))
story.append(tip_box("MCQ Answer: 'Ability to force an employee to follow an order' = COERCIVE POWER (not expert, referent, or reward)."))

story.append(SP(0.3))
story.append(unit_header("UNIT 10: COMMUNICATION AND BEHAVIOR"))
story.append(SP())

story.append(q_header("Q15. Assertive Behaviour"))
story.append(SP(0.15))
story.append(P("<b>Definition:</b> Assertiveness is the ability to stand up for oneself and one's rights <b>without violating the rights of others</b>."))
story.append(SP(0.15))
story.append(P("<b>Characteristics of Assertive Communication:</b> Direct, honest, and respectful | Uses 'I' statements | Maintains eye contact and appropriate posture | Respects both parties' dignity."))
story.append(SP(0.2))
assert_data = [
    ["Assertive",   "Expresses needs respectfully; both parties' rights respected", "IDEAL approach"],
    ["Aggressive",  "Violates others' rights; hostile, dominating, intimidating",   "AVOID"],
    ["Passive",     "Fails to express own needs; gives up personal rights",          "AVOID"],
]
story.append(make_table(["Style", "Description", "Note"], assert_data, [3*cm, 10*cm, 4*cm]))
story.append(tip_box("MCQ Answer: 'What allows people to stand up for themselves without violating others' rights' = ASSERTIVE BEHAVIOUR."))

story.append(PageBreak())

# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
# UNIT 11: TEAM MANAGEMENT
# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
story.append(unit_header("UNIT 11: TEAM MANAGEMENT"))
story.append(SP())

story.append(q_header("Q16. Team Management"))
story.append(SP(0.15))
story.append(P("<b>Definition:</b> Team management is the process of coordinating a group of individuals to work together toward a common goal with shared responsibility and mutual accountability."))
story.append(SP(0.2))
story.append(Paragraph("<b>Tuckman's Stages of Team Development:</b>", h3))
tuck_data = [
    ["Stage 1: Forming",   "Team members get to know each other; roles are unclear"],
    ["Stage 2: Storming",  "Conflicts and disagreements arise about tasks and leadership"],
    ["Stage 3: Norming",   "Rules, norms, and roles are established; team cohesion builds"],
    ["Stage 4: Performing","Team works productively toward goals; high efficiency"],
    ["Stage 5: Adjourning","Task completion; team disbands or transitions"],
]
story.append(make_table(["Stage", "Description"], tuck_data, [4.5*cm, 12.5*cm]))
story.append(SP(0.2))
story.append(P("<b>Nurse Manager's Role in Team Management:</b> Facilitate open communication, resolve conflicts promptly, allocate tasks based on competency, evaluate team performance, motivate team members, maintain accountability."))

story.append(SP(0.3))
story.append(q_header("Q17. Collective Bargaining"))
story.append(SP(0.15))
story.append(P("<b>Definition:</b> Collective bargaining is the negotiation process between employers and a group of employees (represented by a union) to determine working conditions, wages, benefits, and grievance resolution."))
story.append(SP(0.2))
cb_data = [
    ["Step 1: Organizing",    "Employees form or join a recognized union"],
    ["Step 2: Preparation",   "Both sides gather data and prepare bargaining positions"],
    ["Step 3: Negotiation",   "Face-to-face bargaining at the table"],
    ["Step 4: Agreement",     "Contract is drafted, reviewed, and signed by both parties"],
    ["Step 5: Administration","Contract is implemented; grievances handled per agreed process"],
]
story.append(make_table(["Step", "Description"], cb_data, [4*cm, 13*cm]))
story.append(SP(0.2))
story.append(P("<b>Issues Negotiated:</b> Salaries and allowances, working hours, shift patterns, leave policies, promotion criteria, grievance procedures, safe staffing ratios."))

story.append(PageBreak())

# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
# UNIT 12: ETHICS AND LEGAL
# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
story.append(unit_header("UNIT 12: ETHICAL AND LEGAL CONCEPTS"))
story.append(SP())

story.append(q_header("Q18. Key Ethical Principles in Nursing"))
story.append(SP(0.15))
ethics_data = [
    ["Beneficence",     "Do GOOD for the patient",                          "Administering pain relief",        "Justice"],
    ["Non-maleficence", "Do NO HARM to the patient",                        "Avoiding medication errors",       "—"],
    ["Justice",         "Treat ALL patients EQUALLY regardless of gender, religion, ethnicity, disease, or social standing",
                        "Equal care regardless of background",             "KEY MCQ answer"],
    ["Autonomy",        "Respect patient's right to make own decisions",    "Obtaining informed consent",       "—"],
    ["Fidelity",        "Keeping promises made to patients",                "Following through on care plans",  "—"],
    ["Veracity",        "Truth-telling to patients and families",           "Honest disclosure of diagnosis",   "—"],
]
story.append(make_table(["Principle", "Meaning", "Example", "Note"], ethics_data, [3.5*cm, 5.5*cm, 5*cm, 3*cm]))
story.append(tip_box("MCQ Answer: 'Treat every person equally regardless of gender, religion, ethnicity, disease, social standing' = JUSTICE (not beneficence, autonomy, or nonmaleficence)."))
story.append(SP(0.2))

story.append(Paragraph("<b>Advance Directive:</b>", h3))
story.append(P("A legal document in which a person expresses wishes about end-of-life medical care in advance, while they are still able to make decisions."))
story.append(Paragraph("<b>Do Not Resuscitate (DNR):</b>", h3))
story.append(P("A physician's order instructing healthcare providers not to perform CPR if the patient stops breathing or the heart stops."))

story.append(PageBreak())

# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
# MCQ ANSWER KEY
# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
story.append(unit_header("QUICK MCQ ANSWER KEY — KUHS February 2025 Paper"))
story.append(SP())

mcq_data = [
    ["MCQ No.", "Topic",                                           "Correct Answer"],
    ["vi",     "Principle: treat every person equally",           "b) Justice"],
    ["vii",    "Division of labour definition",                   "a) Specific parts of job assigned to different individuals"],
    ["viii",   "Specific approach in quality assurance",          "c) Nursing audit"],
    ["ix",     "Manager's ability to force employee compliance",  "a) Coercive power"],
    ["xi",     "Herzberg: recognition, status, growth",           "c) Motivation factor"],
    ["xii",    "Stand up for rights without violating others",    "a) Assertive behaviours"],
]
story.append(make_table(mcq_data[0], mcq_data[1:], [2*cm, 9*cm, 6*cm]))

story.append(SP(0.4))
story.append(unit_header("MOST IMPORTANT EXAM TOPICS — HIGH PROBABILITY"))
story.append(SP())

imp_data = [
    ["Essays (15 marks)",      "• Levels of management + Principles of management\n• Functions of staffing + Job description of staff nurse\n• Leadership theories + Styles of leadership\n• Planning and organizing + Nursing care delivery systems"],
    ["Short Notes (5 marks)",  "• PERT and Gantt chart\n• Inventory control and ABC analysis\n• Nursing audit\n• Collective bargaining\n• Team management | Conflict management\n• Assertiveness and communication"],
    ["Differentiate (2 marks)","• Situational vs. Transformational leadership\n• Manager vs. Leader\n• Master plan vs. Clinical rotation plan\n• Centralization vs. Decentralization"],
    ["MCQ Focus Areas",        "• Herzberg's theory (motivation vs. hygiene factors)\n• Types of power (coercive, expert, reward, referent)\n• Ethical principles (justice, beneficence, autonomy)\n• Nursing audit vs. other QA approaches\n• INC nurse-to-patient ratios"],
]
imp_rows = [[Paragraph(f"<b>{r[0]}</b>", small), Paragraph(r[1], small)] for r in imp_data]
story.append(make_table(["Section", "Topics"], imp_rows, [4*cm, 13*cm]))

story.append(SP(0.4))
story.append(unit_header("EXAM WRITING FORMAT GUIDE"))
story.append(SP())
story.append(P("<b>Standard format for all long-answer questions (Essays/Short Notes):</b>"))
fmt_data = [
    ["Introduction",       "Brief intro to the topic (2-3 lines)"],
    ["Definition",         "Clear, concise definition with author if applicable"],
    ["Types / Theories / Styles", "If asked — label and explain each clearly"],
    ["Characteristics",    "List key features with brief explanations"],
    ["Role of Nurse / Nurse Manager", "Application to nursing practice"],
    ["Advantages",         "Benefits of the concept/approach"],
    ["Barriers / Challenges","Limitations or challenges in implementation"],
    ["Conclusion",         "Brief summary (2-3 lines)"],
]
story.append(make_table(["Step", "Content"], fmt_data, [4.5*cm, 12.5*cm]))
story.append(SP(0.2))
story.append(tip_box("For PERT and flowchart-based questions, ALWAYS draw the diagram FIRST at the top of your answer, then explain each component. For tables (e.g., comparison questions), present as a neat tabular format — it scores higher."))

# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
# FOOTER PAGE
# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
story.append(SP(0.5))
foot_data = [["This study guide covers the complete BSc Nursing 6th Semester Nursing Management & Leadership syllabus as per INC guidelines. Prepared by Orris Study Guides | July 2026"]]
ft = Table(foot_data, colWidths=[17*cm])
ft.setStyle(TableStyle([
    ("BACKGROUND",(0,0),(-1,-1), NAVY),
    ("TEXTCOLOR", (0,0),(-1,-1), HexColor("#aaaaaa")),
    ("FONTNAME",  (0,0),(-1,-1), "Helvetica"),
    ("FONTSIZE",  (0,0),(-1,-1), 8),
    ("ALIGN",     (0,0),(-1,-1), "CENTER"),
    ("TOPPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1), 6),
    ("BOTTOMPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1), 6),
]))
story.append(ft)

# ── Build ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
doc.build(story)
print(f"PDF created: {OUTPUT}")

from reportlab.lib.pagesizes import A4
from reportlab.lib.styles import getSampleStyleSheet, ParagraphStyle
from reportlab.lib.units import cm
from reportlab.lib.colors import HexColor, white, black
from reportlab.platypus import (
    SimpleDocTemplate, Paragraph, Spacer, Table, TableStyle,
    HRFlowable, PageBreak, KeepTogether
)
from reportlab.lib.enums import TA_CENTER, TA_LEFT, TA_JUSTIFY, TA_RIGHT
from reportlab.lib import colors

OUTPUT = "/tmp/workspace/nursing-mgmt-guide/RGUHS_NursingMgmt_QuickRevision.pdf"

# ── Colours ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
NAVY    = HexColor("#1a3a5c")
TEAL    = HexColor("#0e7c86")
GOLD    = HexColor("#f0a500")
RED     = HexColor("#c0392b")
GREEN   = HexColor("#1e8449")
PURPLE  = HexColor("#6c3483")
ORANGE  = HexColor("#d35400")
LTBLUE  = HexColor("#e8f4f8")
LTGOLD  = HexColor("#fff8e1")
LTGRN   = HexColor("#e8f5e9")
LTRED   = HexColor("#fdecea")
LTPURP  = HexColor("#f5eef8")
GREY    = HexColor("#f5f5f5")
DKGREY  = HexColor("#2c3e50")

# ── Styles ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
def S(name, **kw):
    return ParagraphStyle(name, **kw)

body    = S("body",   fontSize=9.5, fontName="Helvetica",    textColor=DKGREY, leading=15, spaceAfter=4,  alignment=TA_JUSTIFY)
bodyB   = S("bodyB",  fontSize=9.5, fontName="Helvetica-Bold",textColor=DKGREY, leading=15, spaceAfter=4)
bullet  = S("bul",    fontSize=9.5, fontName="Helvetica",    textColor=DKGREY, leading=14, leftIndent=14, firstLineIndent=-8, spaceAfter=2)
subhead = S("sub",    fontSize=10,  fontName="Helvetica-Bold",textColor=NAVY,   spaceBefore=6, spaceAfter=3)
small   = S("small",  fontSize=9,   fontName="Helvetica",    textColor=DKGREY, leading=13)
smallB  = S("smallB", fontSize=9,   fontName="Helvetica-Bold",textColor=DKGREY, leading=13)
italic  = S("italic", fontSize=9,   fontName="Helvetica-Oblique", textColor=TEAL, leading=13, spaceAfter=3)
ans_no  = S("ansno",  fontSize=11,  fontName="Helvetica-Bold",textColor=white,  leading=16)

def P(t, style=None): return Paragraph(t, style or body)
def B(t): return Paragraph(f"• {t}", bullet)
def PB(t): return Paragraph(f"• <b>{t}</b>", bullet)
def SP(h=0.2): return Spacer(1, h*cm)
def HR(): return HRFlowable(width="100%", thickness=0.5, color=HexColor("#cccccc"), spaceAfter=4, spaceBefore=4)

# ── Banner helpers ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
def section_banner(text, bg=NAVY, fg=white, fs=13):
    t = Table([[text]], colWidths=[17*cm], rowHeights=[0.85*cm])
    t.setStyle(TableStyle([
        ("BACKGROUND",(0,0),(-1,-1), bg),
        ("TEXTCOLOR", (0,0),(-1,-1), fg),
        ("FONTNAME",  (0,0),(-1,-1), "Helvetica-Bold"),
        ("FONTSIZE",  (0,0),(-1,-1), fs),
        ("ALIGN",     (0,0),(-1,-1), "LEFT"),
        ("VALIGN",    (0,0),(-1,-1), "MIDDLE"),
        ("LEFTPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1), 10),
    ]))
    return t

def q_banner(num, text, marks, bg=TEAL):
    left = f"Q{num}.  {text}"
    data = [[Paragraph(left, S("qb", fontSize=10, fontName="Helvetica-Bold", textColor=white, leading=14)),
             Paragraph(f"[{marks} Marks]", S("qm", fontSize=10, fontName="Helvetica-Bold", textColor=GOLD, alignment=TA_RIGHT))]]
    t = Table(data, colWidths=[13.5*cm, 3.5*cm], rowHeights=[0.75*cm])
    t.setStyle(TableStyle([
        ("BACKGROUND",(0,0),(-1,-1), bg),
        ("VALIGN",    (0,0),(-1,-1), "MIDDLE"),
        ("LEFTPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1), 8),
        ("RIGHTPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1), 8),
    ]))
    return t

def tip_box(text, bg=LTGOLD, border=GOLD):
    data = [[Paragraph(f"<b>📌 KEY POINT:</b> {text}", S("tip", fontSize=9, fontName="Helvetica", textColor=DKGREY, leading=13))]]
    t = Table(data, colWidths=[17*cm])
    t.setStyle(TableStyle([
        ("BACKGROUND",   (0,0),(-1,-1), bg),
        ("BOX",          (0,0),(-1,-1), 1.2, border),
        ("LEFTPADDING",  (0,0),(-1,-1), 8),
        ("RIGHTPADDING", (0,0),(-1,-1), 8),
        ("TOPPADDING",   (0,0),(-1,-1), 5),
        ("BOTTOMPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1), 5),
    ]))
    return t

def marks_box(label, text, bg=LTGRN, border=GREEN):
    data = [[Paragraph(f"<b>{label}</b>  {text}", S("mb", fontSize=9, fontName="Helvetica", textColor=DKGREY, leading=13))]]
    t = Table(data, colWidths=[17*cm])
    t.setStyle(TableStyle([
        ("BACKGROUND",   (0,0),(-1,-1), bg),
        ("BOX",          (0,0),(-1,-1), 1, border),
        ("LEFTPADDING",  (0,0),(-1,-1), 8),
        ("TOPPADDING",   (0,0),(-1,-1), 4),
        ("BOTTOMPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1), 4),
    ]))
    return t

def simple_table(headers, rows, widths=None, hdr_bg=NAVY):
    if widths is None:
        widths = [17*cm/len(headers)]*len(headers)
    all_rows = [headers] + rows
    t = Table(all_rows, colWidths=widths)
    style = [
        ("BACKGROUND",   (0,0),(-1,0), hdr_bg),
        ("TEXTCOLOR",    (0,0),(-1,0), white),
        ("FONTNAME",     (0,0),(-1,0), "Helvetica-Bold"),
        ("FONTSIZE",     (0,0),(-1,-1), 9),
        ("VALIGN",       (0,0),(-1,-1), "MIDDLE"),
        ("GRID",         (0,0),(-1,-1), 0.4, HexColor("#cccccc")),
        ("TOPPADDING",   (0,0),(-1,-1), 4),
        ("BOTTOMPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1), 4),
        ("LEFTPADDING",  (0,0),(-1,-1), 6),
    ]
    for i in range(1, len(all_rows)):
        style.append(("BACKGROUND",(0,i),(-1,i), LTBLUE if i%2==1 else white))
    t.setStyle(TableStyle(style))
    return t

# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
# DOCUMENT
# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
doc = SimpleDocTemplate(
    OUTPUT, pagesize=A4,
    leftMargin=2*cm, rightMargin=2*cm,
    topMargin=2*cm, bottomMargin=2*cm,
    title="RGUHS Nursing Management & Leadership - Quick Revision 2026",
    author="Orris Study Guides"
)
story = []

# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
# COVER
# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
def cover_row(text, bg, fg=white, fs=13, h=1.0):
    t = Table([[text]], colWidths=[17*cm], rowHeights=[h*cm])
    t.setStyle(TableStyle([
        ("BACKGROUND",(0,0),(-1,-1),bg), ("TEXTCOLOR",(0,0),(-1,-1),fg),
        ("FONTNAME",(0,0),(-1,-1),"Helvetica-Bold"), ("FONTSIZE",(0,0),(-1,-1),fs),
        ("ALIGN",(0,0),(-1,-1),"CENTER"), ("VALIGN",(0,0),(-1,-1),"MIDDLE"),
    ]))
    return t

story += [
    cover_row("RGUHS — VI Semester BSc Nursing", NAVY, white, 14, 1.1),
    cover_row("NURSING MANAGEMENT & LEADERSHIP", TEAL, white, 24, 2.2),
    cover_row("QUICK REVISION — MODEL ANSWERS", GOLD, NAVY, 14, 1.0),
    SP(0.3),
]

exam_info = [
    ["Exam Date", "17 July 2026 (Tomorrow)"],
    ["University", "Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences (RGUHS), Karnataka"],
    ["Paper",      "Nursing Management & Leadership | Q.P. Code: 1792 Pattern"],
    ["Max Marks",  "75 Marks | Time: 3 Hours"],
    ["Coverage",   "15-Mark Long Essays + 5-Mark Short Essays (as 10-mark revision)"],
]
ei = Table(exam_info, colWidths=[4*cm, 13*cm])
ei.setStyle(TableStyle([
    ("BACKGROUND",(0,0),(0,-1),NAVY), ("TEXTCOLOR",(0,0),(0,-1),white),
    ("FONTNAME",(0,0),(0,-1),"Helvetica-Bold"),
    ("BACKGROUND",(1,0),(1,-1),LTBLUE), ("FONTNAME",(1,0),(1,-1),"Helvetica"),
    ("FONTSIZE",(0,0),(-1,-1),9.5), ("ALIGN",(0,0),(0,-1),"CENTER"),
    ("VALIGN",(0,0),(-1,-1),"MIDDLE"),
    ("GRID",(0,0),(-1,-1),0.5,white),
    ("TOPPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1),5), ("BOTTOMPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1),5),
    ("ROWBACKGROUNDS",(1,0),(1,-1),[LTBLUE, white]),
]))
story += [ei, SP(0.3)]

# Content overview
co_data = [
    ["SECTION", "CONTENT"],
    ["PART A — 15-Mark Essays", "Q1: Leadership Theories | Q2: Staffing & Job Description | Q3: Management Functions & Principles | Q4: Organizing | Q5: Planning & MBO"],
    ["PART B — 5-Mark Short Essays\n(Quick 10-mark revision)", "Delegation | Conflict Management | Motivation Theories | Supervision | Communication | Nursing Audit | Johari Window | Records & Reports | Financial Management | In-service Education"],
]
co = Table(co_data, colWidths=[5*cm, 12*cm])
co.setStyle(TableStyle([
    ("BACKGROUND",(0,0),(-1,0),NAVY), ("TEXTCOLOR",(0,0),(-1,0),white),
    ("FONTNAME",(0,0),(-1,0),"Helvetica-Bold"),
    ("FONTSIZE",(0,0),(-1,-1),9),
    ("VALIGN",(0,0),(-1,-1),"MIDDLE"),
    ("GRID",(0,0),(-1,-1),0.5,HexColor("#cccccc")),
    ("TOPPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1),5), ("BOTTOMPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1),5),
    ("LEFTPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1),6),
    ("ROWBACKGROUNDS",(0,1),(-1,-1),[LTBLUE, white]),
    ("FONTNAME",(0,1),(0,-1),"Helvetica-Bold"), ("TEXTCOLOR",(0,1),(0,-1),NAVY),
]))
story += [co, SP(0.3)]

story.append(tip_box("Write every answer: Introduction → Definition → Types/Points → Nurse's Role → Advantages → Conclusion. Draw diagrams wherever applicable — they add marks!"))
story.append(PageBreak())

# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
# PART A: 15-MARK MODEL ANSWERS
# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
story += [section_banner("PART A: LONG ESSAY — 15 MARKS MODEL ANSWERS", NAVY, white, 13), SP(0.2)]

# ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
# Q1: LEADERSHIP
# ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
story += [q_banner(1, "Define Leadership. Explain leadership theories and styles. Describe qualities of an effective nurse leader.", "15", TEAL), SP(0.15)]

story += [marks_box("MARKS SPLIT:", "Definition (2) + Theories (8) + Qualities (4) + Conclusion (1)", LTGRN, GREEN), SP(0.15)]

story.append(P("<b>Introduction:</b> Leadership is one of the most important functions of nursing management. An effective nurse leader inspires staff, improves patient outcomes, and drives organizational change."))
story.append(SP(0.1))
story.append(P("<b>Definition:</b> Leadership is defined as the <b>ability to influence, guide, and direct</b> individuals or groups toward the achievement of organizational goals. — <i>(Hersey & Blanchard)</i>"))
story.append(SP(0.15))

story.append(P("<b>THEORIES OF LEADERSHIP:</b>"))
story.append(SP(0.1))

story.append(P("<b>1. Trait Theory (Great Man Theory):</b>"))
story += [B("Leaders are BORN, not made"), B("Key traits: Intelligence, self-confidence, determination, integrity, sociability, initiative"), B("Limitation: Does not consider the situation or follower characteristics"), SP(0.1)]

story.append(P("<b>2. Behavioral Theories:</b>"))
beh = [
    ["Theory", "Leadership Styles"],
    ["Lewin's Style Theory", "Autocratic (leader decides alone) | Democratic (shared decision) | Laissez-faire (hands-off)"],
    ["Ohio State Studies", "Initiating Structure (task-focused) vs. Consideration (people-focused)"],
    ["Managerial Grid\n(Blake & Mouton)", "9,9 = Team Leader (ideal) | 1,9 = Country Club | 9,1 = Authority | 1,1 = Impoverished | 5,5 = Middle Road"],
]
story.append(simple_table(beh[0], beh[1:], [4*cm, 13*cm]))
story.append(SP(0.15))

story.append(P("<b>3. Situational Leadership Theory (Hersey & Blanchard):</b>"))
story.append(P("Leader adapts style based on follower's maturity/readiness level:"))
sit = [
    ["Style", "Leader Behavior", "Follower Maturity"],
    ["S1 — Telling",      "High task, Low relationship",  "Low maturity (M1) — unable and unwilling"],
    ["S2 — Selling",      "High task, High relationship", "Low-moderate maturity (M2) — unable but willing"],
    ["S3 — Participating","Low task, High relationship",  "Moderate-high maturity (M3) — able but unwilling"],
    ["S4 — Delegating",   "Low task, Low relationship",   "High maturity (M4) — able and willing"],
]
story.append(simple_table(sit[0], sit[1:], [3.5*cm, 6*cm, 7.5*cm]))
story.append(SP(0.15))

story.append(P("<b>4. Transformational Leadership (Burns, Bass):</b>"))
story.append(P("Inspires followers to exceed their own self-interests for organizational good. Built on the <b>4 I's:</b>"))
for i in ["<b>Idealized Influence</b> — Acts as a role model; followers admire and trust the leader",
          "<b>Inspirational Motivation</b> — Communicates a compelling vision; motivates followers",
          "<b>Intellectual Stimulation</b> — Encourages creativity, innovation, and critical thinking",
          "<b>Individualized Consideration</b> — Pays attention to each follower's individual needs"]:
    story.append(B(i))
story.append(SP(0.1))

story.append(P("<b>5. Transactional Leadership:</b>"))
story += [B("Based on exchange — reward for performance, punishment for non-performance"), B("Focuses on maintaining the current system and short-term goals"), B("Uses contingent reward and management-by-exception"), SP(0.1)]

story.append(P("<b>6. Servant Leadership (Greenleaf):</b>"))
story += [B("Leader serves followers first"), B("Focuses on follower growth, well-being, and empowerment"), B("Highly applicable in nursing management"), SP(0.15)]

story.append(P("<b>QUALITIES OF AN EFFECTIVE NURSE LEADER:</b>"))
quals = [["Quality","Description"],
         ["Vision","Sees the big picture; sets clear goals for the team"],
         ["Communication","Listens actively; communicates clearly and assertively"],
         ["Decision Making","Analyzes situations and makes timely, evidence-based decisions"],
         ["Emotional Intelligence","Manages own emotions; empathizes with staff and patients"],
         ["Integrity","Honest, ethical, and consistent in actions"],
         ["Clinical Competence","Strong nursing knowledge builds credibility with the team"],
         ["Accountability","Takes responsibility for actions and outcomes"],
         ["Flexibility","Adapts to changing situations and priorities"],
]
story.append(simple_table(quals[0], quals[1:], [4.5*cm, 12.5*cm]))
story.append(SP(0.15))

story.append(P("<b>Conclusion:</b> Effective leadership in nursing is not a single style but a dynamic process. A nurse leader who adapts to situations, inspires the team, and maintains ethical standards significantly improves both staff satisfaction and patient care quality."))
story.append(tip_box("RGUHS frequently asks Leadership + Theories. Always draw the Situational Leadership diagram and Managerial Grid for extra marks."))
story.append(PageBreak())

# ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
# Q2: STAFFING
# ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
story += [q_banner(2, "Define Staffing. Explain the functions of staffing. Describe the job description of a Ward Sister.", "15", TEAL), SP(0.15)]
story += [marks_box("MARKS SPLIT:", "Definition (2) + Functions of Staffing (7) + Job Description (5) + Conclusion (1)", LTGRN, GREEN), SP(0.15)]

story.append(P("<b>Introduction:</b> Staffing is a critical management function that ensures the right number and mix of nursing personnel are available to provide quality patient care at all times."))
story.append(P("<b>Definition:</b> Staffing is the process of <b>determining and providing the acceptable number and mix of nursing personnel</b> to produce a desired level of care to meet patient demand. — <i>(ANA)</i>"))
story.append(SP(0.1))

story.append(P("<b>FUNCTIONS OF STAFFING:</b>"))
sf = [["Function","Description"],
      ["1. Manpower Planning","Forecasting future staffing needs based on patient census, acuity level, and bed occupancy"],
      ["2. Recruitment","Attracting qualified candidates through internal (promotion, transfer) and external (advertisements, campus) sources"],
      ["3. Selection","Choosing the best candidate through written tests, interviews, reference checks, and medical examination"],
      ["4. Placement & Induction","Orienting new employees to the organization, policies, procedures, ward layout, and team members"],
      ["5. Training & Development","In-service education, workshops, CMEs, and continuing nursing education for skill upgradation"],
      ["6. Performance Appraisal","Periodic evaluation of employee performance against set standards using tools like graphic rating scale"],
      ["7. Promotion & Transfer","Career advancement based on merit; lateral movement for organizational need or staff preference"],
      ["8. Retention","Reducing turnover through job satisfaction strategies: recognition, fair wages, good working conditions"],
      ["9. Separation","Managing retirement, resignation, termination, and exit interviews properly"],
]
story.append(simple_table(sf[0], sf[1:], [4*cm, 13*cm]))
story.append(SP(0.1))
story.append(tip_box("INC Norms: Nurse:Patient ratio = 1:6 (general ward) | 1:3 (post-op) | 1:1 (ICU/CCU) | 1:4 (paediatrics)"))
story.append(SP(0.15))

story.append(P("<b>JOB DESCRIPTION OF A WARD SISTER:</b>"))
story.append(P("<b>Designation:</b> Ward Sister / Charge Nurse | <b>Qualification:</b> BSc Nursing + 2 years experience / GNM + 3 years | <b>Responsible to:</b> Nursing Superintendent | <b>Responsible for:</b> Staff Nurses, Student Nurses in ward"))
story.append(SP(0.1))

jd = [["Category","Duties and Responsibilities"],
      ["Administrative","• Maintain ward discipline and safe environment\n• Prepare duty roster and allocation of nurses\n• Maintain ward registers, stock registers, and records\n• Ensure proper handover and shift report\n• Coordinate with doctors, paramedical staff, and housekeeping\n• Manage ward budget and indent for supplies"],
      ["Clinical","• Supervise and evaluate nursing care given to patients\n• Ensure nursing care plans are updated daily\n• Monitor critically ill patients and report deterioration\n• Conduct nursing rounds twice daily\n• Ensure infection control protocols are followed\n• Manage emergency situations in the ward"],
      ["Educational","• Orient new staff nurses to the ward\n• Supervise and guide student nurses posted to the ward\n• Conduct ward-level in-service education sessions\n• Patient and family health education"],
      ["Research","• Encourage evidence-based practice\n• Identify clinical problems for nursing research\n• Participate in hospital quality improvement activities"],
]
story.append(simple_table(jd[0], jd[1:], [3.5*cm, 13.5*cm]))
story.append(SP(0.15))

story.append(P("<b>Conclusion:</b> Effective staffing ensures continuous, high-quality nursing care. The Ward Sister plays a pivotal role in translating staffing plans into day-to-day operations, balancing administrative duties with clinical supervision to maintain patient safety and staff efficiency."))
story.append(PageBreak())

# ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
# Q3: MANAGEMENT - FUNCTIONS & PRINCIPLES
# ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
story += [q_banner(3, "Define Management. Explain the functions of management. Describe the 14 principles of management.", "15", TEAL), SP(0.15)]
story += [marks_box("MARKS SPLIT:", "Definition (2) + Functions (6) + 14 Principles (6) + Conclusion (1)", LTGRN, GREEN), SP(0.15)]

story.append(P("<b>Introduction:</b> Management is the backbone of any organization. In nursing, effective management ensures quality patient care, efficient use of resources, and a motivated workforce."))
story.append(P("<b>Definition:</b> Management is the process of <b>planning, organizing, staffing, directing, and controlling</b> available human, material, and financial resources to achieve organizational goals efficiently and effectively. — <i>(Harold Koontz)</i>"))
story.append(SP(0.1))

story.append(P("<b>FUNCTIONS OF MANAGEMENT (POSDCORB — Gulick & Urwick):</b>"))
fmg = [["Function","Description","Nursing Example"],
       ["P — Planning","Setting goals, objectives, and strategies in advance","Preparing nursing care plan"],
       ["O — Organizing","Arranging resources and tasks to achieve goals","Drawing the ward duty roster"],
       ["S — Staffing","Providing adequate and competent personnel","Recruiting qualified nurses"],
       ["D — Directing","Guiding and leading staff to perform tasks","Supervising student nurses"],
       ["Co — Coordinating","Synchronizing activities of all departments","Coordinating with dietary for patient meals"],
       ["R — Reporting","Keeping records and giving information to superiors","Writing nursing incident reports"],
       ["B — Budgeting","Financial planning, accounting, and control","Preparing ward indent/budget"],
]
story.append(simple_table(fmg[0], fmg[1:], [2.5*cm, 6.5*cm, 8*cm]))
story.append(SP(0.15))

story.append(P("<b>14 PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT (Henri Fayol, 1916):</b>"))
prin = [["No.","Principle","Meaning"],
        ["1","Division of Work","Specific parts of the job assigned to different individuals for specialization and efficiency"],
        ["2","Authority & Responsibility","Authority to give orders; responsibility must accompany authority"],
        ["3","Discipline","Obedience and respect for rules between management and staff"],
        ["4","Unity of Command","Each employee receives orders from ONLY ONE superior"],
        ["5","Unity of Direction","One plan, one head for group of activities with the same objective"],
        ["6","Subordination","Individual interests subordinate to organizational interests"],
        ["7","Remuneration","Fair compensation for services rendered to attract and retain staff"],
        ["8","Centralization","Degree to which authority is concentrated at the top level"],
        ["9","Scalar Chain","Clear line of authority from the highest to the lowest level (chain of command)"],
        ["10","Order","Right person in the right place at the right time (social & material order)"],
        ["11","Equity","Fair, kind, and equal treatment of all employees"],
        ["12","Stability of Tenure","Job security and stability leads to greater efficiency and loyalty"],
        ["13","Initiative","Employees should be encouraged to show initiative within policy limits"],
        ["14","Esprit de Corps","Team spirit and unity is strength — promote harmony among staff"],
]
story.append(simple_table(prin[0], prin[1:], [1.2*cm, 4*cm, 11.8*cm]))
story.append(SP(0.15))

story.append(P("<b>Conclusion:</b> Fayol's 14 principles provide a universal framework for effective management. In nursing, these principles guide nurse managers in creating a disciplined, equitable, and productive work environment that ultimately benefits patient care."))
story.append(tip_box("MCQ Alert: Father of Modern Management = Henri Fayol | Father of Scientific Management = F.W. Taylor | Father of Administrative Management = Henri Fayol"))
story.append(PageBreak())

# ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
# Q4: ORGANIZING
# ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
story += [q_banner(4, "Define Organizing. Explain the principles and process of organizing. Describe types of organizational structure.", "15", TEAL), SP(0.15)]
story += [marks_box("MARKS SPLIT:", "Definition (2) + Principles (5) + Process (4) + Types of Structure (3) + Conclusion (1)", LTGRN, GREEN), SP(0.15)]

story.append(P("<b>Introduction:</b> Organizing is the second function of management. It involves arranging and structuring work to accomplish organizational goals efficiently."))
story.append(P("<b>Definition:</b> Organizing is the process of <b>identifying and grouping work to be done, defining and delegating responsibility and authority, and establishing relationships to enable people to work effectively</b> toward organizational goals. — <i>(Louis A. Allen)</i>"))
story.append(SP(0.1))

story.append(P("<b>PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIZING:</b>"))
for pr in [
    "<b>Unity of Command</b> — Each employee reports to only ONE supervisor",
    "<b>Span of Control</b> — The number of subordinates a manager can effectively supervise (ideal: 5-8)",
    "<b>Scalar Chain</b> — Clear line of authority from top to bottom",
    "<b>Division of Labor</b> — Work divided into specialized tasks for efficiency",
    "<b>Authority-Responsibility Parity</b> — Authority must equal responsibility",
    "<b>Flexibility</b> — Structure must adapt to changing conditions",
    "<b>Simplicity</b> — Structure should be as simple as possible",
    "<b>Coordination</b> — All departments must work in harmony toward common goals",
]:
    story.append(B(pr))
story.append(SP(0.15))

story.append(P("<b>PROCESS OF ORGANIZING:</b>"))
for i, st in enumerate([
    "Identify and list all activities needed to achieve the organizational goal",
    "Group related activities into logical departments or units",
    "Assign specific duties and tasks to appropriate personnel",
    "Delegate authority and fix responsibility for each position",
    "Establish clear lines of communication and coordination",
    "Review and adjust the structure periodically",
], 1):
    story.append(B(f"<b>Step {i}:</b> {st}"))
story.append(SP(0.15))

story.append(P("<b>TYPES OF ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE:</b>"))
org = [["Type","Description","Advantage","Example in Nursing"],
       ["Line Organization","Direct line of authority from top to bottom","Simple, clear authority","Military nursing units"],
       ["Line & Staff\nOrganization","Line authority + specialist staff advisors","Expert advice available","Most hospitals"],
       ["Functional\nOrganization","Specialist managers for each function","High specialization","Large university hospitals"],
       ["Matrix\nOrganization","Dual authority: functional + project managers","Flexible, project-based","Hospital accreditation teams"],
       ["Committee\nOrganization","Group makes decisions collectively","Broader participation","Nursing committees"],
]
story.append(simple_table(org[0], org[1:], [3*cm, 4.5*cm, 4*cm, 5.5*cm]))
story.append(SP(0.15))

story.append(P("<b>Conclusion:</b> Effective organizing creates clarity in roles, avoids duplication of work, and ensures smooth coordination. In nursing, a well-organized structure enables efficient patient care delivery and clear accountability at all levels."))
story.append(PageBreak())

# ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
# Q5: PLANNING & MBO
# ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
story += [q_banner(5, "Define Planning. Explain the types and steps of planning. Describe Management by Objectives (MBO).", "15", TEAL), SP(0.15)]
story += [marks_box("MARKS SPLIT:", "Definition (2) + Types (4) + Steps (5) + MBO (3) + Conclusion (1)", LTGRN, GREEN), SP(0.15)]

story.append(P("<b>Introduction:</b> Planning is the primary and most fundamental function of management. It determines what needs to be done, when, how, and by whom — before action begins."))
story.append(P("<b>Definition:</b> Planning is the process of <b>setting objectives and deciding in advance the most suitable course of action to achieve those objectives</b>. — <i>(Koontz & O'Donnell)</i>"))
story.append(SP(0.1))

story.append(P("<b>TYPES OF PLANNING:</b>"))
plan_types = [["Type","Description","Example"],
              ["Strategic Plan","Long-term (3-5 years); broad goals set by top management","Hospital 5-year expansion plan"],
              ["Tactical Plan","Medium-term (1-2 years); mid-level management","Annual nursing department plan"],
              ["Operational Plan","Short-term (daily/weekly/monthly)","Daily ward duty roster"],
              ["Standing Plans","Recurring situations — policies, procedures, rules","Infection control policy"],
              ["Single-Use Plans","Non-recurring — programs, projects, budgets","Mass vaccination camp plan"],
]
story.append(simple_table(plan_types[0], plan_types[1:], [3.5*cm, 6.5*cm, 7*cm]))
story.append(SP(0.15))

story.append(P("<b>STEPS IN PLANNING:</b>"))
for i, s in enumerate([
    "Setting objectives — Define clear, measurable goals (SMART)",
    "Establishing premises — Identify assumptions about the future environment",
    "Identifying alternatives — List all possible courses of action",
    "Evaluating alternatives — Analyze pros and cons of each option",
    "Selecting the best plan — Choose the most feasible and effective alternative",
    "Formulating derivative plans — Develop supporting sub-plans",
    "Implementing the plan — Put the plan into action with assigned responsibilities",
    "Follow-up and review — Monitor progress and take corrective action",
], 1):
    story.append(B(f"<b>Step {i}:</b> {s}"))
story.append(SP(0.15))

story.append(P("<b>MANAGEMENT BY OBJECTIVES (MBO):</b>"))
story.append(P("<b>Concept by:</b> Peter Drucker (1954) | <b>Also called:</b> Management by Results"))
story.append(SP(0.05))
story.append(P("<b>Definition:</b> MBO is a process whereby the superior and subordinate jointly identify common goals, define each individual's major area of responsibility in terms of expected results, and use these measures to guide the operation and assess each member's contribution."))
story.append(SP(0.1))
story.append(P("<b>Steps in MBO:</b>"))
for s in ["Set organizational goals", "Define individual/departmental objectives jointly", "Monitor performance against objectives", "Evaluate and provide feedback", "Reward performance based on achievement"]:
    story.append(B(s))
story.append(SP(0.1))
mbo_table = [["Advantages of MBO", "Limitations of MBO"],
             ["Clear, measurable objectives", "Time-consuming process"],
             ["Improves communication", "Requires complete top management commitment"],
             ["Motivates employees", "Difficult to set quantifiable objectives for nursing"],
             ["Provides basis for fair appraisal", "May create rigidity if goals are not flexible"],
]
mt = Table(mbo_table, colWidths=[8.5*cm, 8.5*cm])
mt.setStyle(TableStyle([
    ("BACKGROUND",(0,0),(-1,0),NAVY), ("TEXTCOLOR",(0,0),(-1,0),white),
    ("FONTNAME",(0,0),(-1,0),"Helvetica-Bold"), ("FONTSIZE",(0,0),(-1,-1),9),
    ("GRID",(0,0),(-1,-1),0.4,HexColor("#cccccc")),
    ("ROWBACKGROUNDS",(0,1),(-1,-1),[LTBLUE, white]),
    ("TOPPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1),4), ("BOTTOMPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1),4),
    ("LEFTPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1),6), ("VALIGN",(0,0),(-1,-1),"MIDDLE"),
]))
story.append(mt)
story.append(SP(0.15))
story.append(P("<b>Conclusion:</b> Planning provides direction and reduces uncertainty. MBO enhances this by making planning a collaborative process, increasing staff ownership of goals and improving overall nursing unit performance."))
story.append(PageBreak())

# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
# PART B: SHORT ESSAY 5-MARK (PRESENTED AS 10-MARK REVISION)
# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
story += [section_banner("PART B: SHORT ESSAYS — 5 MARKS (Quick Revision with Full Model Answers)", PURPLE, white, 12), SP(0.2)]
story += [tip_box("For 5-mark short essays: Write 1 full page. Format: Definition (1 mark) + 3 main points with sub-points (3 marks) + Conclusion/Application (1 mark). Draw a diagram if applicable.", LTPURP, PURPLE), SP(0.2)]

# ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
# SE1: DELEGATION
# ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
story += [q_banner("SE1", "Delegation — Definition, Types, Principles, Process, Barriers", "5", PURPLE), SP(0.1)]

story.append(P("<b>Definition:</b> Delegation is the process of <b>entrusting tasks, authority, and responsibility to a subordinate</b> while the delegator retains ultimate accountability for the outcome. — <i>(Louis Allen)</i>"))
story.append(SP(0.1))

story.append(P("<b>Elements of Delegation (3 key elements):</b>"))
for e in ["<b>Authority</b> — Power to carry out the task (delegated to subordinate)", "<b>Responsibility</b> — Obligation to perform the delegated task", "<b>Accountability</b> — Answerable for the outcome (cannot be delegated; stays with delegator)"]:
    story.append(B(e))
story.append(SP(0.1))

story.append(P("<b>Types of Delegation:</b>"))
for t in ["<b>General Delegation</b> — Blanket authority for a broad range of activities", "<b>Specific Delegation</b> — Authority for a specific task only", "<b>Formal Delegation</b> — Officially assigned through organizational structure", "<b>Informal Delegation</b> — Informally assumed by staff in the absence of official assignment"]:
    story.append(B(t))
story.append(SP(0.1))

story.append(P("<b>Principles of Delegation (SMART delegation):</b>"))
for p in ["Principle of result expectation — define expected outcome clearly", "Principle of parity — authority must equal responsibility", "Principle of unity of command — delegate to ONE person", "Principle of absoluteness of responsibility — accountability cannot be delegated", "Principle of scalar chain — follow the organizational hierarchy"]:
    story.append(B(p))
story.append(SP(0.1))

story.append(P("<b>Barriers to Delegation:</b>"))
for b in ["Fear of losing authority or control", "Lack of confidence in subordinates", "Perfectionism — belief that 'I can do it better'", "Poor communication of expectations"]:
    story.append(B(b))
story.append(SP(0.1))
story.append(P("<b>Conclusion:</b> Effective delegation is essential in nursing management. It develops staff competence, reduces manager overload, and ensures timely, distributed patient care delivery."))
story.append(SP(0.2))

# ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
# SE2: CONFLICT MANAGEMENT
# ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
story += [q_banner("SE2", "Conflict Management — Definition, Types, Steps, Strategies", "5", PURPLE), SP(0.1)]

story.append(P("<b>Definition:</b> Conflict is a <b>disagreement, opposition, or incompatibility of goals, values, or interests</b> between two or more individuals or groups. Conflict management is the process of identifying and resolving conflicts constructively."))
story.append(SP(0.1))

story.append(P("<b>Types of Conflict:</b>"))
for t in ["<b>Intrapersonal</b> — Internal conflict within an individual (role conflict, ethical dilemma)", "<b>Interpersonal</b> — Between two or more individuals (nurse vs. doctor)", "<b>Intragroup</b> — Within a team or department", "<b>Intergroup</b> — Between two departments or units", "<b>Organizational</b> — Between organization and its members"]:
    story.append(B(t))
story.append(SP(0.1))

story.append(P("<b>Steps in Conflict Management:</b>"))
for i, s in enumerate(["Identify the conflict and parties involved", "Assess the nature, causes, and severity", "Intervene early — arrange a meeting of involved parties", "Facilitate communication — allow each party to express views", "Explore solutions collaboratively", "Implement the agreed solution", "Follow up and monitor the outcome"], 1):
    story.append(B(f"<b>Step {i}:</b> {s}"))
story.append(SP(0.1))

story.append(P("<b>Conflict Resolution Strategies (Thomas-Kilmann Model):</b>"))
ck = [["Strategy","Approach","When to Use"],
      ["Avoidance","Withdraw from conflict","Minor issues; cooling-off period needed"],
      ["Accommodation","Give in to others","Maintaining relationship is more important"],
      ["Competition","Assert own position firmly","Ethical issues or emergency decisions"],
      ["Compromise","Both parties give up something","Time pressure; equal power parties"],
      ["Collaboration","Win-win solution for both","Complex problems; long-term relationships"],
]
story.append(simple_table(ck[0], ck[1:], [3.5*cm, 5.5*cm, 8*cm]))
story.append(SP(0.1))
story.append(P("<b>Conclusion:</b> Conflict, when managed well, can lead to positive change, better decisions, and stronger teams. Nurse managers must develop conflict resolution skills to maintain a healthy work environment."))
story.append(SP(0.2))

story.append(PageBreak())

# ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
# SE3: MOTIVATION
# ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
story += [q_banner("SE3", "Motivation Theories — Maslow, Herzberg, McGregor — Application to Nursing", "5", PURPLE), SP(0.1)]

story.append(P("<b>Definition:</b> Motivation is the <b>inner drive or impulse that initiates, directs, and sustains behavior</b> toward achieving a goal. — <i>(Dubin)</i>"))
story.append(SP(0.1))

story.append(P("<b>1. Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs (1943):</b>"))
maslow = [["Level","Need","Nursing Application"],
          ["5 (Highest)","Self-Actualization","Opportunities for growth, research, advanced practice"],
          ["4","Esteem Needs","Recognition, awards, promotion, performance appraisal"],
          ["3","Social Needs","Team-building, friendly work environment, peer support"],
          ["2","Safety Needs","Job security, safe working conditions, clear policies"],
          ["1 (Lowest)","Physiological Needs","Adequate salary, rest room facilities, meal breaks"],
]
story.append(simple_table(maslow[0], maslow[1:], [3*cm, 4.5*cm, 9.5*cm]))
story.append(SP(0.1))

story.append(P("<b>2. Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory (1959):</b>"))
hz = [["Hygiene Factors (Dissatisfiers)","Motivation Factors (Satisfiers)"],
      ["Salary, working conditions","Achievement, recognition"],
      ["Job security, company policy","Growth opportunities, advancement"],
      ["Interpersonal relationships","Responsibility, challenging tasks"],
      ["Absence = dissatisfaction","Presence = motivation & satisfaction"],
]
ht = Table(hz, colWidths=[8.5*cm, 8.5*cm])
ht.setStyle(TableStyle([
    ("BACKGROUND",(0,0),(-1,0),NAVY), ("TEXTCOLOR",(0,0),(-1,0),white),
    ("FONTNAME",(0,0),(-1,0),"Helvetica-Bold"),
    ("BACKGROUND",(0,-1),(-1,-1),LTGOLD), ("FONTNAME",(0,-1),(-1,-1),"Helvetica-Bold"),
    ("FONTSIZE",(0,0),(-1,-1),9),
    ("GRID",(0,0),(-1,-1),0.4,HexColor("#cccccc")),
    ("ROWBACKGROUNDS",(0,1),(-1,-2),[LTBLUE, white]),
    ("TOPPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1),4), ("BOTTOMPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1),4),
    ("LEFTPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1),6),
]))
story.append(ht)
story.append(SP(0.1))

story.append(P("<b>3. McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y (1960):</b>"))
xy = [["Theory X","Theory Y"],
      ["Workers are lazy, dislike work","Workers are self-motivated, enjoy work"],
      ["Need to be controlled and directed","Seek responsibility and show initiative"],
      ["Motivated only by money/fear","Motivated by growth, recognition, challenge"],
      ["Manager uses autocratic style","Manager uses democratic/participative style"],
]
xyt = Table(xy, colWidths=[8.5*cm, 8.5*cm])
xyt.setStyle(TableStyle([
    ("BACKGROUND",(0,0),(-1,0),NAVY), ("TEXTCOLOR",(0,0),(-1,0),white),
    ("FONTNAME",(0,0),(-1,0),"Helvetica-Bold"),
    ("FONTSIZE",(0,0),(-1,-1),9),
    ("GRID",(0,0),(-1,-1),0.4,HexColor("#cccccc")),
    ("ROWBACKGROUNDS",(0,1),(-1,-1),[LTBLUE, white]),
    ("TOPPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1),4), ("BOTTOMPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1),4),
    ("LEFTPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1),6),
]))
story.append(xyt)
story.append(SP(0.1))
story.append(P("<b>Conclusion:</b> Understanding motivation theories helps nurse managers create an environment where nurses feel valued and engaged, reducing burnout and improving patient care outcomes."))
story.append(SP(0.2))

# ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
# SE4: SUPERVISION
# ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
story += [q_banner("SE4", "Supervision in Nursing — Definition, Objectives, Principles, Types, Techniques", "5", PURPLE), SP(0.1)]

story.append(P("<b>Definition:</b> Supervision is the <b>active process of directing, guiding, and influencing the output and productivity</b> of workers toward the accomplishment of predetermined organizational objectives. — <i>(Barr)</i>"))
story.append(SP(0.1))

story.append(P("<b>Objectives of Supervision:</b>"))
for o in ["Ensure quality of patient care", "Develop competence and confidence of nursing staff", "Identify learning needs and provide guidance", "Maintain ward discipline and safe environment", "Evaluate performance and give feedback"]:
    story.append(B(o))

story.append(P("<b>Principles of Supervision:</b>"))
for p in ["Based on democratic values and mutual respect", "Planned and systematic; not fault-finding", "Focused on improvement, not punishment", "Both direct (observation) and indirect (record review) methods used", "Feedback should be immediate and constructive", "Self-supervision must be encouraged"]:
    story.append(B(p))

story.append(P("<b>Types of Supervision:</b>"))
types_sup = [["Type","Description"],
             ["Direct Supervision","Supervisor personally observes the work being performed"],
             ["Indirect Supervision","Through records, reports, and feedback from others"],
             ["Close Supervision","Continuous monitoring for new or low-skilled staff"],
             ["General Supervision","Broad oversight for experienced, competent staff"],
             ["Clinical Supervision","Focus on clinical practice quality and patient safety"],
]
story.append(simple_table(types_sup[0], types_sup[1:], [4*cm, 13*cm]))
story.append(SP(0.1))
story.append(P("<b>Conclusion:</b> Supervision is not about control but about growth. A supportive supervisory relationship improves nurse performance, job satisfaction, and ultimately, patient safety."))
story.append(SP(0.2))

story.append(PageBreak())

# ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
# SE5: JOHARI WINDOW
# ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
story += [q_banner("SE5", "Johari Window — Tool for Enhancing Interpersonal Relationships", "5", PURPLE), SP(0.1)]

story.append(P("<b>Introduced by:</b> Joseph Luft and Harry Ingham (1955). The name 'Johari' is formed from their first names — <b>Jo</b>seph + <b>Hari</b>."))
story.append(P("<b>Definition:</b> Johari Window is a <b>communication model and self-awareness tool</b> that helps individuals understand their relationship with themselves and others."))
story.append(SP(0.1))

story.append(P("<b>THE FOUR QUADRANTS (DRAW THIS DIAGRAM IN THE EXAM):</b>"))

jw_data = [
    ["", "Known to Self", "Not Known to Self"],
    ["Known\nto Others",   "OPEN ARENA\n(Public Self)\nInformation known to both\nself and others.\nIdeal to expand this quadrant.", "BLIND SPOT\n(Blind Self)\nOthers see it; you don't.\nReduced by receiving\nconstructive feedback."],
    ["Not Known\nto Others","HIDDEN AREA\n(Private Self)\nYou know it; others don't.\nShare more to build trust\n(self-disclosure).", "UNKNOWN AREA\n(Dark Self)\nNeither self nor others know.\nReduced through reflection,\ncounselling, discovery."],
]
jw = Table(jw_data, colWidths=[3*cm, 7*cm, 7*cm], rowHeights=[0.7*cm, 2.5*cm, 2.5*cm])
jw.setStyle(TableStyle([
    ("BACKGROUND",(1,0),(2,0),NAVY), ("TEXTCOLOR",(1,0),(2,0),white),
    ("BACKGROUND",(0,1),(0,2),NAVY), ("TEXTCOLOR",(0,1),(0,2),white),
    ("BACKGROUND",(1,1),(1,1),LTGRN),
    ("BACKGROUND",(2,1),(2,1),LTRED),
    ("BACKGROUND",(1,2),(1,2),LTBLUE),
    ("BACKGROUND",(2,2),(2,2),LTGOLD),
    ("FONTNAME",(0,0),(-1,-1),"Helvetica-Bold"),
    ("FONTSIZE",(0,0),(-1,-1),8.5),
    ("ALIGN",(0,0),(-1,-1),"CENTER"),
    ("VALIGN",(0,0),(-1,-1),"MIDDLE"),
    ("GRID",(0,0),(-1,-1),1, NAVY),
]))
story.append(jw)
story.append(SP(0.15))

story.append(P("<b>Application in Nursing:</b>"))
for a in ["Helps nurses improve self-awareness and communication skills", "Expanding the OPEN arena improves team trust and effectiveness", "Receiving feedback reduces the BLIND SPOT — improves clinical performance", "Self-disclosure reduces HIDDEN area — builds authentic nurse-patient and nurse-team relationships", "Used in clinical supervision, team-building workshops, and leadership development"]:
    story.append(B(a))
story.append(SP(0.1))
story.append(P("<b>Conclusion:</b> The Johari Window is a simple but powerful tool for nursing professionals to develop self-awareness, improve communication, and build trusting therapeutic relationships with patients and colleagues."))
story.append(SP(0.2))

# ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
# SE6: NURSING AUDIT / PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL
# ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
story += [q_banner("SE6", "Nursing Audit — Definition, Types, Process, Tools", "5", PURPLE), SP(0.1)]

story.append(P("<b>Definition:</b> Nursing audit is an <b>independent review conducted to compare some aspect of nursing quality performance with a predetermined standard</b> for that performance, in order to evaluate and improve care. — <i>(Phaneuf)</i>"))
story.append(SP(0.1))

story.append(P("<b>Types of Nursing Audit:</b>"))
na_types = [["Type","When Conducted","Focus"],
            ["Retrospective Audit","After patient discharge","Review of closed nursing records — most common"],
            ["Concurrent Audit","While patient is still admitted","Ongoing evaluation of current care quality"],
            ["Prospective Audit","Before care is given","Standard setting and criteria development"],
            ["Peer Audit","By fellow nurses","Professional self-regulation and colleague review"],
]
story.append(simple_table(na_types[0], na_types[1:], [4*cm, 4*cm, 9*cm]))
story.append(SP(0.1))

story.append(P("<b>Process of Nursing Audit:</b>"))
for i, s in enumerate(["Establish standards and criteria for nursing care", "Collect data — through record review, observation, and patient interviews", "Measure actual performance against the established standards", "Identify deficiencies and gaps in care", "Plan and implement corrective action", "Re-audit to verify improvement (quality cycle continues)"], 1):
    story.append(B(f"<b>Step {i}:</b> {s}"))
story.append(SP(0.1))

story.append(P("<b>Tools Used:</b>"))
for t in ["<b>Phaneuf Nursing Audit Tool</b> — reviews nursing process in medical records", "<b>Slater Nursing Competency Rating Scale</b> — observational tool", "<b>Quality Patient Care Scale (QualPacs)</b> — concurrent audit tool"]:
    story.append(B(t))
story.append(SP(0.1))
story.append(P("<b>Conclusion:</b> Nursing audit is an essential quality assurance mechanism. Regular audits identify gaps in practice, ensure accountability, and drive continuous improvement in nursing care standards."))
story.append(SP(0.2))

story.append(PageBreak())

# ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
# SE7: RECORDS AND REPORTS
# ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
story += [q_banner("SE7", "Records and Reports in Nursing — Definition, Types, Principles, POMR", "5", PURPLE), SP(0.1)]

story.append(P("<b>Records:</b> Written, permanent accounts of patient care, administrative activities, and organizational information. <b>Reports:</b> Verbal or written communication of current information to authorized persons."))
story.append(SP(0.1))

story.append(P("<b>Principles of Good Recording:</b>"))
for p in ["Accuracy — factual and error-free", "Completeness — all relevant information included", "Brevity — concise and to the point", "Legibility — clearly written/typed", "Timeliness — recorded immediately after event", "Confidentiality — accessible only to authorized persons"]:
    story.append(B(p))
story.append(SP(0.1))

story.append(P("<b>Types of Clinical Records:</b>"))
for r in ["Nursing assessment record", "Nursing care plan", "Medication administration record (MAR)", "Vital signs chart", "Intake and output chart", "Surgical safety checklist", "Incident/accident report"]:
    story.append(B(r))
story.append(SP(0.1))

story.append(P("<b>Problem Oriented Medical Record (POMR) — Dr. Lawrence Weed:</b>"))
pomr = [["Component","Content"],
        ["Database","Complete history, physical exam, lab results, baseline data"],
        ["Problem List","Numbered list of all patient problems — medical, social, nursing, psychological"],
        ["Initial Plan","Diagnostic, therapeutic, and educational plan for each problem"],
        ["Progress Notes","Using SOAP format: Subjective, Objective, Assessment, Plan"],
]
story.append(simple_table(pomr[0], pomr[1:], [4*cm, 13*cm]))
story.append(SP(0.1))
story.append(P("<b>Conclusion:</b> Accurate records and timely reports are the backbone of safe nursing practice. They ensure continuity of care, provide legal protection, and serve as a basis for nursing audit and research."))
story.append(SP(0.2))

# ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
# SE8: FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT / BUDGET
# ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
story += [q_banner("SE8", "Financial Management / Budget in Nursing — Definition, Types, Steps, Principles", "5", PURPLE), SP(0.1)]

story.append(P("<b>Definition:</b> Financial management is the process of <b>planning, organizing, directing, and controlling the financial activities</b> of an organization to achieve its objectives economically and efficiently."))
story.append(P("<b>Budget Definition:</b> A budget is a <b>written financial plan</b> that estimates income and expenditure for a specific future period, used as a control and planning tool."))
story.append(SP(0.1))

story.append(P("<b>Types of Budget:</b>"))
for b in ["<b>Operating/Revenue Budget</b> — Day-to-day expenses: salaries, drugs, supplies", "<b>Capital Budget</b> — Major equipment and infrastructure (ventilator, MRI)", "<b>Personnel Budget</b> — Staffing costs including salaries, overtime, benefits", "<b>Cash Budget</b> — Projected cash inflows and outflows", "<b>Zero-based Budget</b> — Every item justified from scratch each year (no automatic rollover)"]:
    story.append(B(b))
story.append(SP(0.1))

story.append(P("<b>Steps in Budget Preparation:</b>"))
for i, s in enumerate(["Analyze previous year's expenditure and variance", "Set objectives for the coming year", "Estimate income (hospital revenue, government grants)", "Estimate expenditure (personnel, supplies, equipment)", "Prepare draft budget and submit for approval", "Implement the approved budget", "Monitor, control, and report variances monthly"], 1):
    story.append(B(f"<b>Step {i}:</b> {s}"))
story.append(SP(0.1))

story.append(P("<b>Principles of Budgeting:</b>"))
for p in ["Accuracy and completeness", "Flexibility to adapt to changing needs", "Participation of all concerned departments", "Accountability at each level", "Periodic review and correction"]:
    story.append(B(p))
story.append(SP(0.1))
story.append(P("<b>Conclusion:</b> Financial management ensures efficient use of hospital resources. Nurse managers must understand budgeting to advocate for adequate staffing, equipment, and supplies needed for quality patient care."))
story.append(SP(0.2))

story.append(PageBreak())

# ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
# SE9: IN-SERVICE EDUCATION
# ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
story += [q_banner("SE9", "In-Service Education — Definition, Objectives, Types, Methods, Planning", "5", PURPLE), SP(0.1)]

story.append(P("<b>Definition:</b> In-service education is a <b>planned educational program within the employing agency</b>, designed to help nurses maintain or improve their competence in their current position. — <i>(ANA)</i>"))
story.append(SP(0.1))

story.append(P("<b>Objectives:</b>"))
for o in ["Maintain and improve clinical competence of nursing staff", "Orient new employees to organizational policies and procedures", "Prepare staff for role changes and promotion", "Improve job performance and patient care quality", "Update staff on new procedures, equipment, and evidence-based practice", "Motivate and improve job satisfaction of nurses"]:
    story.append(B(o))
story.append(SP(0.1))

story.append(P("<b>Types of In-Service Education Programs:</b>"))
ise = [["Type","Description"],
       ["Orientation Program","For newly recruited nurses — hospital policies, ward routines, safety"],
       ["Staff Development Program","Ongoing skill upgrading — new techniques, equipment use"],
       ["Continuing Nursing Education (CNE)","Updates on current developments; may lead to certification"],
       ["Leadership Development","Training for nurses being promoted to supervisory positions"],
       ["Specialty Training","ICU nursing, wound care, dialysis, oncology nursing skills"],
]
story.append(simple_table(ise[0], ise[1:], [4*cm, 13*cm]))
story.append(SP(0.1))

story.append(P("<b>Methods Used:</b>"))
for m in ["Lecture and discussion", "Demonstration and return demonstration", "Case study and clinical simulation", "Role play and group discussion", "Workshop and seminar", "Self-directed learning and e-learning modules"]:
    story.append(B(m))
story.append(SP(0.1))
story.append(P("<b>Conclusion:</b> In-service education is a continuous investment in nursing staff. It bridges the gap between knowledge gained in college and the ever-evolving demands of clinical practice, resulting in better patient outcomes."))
story.append(SP(0.2))

# ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
# SE10: COMMUNICATION
# ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
story += [q_banner("SE10", "Communication in Nursing — Process, Types, Barriers, Strategies", "5", PURPLE), SP(0.1)]

story.append(P("<b>Definition:</b> Communication is the <b>dynamic process of sending and receiving information, ideas, and feelings</b> between two or more people, with the purpose of achieving understanding and desired action."))
story.append(SP(0.1))

story.append(P("<b>Process of Communication (7 elements):</b>"))
for e in ["<b>Sender</b> — Encodes and transmits the message", "<b>Message</b> — Information to be communicated", "<b>Encoding</b> — Converting ideas into words/symbols", "<b>Channel</b> — Medium of transmission (verbal, written, electronic)", "<b>Receiver</b> — Decodes and interprets the message", "<b>Decoding</b> — Interpreting the message received", "<b>Feedback</b> — Response from receiver to sender (ensures communication is complete)"]:
    story.append(B(e))
story.append(SP(0.1))

story.append(P("<b>Types of Communication:</b>"))
comm_types = [["Basis","Types"],
              ["Direction","Upward (staff to manager), Downward (manager to staff), Horizontal (peer to peer), Diagonal (cross-departmental)"],
              ["Form","Verbal (spoken), Non-verbal (body language, gestures), Written (letters, reports, records)"],
              ["Formality","Formal (official channels), Informal (grapevine)"],
]
story.append(simple_table(comm_types[0], comm_types[1:], [3*cm, 14*cm]))
story.append(SP(0.1))

story.append(P("<b>Barriers to Communication:</b>"))
for b in ["Language barriers — medical jargon with patients", "Noise — environmental distractions", "Emotional barriers — anxiety, anger, grief", "Perceptual differences — different interpretations", "Information overload — too much at once", "Lack of feedback mechanism"]:
    story.append(B(b))
story.append(SP(0.1))

story.append(P("<b>Strategies to Improve Communication:</b>"))
for s in ["Use simple, clear language (avoid jargon)", "Active listening — maintain eye contact, nod, reflect", "Provide and seek feedback", "Choose appropriate channel for the message", "Be aware of non-verbal cues"]:
    story.append(B(s))
story.append(SP(0.1))
story.append(P("<b>Conclusion:</b> Effective communication is fundamental to safe nursing care. Poor communication is the leading cause of medical errors; therefore, nurse managers must model and promote open, clear communication at all levels."))

story.append(PageBreak())

# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
# FINAL PAGE: MCQ + LAST-MINUTE TIPS
# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
story += [section_banner("MCQ READY RECKONER — RGUHS PATTERN", ORANGE, white, 12), SP(0.2)]

mcq_data = [
    ["Question Topic", "Correct Answer", "Explanation"],
    ["Father of Scientific Management", "F.W. Taylor", "Time & motion studies; efficiency expert"],
    ["Father of Modern/Administrative Management", "Henri Fayol", "14 principles of management"],
    ["Evaluation & feedback = component of", "Controlling", "Controlling = setting standards, measuring, correcting"],
    ["Forecasting in planning refers to", "Predicting future conditions", "Basis for planning premises"],
    ["First step in personnel management", "Manpower planning", "Plan before you recruit"],
    ["Herzberg — recognition, growth, achievement", "Motivation factor (Satisfier)", "Not salary = motivation factor"],
    ["Ability to force employee to comply", "Coercive power", "Coercive = force/punishment"],
    ["Treat every person equally regardless of background", "Justice", "Ethical principle of fairness"],
    ["PERT expected time formula", "(O + 4M + P) ÷ 6", "Weighted average time estimate"],
    ["Tuckman's first stage of team development", "Forming", "Forming → Storming → Norming → Performing → Adjourning"],
    ["Unity of command means", "One boss per employee", "Fayol's principle #4"],
    ["Maslow's highest level need", "Self-actualization", "Reaching full potential"],
    ["Management by Objectives concept by", "Peter Drucker", "1954 — management classic"],
    ["Johari Window introduced by", "Joseph Luft & Harry Ingham", "Jo + Hari = Johari"],
    ["Types of delegation (basis of authority)", "General and Specific", "General = broad; Specific = one task"],
]
story.append(simple_table(mcq_data[0], mcq_data[1:], [5.5*cm, 5.5*cm, 6*cm]))
story.append(SP(0.3))

story += [section_banner("LAST-NIGHT STRATEGY — 16 JULY 2026 NIGHT", RED, white, 12), SP(0.2)]

strategy = [
    ["Time Block", "What to Study"],
    ["8 PM – 9 PM",  "Write full answer for Q1 (Leadership theories) once — practice your format"],
    ["9 PM – 10 PM", "Read Q2 (Staffing + Job Description) — memorize functions and job desc categories"],
    ["10 PM – 11 PM","Short essays: Delegation, Conflict Management, Johari Window diagram practice"],
    ["11 PM – 12 AM","Short essays: Nursing Audit, Records/Reports, Motivation theories"],
    ["12 AM – 12:30 AM","MCQ reckoner above — memorize all 15 answers"],
    ["Sleep by 12:30 AM","Adequate sleep = better recall in exam. Stop studying at midnight."],
]
story.append(simple_table(strategy[0], strategy[1:], [4.5*cm, 12.5*cm], ORANGE))
story.append(SP(0.2))

final_tips = [
    ["✏️ Start with definitions", "Never dive into points without a clear definition — 1 mark guaranteed"],
    ["📋 Use subheadings", "Types / Principles / Steps / Role of Nurse Manager — structure adds marks"],
    ["📐 Draw diagrams", "Johari Window, Maslow pyramid, Organizational chart, Communication process"],
    ["⏱️ Time allocation", "15-mark essay = 20 min | 5-mark essay = 8 min | MCQ = 10 min total"],
    ["✅ Attempt all questions", "RGUHS does not have optional questions in this pattern — attempt all"],
    ["🔄 Conclusion always", "End every answer with 2 lines of conclusion — never leave it open"],
]
story.append(simple_table(["Exam Tip", "Why It Matters"], final_tips, [4.5*cm, 12.5*cm], GREEN))
story.append(SP(0.3))

# Footer
foot = Table([["RGUHS Nursing Management & Leadership | Quick Revision 2026 | Prepared by Orris Study Guides | 16 July 2026"]], colWidths=[17*cm])
foot.setStyle(TableStyle([
    ("BACKGROUND",(0,0),(-1,-1),NAVY), ("TEXTCOLOR",(0,0),(-1,-1),HexColor("#aaaaaa")),
    ("FONTNAME",(0,0),(-1,-1),"Helvetica"), ("FONTSIZE",(0,0),(-1,-1),8),
    ("ALIGN",(0,0),(-1,-1),"CENTER"),
    ("TOPPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1),6), ("BOTTOMPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1),6),
]))
story.append(foot)

# BUILD
doc.build(story)
print(f"SUCCESS: {OUTPUT}")

from reportlab.lib.pagesizes import A4
from reportlab.lib.styles import ParagraphStyle
from reportlab.lib.units import cm
from reportlab.lib.colors import HexColor, white, black
from reportlab.platypus import (
    SimpleDocTemplate, Paragraph, Spacer, Table, TableStyle,
    HRFlowable, PageBreak, KeepTogether
)
from reportlab.lib.enums import TA_CENTER, TA_LEFT, TA_JUSTIFY, TA_RIGHT
from reportlab.lib import colors

OUTPUT = "/tmp/workspace/nursing-mgmt-guide/RGUHS_vs_KUHS_Comparison_2024_2026.pdf"

# ── Colours ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
NAVY    = HexColor("#1a3a5c")
TEAL    = HexColor("#0e7c86")
GOLD    = HexColor("#f0a500")
RED     = HexColor("#c0392b")
GREEN   = HexColor("#1e8449")
PURPLE  = HexColor("#6c3483")
ORANGE  = HexColor("#d35400")
MAROON  = HexColor("#7b241c")
DKBLUE  = HexColor("#1a5276")
DKGRN   = HexColor("#145a32")
LTBLUE  = HexColor("#d6eaf8")
LTGRN   = HexColor("#d5f5e3")
LTGOLD  = HexColor("#fef9e7")
LTRED   = HexColor("#fdedec")
LTPURP  = HexColor("#f4ecf7")
LTTEAL  = HexColor("#d1f2eb")
GREY    = HexColor("#f2f3f4")
DKGREY  = HexColor("#2c3e50")
MIDGREY = HexColor("#85929e")
RGUHS_C = HexColor("#1a3a5c")   # navy for RGUHS
KUHS_C  = HexColor("#7b241c")   # maroon for KUHS

# ── Style helpers ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
def S(name, **kw):
    return ParagraphStyle(name, **kw)

body   = S("body",  fontSize=9.5, fontName="Helvetica",      textColor=DKGREY, leading=15, spaceAfter=4, alignment=TA_JUSTIFY)
small  = S("sm",    fontSize=9,   fontName="Helvetica",      textColor=DKGREY, leading=13)
smallB = S("smB",   fontSize=9,   fontName="Helvetica-Bold", textColor=DKGREY, leading=13)
bullet = S("bul",   fontSize=9.5, fontName="Helvetica",      textColor=DKGREY, leading=14,
           leftIndent=14, firstLineIndent=-8, spaceAfter=2)
italics= S("ital",  fontSize=9,   fontName="Helvetica-Oblique", textColor=MIDGREY, leading=12)

def P(t, s=None):  return Paragraph(t, s or body)
def B(t):          return Paragraph(f"• {t}", bullet)
def SP(h=0.2):     return Spacer(1, h*cm)
def HR():          return HRFlowable(width="100%", thickness=0.5, color=HexColor("#cccccc"), spaceAfter=3, spaceBefore=3)

# ── Banner helpers ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
def banner(text, bg=NAVY, fg=white, fs=12, h=0.85, align="LEFT", pad=10):
    t = Table([[text]], colWidths=[17*cm], rowHeights=[h*cm])
    t.setStyle(TableStyle([
        ("BACKGROUND",(0,0),(-1,-1), bg),
        ("TEXTCOLOR", (0,0),(-1,-1), fg),
        ("FONTNAME",  (0,0),(-1,-1), "Helvetica-Bold"),
        ("FONTSIZE",  (0,0),(-1,-1), fs),
        ("ALIGN",     (0,0),(-1,-1), align),
        ("VALIGN",    (0,0),(-1,-1), "MIDDLE"),
        ("LEFTPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1), pad),
    ]))
    return t

def two_col_banner(ltxt, rtxt, lbg=RGUHS_C, rbg=KUHS_C, fs=11):
    t = Table([[ltxt, rtxt]], colWidths=[8.5*cm, 8.5*cm], rowHeights=[0.8*cm])
    t.setStyle(TableStyle([
        ("BACKGROUND",(0,0),(0,0), lbg), ("BACKGROUND",(1,0),(1,0), rbg),
        ("TEXTCOLOR", (0,0),(-1,-1), white),
        ("FONTNAME",  (0,0),(-1,-1), "Helvetica-Bold"),
        ("FONTSIZE",  (0,0),(-1,-1), fs),
        ("ALIGN",     (0,0),(-1,-1), "CENTER"),
        ("VALIGN",    (0,0),(-1,-1), "MIDDLE"),
    ]))
    return t

def info_box(text, bg=LTGOLD, border=GOLD):
    t = Table([[Paragraph(text, S("ib", fontSize=9, fontName="Helvetica", textColor=DKGREY, leading=13))]],
              colWidths=[17*cm])
    t.setStyle(TableStyle([
        ("BACKGROUND",(0,0),(-1,-1), bg),
        ("BOX",       (0,0),(-1,-1), 1.2, border),
        ("LEFTPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1), 8), ("RIGHTPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1), 8),
        ("TOPPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1), 5),  ("BOTTOMPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1), 5),
    ]))
    return t

def make_table(hdr, rows, widths=None, hbg=NAVY, stripe=True, fontsize=9):
    if widths is None:
        widths = [17*cm/len(hdr)]*len(hdr)
    data = [hdr] + rows
    t = Table(data, colWidths=widths)
    style = [
        ("BACKGROUND",   (0,0),(-1,0), hbg),
        ("TEXTCOLOR",    (0,0),(-1,0), white),
        ("FONTNAME",     (0,0),(-1,0), "Helvetica-Bold"),
        ("FONTSIZE",     (0,0),(-1,-1), fontsize),
        ("VALIGN",       (0,0),(-1,-1), "MIDDLE"),
        ("GRID",         (0,0),(-1,-1), 0.4, HexColor("#cccccc")),
        ("TOPPADDING",   (0,0),(-1,-1), 4),
        ("BOTTOMPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1), 4),
        ("LEFTPADDING",  (0,0),(-1,-1), 6),
    ]
    if stripe:
        for i in range(1, len(data)):
            style.append(("BACKGROUND",(0,i),(-1,i), LTBLUE if i%2==1 else white))
    t.setStyle(TableStyle(style))
    return t

def tick(v): return "✓" if v else "–"

# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
# DOCUMENT
# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
doc = SimpleDocTemplate(
    OUTPUT, pagesize=A4,
    leftMargin=2*cm, rightMargin=2*cm,
    topMargin=2*cm, bottomMargin=2*cm,
    title="RGUHS vs KUHS Nursing Management & Leadership — Paper Comparison 2024–2026",
    author="Orris Study Guides"
)
story = []

# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
# COVER PAGE
# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
story.append(banner("BSc NURSING — 6th SEMESTER", NAVY, white, 14, 1.0, "CENTER"))
story.append(banner("NURSING MANAGEMENT & LEADERSHIP", TEAL, white, 22, 1.8, "CENTER", 0))
story.append(banner("RGUHS  vs  KUHS  |  PAPER COMPARISON  |  2024 – 2026", GOLD, NAVY, 13, 0.9, "CENTER", 0))
story.append(SP(0.4))

# Two-university description
desc_data = [[
    Paragraph("<b>RGUHS</b>\nRajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences\nKarnataka, Bengaluru\nQ.P. Codes: 1774, 1792",
              S("rd", fontSize=10, fontName="Helvetica-Bold", textColor=white, alignment=TA_CENTER, leading=16)),
    Paragraph("<b>KUHS</b>\nKerala University of Health Sciences\nThrissur, Kerala\nQ.P. Code: 623010",
              S("kd", fontSize=10, fontName="Helvetica-Bold", textColor=white, alignment=TA_CENTER, leading=16)),
]]
desc_t = Table(desc_data, colWidths=[8.5*cm, 8.5*cm], rowHeights=[2.2*cm])
desc_t.setStyle(TableStyle([
    ("BACKGROUND",(0,0),(0,0), RGUHS_C),
    ("BACKGROUND",(1,0),(1,0), KUHS_C),
    ("VALIGN",(0,0),(-1,-1),"MIDDLE"),
    ("LEFTPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1),8),
]))
story.append(desc_t)
story.append(SP(0.3))

# Papers covered
papers = [
    ["Paper", "University", "Q.P. Code", "Exam Date",         "Marks", "Status"],
    ["P1",    "RGUHS",      "1792",      "08 January 2026",   "75",    "✓ Confirmed"],
    ["P2",    "RGUHS",      "1774",      "Previous Bank",     "80",    "✓ Official Bank"],
    ["P3",    "KUHS",       "623010",    "February 2025",     "75",    "✓ Confirmed"],
    ["P4",    "KUHS",       "623010",    "February 2024",     "75",    "✓ Confirmed"],
    ["P5",    "RGUHS/KUHS", "Multiple", "2023–2024 Archive", "75",    "Analysed"],
]
story.append(make_table(papers[0], papers[1:], [1.5*cm, 2.5*cm, 2.5*cm, 4*cm, 2*cm, 4.5*cm]))
story.append(SP(0.3))

# What this PDF contains
toc = [
    ["Section", "Content", "Page"],
    ["1", "University & Exam Format Comparison",              "2"],
    ["2", "Side-by-Side Question Paper Analysis (2025–2026)", "3"],
    ["3", "Topic Frequency Heat Map (2024–2026)",             "4"],
    ["4", "Long Essay (15-mark) Trend Analysis",              "5"],
    ["5", "Short Essay (5-mark) Trend Analysis",              "6"],
    ["6", "MCQ Pattern Comparison",                           "7"],
    ["7", "Repeating Questions — Both Universities",          "8"],
    ["8", "Prediction Table for Next Exam",                   "9"],
    ["9", "Full Answer Outlines for Predicted Questions",     "10"],
]
story.append(make_table(toc[0], toc[1:], [1.2*cm, 12.3*cm, 3.5*cm], PURPLE))
story.append(SP(0.3))
story.append(info_box("<b>How to use this guide:</b> Section 1-3 gives you the big picture. Section 4-6 shows exactly which topics each university loves. Section 7 shows questions both universities ask — these are your highest-priority topics. Section 8-9 gives you ready predictions with answer outlines for your upcoming exam."))
story.append(PageBreak())

# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
# SECTION 1: FORMAT COMPARISON
# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
story.append(banner("SECTION 1: UNIVERSITY & EXAM FORMAT COMPARISON", NAVY, white, 12))
story.append(SP(0.2))

fmt = [
    ["Feature",                   "RGUHS (Karnataka)",                   "KUHS (Kerala)"],
    ["Full Name",                 "Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences", "Kerala University of Health Sciences"],
    ["Headquarter",               "Bengaluru, Karnataka",                "Thrissur, Kerala"],
    ["Subject Name",              "Nursing Management & Leadership",     "Nursing Management and Leadership"],
    ["Q.P. Code",                 "1792 (current), 1774 (old bank)",     "623010"],
    ["Max Marks",                 "75 Marks",                            "75 Marks"],
    ["Duration",                  "3 Hours",                             "3 Hours"],
    ["Long Essay",                "2 × 15 = 30 Marks",                   "2 × 15 = 30 Marks"],
    ["Short Essays",              "5 × 5 = 25 Marks",                    "5 × 5 = 25 Marks"],
    ["Short Answers",             "4 × 2 = 8 Marks",                     "Differentiate (2×2) + List (2×2) = 8 Marks"],
    ["MCQs",                      "12 × 1 = 12 Marks",                   "12 × 1 = 12 Marks"],
    ["Diagrams required?",        "Yes — draw wherever necessary",       "Yes — draw wherever necessary"],
    ["Question pattern",          "Answer-specific; both pages needed",  "Answer all questions; no blanks between answers"],
    ["Optional questions?",       "No — attempt ALL",                    "No — attempt ALL"],
    ["INC Syllabus alignment",    "Yes — INC 2021 scheme",               "Yes — INC 2021 scheme"],
    ["Internal Assessment",       "20 Marks internal (separate)",        "25 Marks internal (separate)"],
]
rguhs_rows = [[Paragraph(r[0], smallB), Paragraph(r[1], small), Paragraph(r[2], small)] for r in fmt[1:]]
story.append(make_table(fmt[0], rguhs_rows, [4.5*cm, 6.25*cm, 6.25*cm]))
story.append(SP(0.2))
story.append(info_box("<b>Key Difference:</b> KUHS uses 'Differentiate between' and 'List down' for the 2-mark section, while RGUHS uses open 'Short Answers'. Both have identical total marks (75) and question structure. MCQ pattern and topics are almost identical — both follow INC syllabus."))
story.append(PageBreak())

# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
# SECTION 2: SIDE-BY-SIDE PAPER ANALYSIS
# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
story.append(banner("SECTION 2: SIDE-BY-SIDE QUESTION PAPER ANALYSIS (2025–2026)", NAVY, white, 12))
story.append(SP(0.2))

story.append(two_col_banner("RGUHS — Jan 2026  (Q.P. 1792)", "KUHS — Feb 2025  (Q.P. 623010)"))
story.append(SP(0.15))

# Long essays
story.append(banner("LONG ESSAYS (15 Marks Each)", TEAL, white, 10, 0.6))
le_data = [
    ["Q.No.", "RGUHS Jan 2026",                                      "Q.No.", "KUHS Feb 2025"],
    ["Q1",    "Define financial management. Explain elements and scope. Describe steps of planning budget for nursing unit.",
     "Q1",    "Explain the different levels of management. Describe the principles of management. (7+8)"],
    ["Q2",    "Define delegation. Explain types and principles of delegation. Describe strategies for effective delegation.",
     "Q2",    "Explain the functions of staffing. Describe the job description of a staff nurse in medical ward. (7+8)"],
]
le_rows = [[Paragraph(r[0], smallB), Paragraph(r[1], small), Paragraph(r[2], smallB), Paragraph(r[3], small)] for r in le_data[1:]]
story.append(make_table(le_data[0], le_rows, [1.2*cm, 7.3*cm, 1.2*cm, 7.3*cm], DKBLUE))
story.append(SP(0.2))

# Short essays
story.append(banner("SHORT ESSAYS (5 Marks Each)", TEAL, white, 10, 0.6))
se_data = [
    ["Q.No.", "RGUHS Jan 2026",                                              "Q.No.", "KUHS Feb 2025"],
    ["Q3",    "Johari Window as tool for interpersonal relationship",         "Q4",    "Recent trends and issues in nursing service and management"],
    ["Q4",    "Committees in nursing educational institutions",               "Q5",    "Inventory control"],
    ["Q5",    "Models of organizational behaviour",                           "Q6",    "Team management"],
    ["Q6",    "Records and reports in nursing educational institutions",      "Q7",    "Program Evaluation Review Technique (PERT)"],
    ["Q7",    "Steps of conflict management",                                 "Q8",    "Collective bargaining"],
]
se_rows = [[Paragraph(r[0], smallB), Paragraph(r[1], small), Paragraph(r[2], smallB), Paragraph(r[3], small)] for r in se_data[1:]]
story.append(make_table(se_data[0], se_rows, [1.2*cm, 7.3*cm, 1.2*cm, 7.3*cm], DKBLUE))
story.append(SP(0.2))

# Short answers
story.append(banner("SHORT ANSWERS / DIFFERENTIATE / LIST (2 Marks Each)", TEAL, white, 10, 0.6))
sa_data = [
    ["RGUHS Jan 2026",                                      "KUHS Feb 2025"],
    ["Q8: List the principles of management",               "Q9: Situational vs Transformational leadership"],
    ["Q9: Differentiate strategic and operational plan",    "Q10: Master plan vs Clinical rotation plan"],
    ["Q10: Mention four functions of hospital",             "Q11: Components of POMR"],
    ["Q11: Classify types of disaster",                     "Q12: Records and reports of college of nursing"],
]
sa_rows = [[Paragraph(r[0], small), Paragraph(r[1], small)] for r in sa_data[1:]]
story.append(make_table(sa_data[0], sa_rows, [8.5*cm, 8.5*cm], DKBLUE))
story.append(SP(0.2))

# MCQ comparison
story.append(banner("MCQ COMPARISON (1 Mark Each — Selected Confirmed Questions)", TEAL, white, 10, 0.6))
mcq_data = [
    ["RGUHS Jan 2026 MCQs",                                 "KUHS Feb 2025 MCQs"],
    ["Father of Scientific Management (ans: F.W. Taylor)",  "INC nurse-patient ratio norms"],
    ["Evaluation/feedback = component of (ans: Controlling)","Nursing audit as QA approach (ans: Nursing audit)"],
    ["Forecasting in planning (ans: Predicting future)",    "Herzberg — recognition/growth (ans: Motivation factor)"],
    ["First step in personnel mgmt (ans: Manpower planning)","Coercive power definition"],
    ["[8 more MCQs on page 2 — not available]",             "Assertive behaviour definition (ans: Assertive)"],
    ["Topics likely: Delegation, Budget, OB, Leadership",   "Topics: Justice, Division of labour, Certification"],
]
mcq_rows = [[Paragraph(r[0], small), Paragraph(r[1], small)] for r in mcq_data[1:]]
story.append(make_table(mcq_data[0], mcq_rows, [8.5*cm, 8.5*cm], DKBLUE))
story.append(PageBreak())

# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
# SECTION 3: TOPIC FREQUENCY HEAT MAP
# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
story.append(banner("SECTION 3: TOPIC FREQUENCY HEAT MAP (2023–2026, Both Universities)", NAVY, white, 12))
story.append(SP(0.1))
story.append(info_box("Legend:  🔴 Asked 3+ times (MUST prepare)  |  🟠 Asked 2 times (HIGH priority)  |  🟡 Asked 1 time (MEDIUM priority)  |  ⬜ Not yet seen (possible new topic)"))
story.append(SP(0.15))

heat_hdr = ["Topic", "RGUHS\n2023", "RGUHS\n2024", "RGUHS\n2026", "KUHS\n2024", "KUHS\n2025", "Total", "Priority"]
heat_rows = [
    ["Leadership Theories & Styles",  "✓","✓","–","✓","✓", "4", "🔴 MUST"],
    ["Management Functions/POSDCORB", "✓","–","–","✓","✓", "3", "🔴 MUST"],
    ["Principles of Management (14)", "✓","–","–","✓","✓", "3", "🔴 MUST"],
    ["Levels of Management",          "–","✓","–","✓","✓", "3", "🔴 MUST"],
    ["Staffing Functions",             "✓","–","–","✓","✓", "3", "🔴 MUST"],
    ["Job Description (Staff Nurse/Ward Sister)","✓","–","–","✓","✓","3","🔴 MUST"],
    ["Planning + Types + Steps",       "✓","–","–","–","✓", "2", "🟠 HIGH"],
    ["Management by Objectives",       "–","✓","–","–","✓", "2", "🟠 HIGH"],
    ["Organizing + Org Structure",     "–","✓","–","✓","–", "2", "🟠 HIGH"],
    ["Financial Management / Budget",  "–","✓","✓","–","–", "2", "🟠 HIGH"],
    ["Delegation",                     "–","–","✓","✓","–", "2", "🟠 HIGH"],
    ["Supervision",                    "✓","–","–","✓","–", "2", "🟠 HIGH"],
    ["Conflict Management",            "–","–","✓","–","–", "1", "🟡 MED"],
    ["Johari Window",                  "–","–","✓","–","–", "1", "🟡 MED"],
    ["Records & Reports / POMR",       "✓","–","✓","✓","✓", "4", "🔴 MUST"],
    ["Nursing Audit",                  "✓","–","–","✓","✓", "3", "🔴 MUST"],
    ["Inventory Control",              "–","✓","–","–","✓", "2", "🟠 HIGH"],
    ["PERT / Gantt Chart",             "–","✓","–","–","✓", "2", "🟠 HIGH"],
    ["Collective Bargaining",          "–","–","–","–","✓", "1", "🟡 MED"],
    ["Motivation Theories",            "✓","–","–","✓","–", "2", "🟠 HIGH"],
    ["Committees (Nursing Edu)",       "–","–","✓","–","–", "1", "🟡 MED"],
    ["Org Behaviour Models",           "–","–","✓","–","–", "1", "🟡 MED"],
    ["Communication & Barriers",       "✓","–","–","–","–", "1", "🟡 MED"],
    ["In-service Education",           "–","✓","–","–","–", "1", "🟡 MED"],
    ["Team Management",                "–","–","–","–","✓", "1", "🟡 MED"],
    ["Recent Trends in Nursing Mgmt",  "–","–","–","–","✓", "1", "🟡 MED"],
    ["INC Standards / Nursing Law",    "✓","–","–","–","–", "1", "🟡 MED"],
    ["Performance Appraisal",          "✓","–","–","✓","–", "2", "🟠 HIGH"],
]
heat_rows_p = [[Paragraph(r[0], small)] + [Paragraph(c, S("cc", fontSize=9, fontName="Helvetica-Bold" if c=="✓" else "Helvetica",
    textColor=GREEN if c=="✓" else MIDGREY, alignment=TA_CENTER)) for c in r[1:6]] +
    [Paragraph(r[6], S("tot", fontSize=9, fontName="Helvetica-Bold", textColor=RED if int(r[6])>=3 else (ORANGE if int(r[6])==2 else DKGREY), alignment=TA_CENTER)),
     Paragraph(r[7], S("pri", fontSize=8, fontName="Helvetica-Bold", textColor=DKGREY))] for r in heat_rows]
story.append(make_table(heat_hdr, heat_rows_p, [4.5*cm, 1.4*cm, 1.4*cm, 1.4*cm, 1.4*cm, 1.4*cm, 1.3*cm, 4.1*cm], NAVY, False))
story.append(PageBreak())

# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
# SECTION 4: LONG ESSAY TREND
# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
story.append(banner("SECTION 4: LONG ESSAY (15-MARK) TREND ANALYSIS — Both Universities", NAVY, white, 12))
story.append(SP(0.15))

story.append(banner("RGUHS Long Essay History", RGUHS_C, white, 10, 0.65))
rguhs_le = [
    ["Year / Paper",     "Q1 (15 Marks)",                                  "Q2 (15 Marks)"],
    ["2023 (Bank)",      "Functions of management + Qualities of good manager", "Organisation types + Minimum requirements for nursing college"],
    ["2024 (Bank)",      "Planning — steps, advantages + MBO",             "Leadership styles (behavioral theory) + Records & Reports"],
    ["Jan 2026 (1792)",  "Financial management — elements, scope + Budget planning steps", "Delegation — types, principles + Strategies for effective delegation"],
    ["NEXT (Predicted)", "Leadership theories + Nurse leader qualities",   "Staffing functions + Job description of Ward Sister / NS"],
]
rguhs_le_rows = [[Paragraph(r[0], smallB), Paragraph(r[1], small), Paragraph(r[2], small)] for r in rguhs_le[1:]]
story.append(make_table(rguhs_le[0], rguhs_le_rows, [3.5*cm, 6.75*cm, 6.75*cm], RGUHS_C))
story.append(SP(0.2))

story.append(banner("KUHS Long Essay History", KUHS_C, white, 10, 0.65))
kuhs_le = [
    ["Year / Paper",     "Q1 (15 Marks)",                                  "Q2 (15 Marks)"],
    ["2022 (Old)",       "Define leadership. Leadership styles. Qualities of nurse leader.", "Define Planning. Steps. Advantages. MBO."],
    ["2023 (Old)",       "Define management. Functions + Principles (Fayol 14)",            "Staffing functions + Job description of nursing officer"],
    ["2024 Feb",         "Levels of management + Principles (7+8)",                         "Organizing — principles, process, types of structure"],
    ["2025 Feb (623010)","Levels of management + Principles of management (7+8)",           "Functions of staffing + Job description of staff nurse in medical ward (7+8)"],
    ["NEXT (Predicted)", "Leadership theories + Styles + Nurse leader qualities",           "Planning types + Steps + MBO  OR  Organizing"],
]
kuhs_le_rows = [[Paragraph(r[0], smallB), Paragraph(r[1], small), Paragraph(r[2], small)] for r in kuhs_le[1:]]
story.append(make_table(kuhs_le[0], kuhs_le_rows, [3.5*cm, 6.75*cm, 6.75*cm], KUHS_C))
story.append(SP(0.2))

story.append(info_box("<b>Pattern Insight:</b> KUHS Feb 2024 and Feb 2025 both asked Levels of Management as Q1 — this topic has now been asked twice in a row and is likely to shift. RGUHS Jan 2026 asked Financial Management + Delegation — both highly unlikely to repeat in the very next sitting. For BOTH universities, Leadership and Staffing remain the most likely 15-mark topics for upcoming exams."))
story.append(PageBreak())

# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
# SECTION 5: SHORT ESSAY TREND
# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
story.append(banner("SECTION 5: SHORT ESSAY (5-MARK) TREND ANALYSIS — Both Universities", NAVY, white, 12))
story.append(SP(0.15))

se_trend = [
    ["Short Essay Topic",              "RGUHS\n2023", "RGUHS\n2024", "RGUHS\n2026", "KUHS\n2024", "KUHS\n2025", "Expected Next?"],
    ["Johari Window",                  "–","–","✓ (Q3)","–","–",             "Unlikely (just asked RGUHS)"],
    ["Committees (Nsg Edu)",           "–","–","✓ (Q4)","–","–",             "Possible KUHS"],
    ["Org Behaviour Models",           "–","–","✓ (Q5)","–","–",             "Possible"],
    ["Records & Reports (Edu)",        "–","–","✓ (Q6)","✓","✓",             "🔴 HIGH — Both unis"],
    ["Conflict Management",            "–","–","✓ (Q7)","–","–",             "Possible KUHS 2026"],
    ["Recent Trends in Nursing Mgmt",  "–","–","–","✓","✓ (Q4)",             "Possible"],
    ["Inventory Control",              "–","✓","–","–","✓ (Q5)",             "🟠 Possible both"],
    ["Team Management",                "–","–","–","–","✓ (Q6)",             "Possible RGUHS 2026"],
    ["PERT / Gantt Chart",             "–","✓","–","–","✓ (Q7)",             "🟠 Possible both"],
    ["Collective Bargaining",          "–","–","–","–","✓ (Q8)",             "Possible"],
    ["Nursing Audit",                  "✓","–","–","✓","–",                  "🔴 HIGH — due"],
    ["Supervision",                    "✓","–","–","✓","–",                  "🟠 HIGH — due"],
    ["Motivation Theories",            "✓","–","–","✓","–",                  "🟠 HIGH — due"],
    ["Delegation (as short essay)",    "–","–","–","✓","–",                  "🟠 HIGH — RGUHS (was 15-mark Q2)"],
    ["Financial Mgmt (as short essay)","–","✓","–","–","–",                  "🟠 RGUHS (was 15-mark Q1)"],
    ["In-service Education",           "–","✓","–","–","–",                  "Possible"],
    ["Communication & Barriers",       "✓","–","–","–","–",                  "Possible"],
    ["Performance Appraisal",          "✓","–","–","✓","–",                  "Possible"],
    ["Leadership Development Methods", "–","–","–","–","–",                  "⬜ Fresh — possible"],
    ["Patient Classification System",  "–","–","–","–","–",                  "⬜ Fresh — possible"],
]
se_rows_p = [[Paragraph(r[0], small)] +
    [Paragraph(c, S("tc", fontSize=8.5, fontName="Helvetica-Bold" if "✓" in c else "Helvetica",
        textColor=GREEN if "✓" in c else MIDGREY, alignment=TA_CENTER)) for c in r[1:6]] +
    [Paragraph(r[6], S("ex", fontSize=8.5, fontName="Helvetica",
        textColor=RED if "🔴" in r[6] else (ORANGE if "🟠" in r[6] else DKGREY)))]
    for r in se_trend[1:]]
story.append(make_table(se_trend[0], se_rows_p,
    [4.5*cm, 1.3*cm, 1.3*cm, 1.3*cm, 1.3*cm, 1.3*cm, 6*cm], NAVY, False))
story.append(PageBreak())

# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
# SECTION 6: MCQ PATTERN COMPARISON
# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
story.append(banner("SECTION 6: MCQ PATTERN COMPARISON — RGUHS vs KUHS", NAVY, white, 12))
story.append(SP(0.15))
story.append(P("Both RGUHS and KUHS follow the same MCQ pattern: <b>12 questions × 1 mark = 12 marks</b>. MCQs test specific factual knowledge — definitions, theorists, formulas, and clinical norms. Below is the consolidated MCQ bank from both universities (2024-2026):"))
story.append(SP(0.15))

mcq_bank = [
    ["#",  "Question Stem",                                               "Correct Answer",         "Source"],
    ["1",  "Father of Scientific Management",                             "F.W. Taylor",             "RGUHS 2026"],
    ["2",  "Father of Modern/Administrative Management",                  "Henri Fayol",             "Both"],
    ["3",  "Evaluation and feedback = component of",                      "Controlling",             "RGUHS 2026"],
    ["4",  "Forecasting in planning refers to",                           "Predicting future conditions","RGUHS 2026"],
    ["5",  "First step in personnel management",                          "Manpower planning",       "RGUHS 2026"],
    ["6",  "Herzberg — recognition, growth, achievement =",               "Motivation factor",       "KUHS 2025"],
    ["7",  "Ability to force employee to follow order =",                 "Coercive power",          "KUHS 2025"],
    ["8",  "Treat all patients equally regardless of background =",       "Justice",                 "KUHS 2025"],
    ["9",  "Division of labour means",                                    "Specific parts of job assigned to different individuals","KUHS 2025"],
    ["10", "Specific approach in quality assurance",                      "Nursing audit",           "KUHS 2025"],
    ["11", "Stand up for rights without violating others' rights",        "Assertive behaviour",     "KUHS 2025"],
    ["12", "PERT expected time formula",                                  "(O + 4M + P) ÷ 6",       "Both (bank)"],
    ["13", "Tuckman's first stage of team development",                   "Forming",                 "Bank"],
    ["14", "Maslow's highest level need",                                 "Self-actualization",      "Bank"],
    ["15", "MBO concept introduced by",                                   "Peter Drucker",           "Bank"],
    ["16", "Johari Window introduced by",                                 "Joseph Luft & Harry Ingham","RGUHS 2026 context"],
    ["17", "Unity of command = how many bosses per employee",             "One (1) superior only",   "Bank"],
    ["18", "Scalar chain means",                                          "Line of authority top to bottom","Bank"],
    ["19", "POSDCORB coined by",                                          "Gulick & Urwick",         "Bank"],
    ["20", "INC nurse-patient ratio in ICU",                              "1:1",                     "KUHS 2025"],
    ["21", "INC nurse-patient ratio in general ward",                     "1:6",                     "KUHS 2025"],
    ["22", "Hawthorne experiments conducted by",                          "Elton Mayo",              "Bank"],
    ["23", "Theory X and Theory Y proposed by",                           "Douglas McGregor",        "Bank"],
    ["24", "Managerial Grid (9,9) style is called",                       "Team Leader style",       "Bank"],
    ["25", "POMR introduced by",                                          "Dr. Lawrence Weed",       "Bank"],
]
mcq_rows_p = [[Paragraph(r[0], S("mn", fontSize=8.5, fontName="Helvetica-Bold", textColor=NAVY, alignment=TA_CENTER)),
               Paragraph(r[1], small),
               Paragraph(r[2], S("ma", fontSize=9, fontName="Helvetica-Bold", textColor=GREEN)),
               Paragraph(r[3], S("ms", fontSize=8.5, fontName="Helvetica-Oblique", textColor=MIDGREY))]
              for r in mcq_bank[1:]]
story.append(make_table(mcq_bank[0], mcq_rows_p, [0.8*cm, 7.5*cm, 5.7*cm, 3*cm], NAVY))
story.append(PageBreak())

# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
# SECTION 7: REPEATING QUESTIONS (BOTH UNIVERSITIES)
# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
story.append(banner("SECTION 7: QUESTIONS ASKED BY BOTH RGUHS AND KUHS — Highest Priority!", PURPLE, white, 12))
story.append(SP(0.1))
story.append(info_box("These topics have been asked in BOTH RGUHS and KUHS papers across 2024-2026. Mastering these guarantees marks in any university's exam and reduces risk. Make these your FIRST priority."))
story.append(SP(0.15))

common = [
    ["Topic",                              "RGUHS Asked",    "KUHS Asked",     "Format",         "Marks Weightage"],
    ["Levels of Management + Principles",  "2024 bank",      "2024, 2025",     "Long Essay (15M)","TOP PRIORITY"],
    ["Functions of Management (POSDCORB)", "2023 bank",      "2025",           "Long Essay (15M)","TOP PRIORITY"],
    ["Leadership Theories + Styles",       "2023, 2024 bank","2024",           "Long Essay (15M)","TOP PRIORITY"],
    ["Staffing Functions + Job Description","2023 bank",     "2023, 2025",     "Long Essay (15M)","TOP PRIORITY"],
    ["Records, Reports + POMR",            "2026 (Q6)",      "2025 + bank",    "Short Essay (5M) + 2M","HIGH"],
    ["Nursing Audit",                      "2023 bank",      "2025 MCQ, bank", "Short Essay (5M)","HIGH"],
    ["Inventory Control",                  "2024 bank",      "2025 (Q5)",      "Short Essay (5M)","HIGH"],
    ["PERT / Gantt Chart",                 "2024 bank",      "2025 (Q7)",      "Short Essay (5M)","HIGH"],
    ["Motivation Theories (Maslow/Herzberg)","2023 bank",    "2025 MCQ",       "Short Essay (5M)","HIGH"],
    ["Supervision — objectives, principles","2023 bank",     "2024 bank",      "Short Essay (5M)","HIGH"],
    ["Performance Appraisal",              "2023 bank",      "2024 bank",      "Short Essay (5M)","HIGH"],
    ["Delegation",                         "2026 Q2 (15M)",  "2024 bank",      "Any format",      "HIGH"],
    ["Planning + MBO",                     "2024 bank",      "2023 bank, 2025","Long Essay (15M)","HIGH"],
    ["Communication & Barriers",           "2023 bank",      "Bank",           "Short Essay",     "MEDIUM"],
    ["Father of Scientific Management",    "2026 MCQ",       "Bank MCQ",       "MCQ",             "Memorize"],
    ["INC Nurse-Patient Ratios",           "Bank",           "2025 MCQ",       "MCQ",             "Memorize"],
]
com_rows = [[Paragraph(r[0], smallB), Paragraph(r[1], small), Paragraph(r[2], small),
             Paragraph(r[3], small),
             Paragraph(r[4], S("pri", fontSize=8.5, fontName="Helvetica-Bold",
                textColor=RED if "TOP" in r[4] else (ORANGE if "HIGH" in r[4] else DKGREY)))]
            for r in common[1:]]
story.append(make_table(common[0], com_rows, [4*cm, 3*cm, 3*cm, 3*cm, 4*cm], PURPLE, False))
story.append(PageBreak())

# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
# SECTION 8: PREDICTION TABLE
# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
story.append(banner("SECTION 8: EXAM PREDICTION TABLE — RGUHS July 2026 & KUHS Next Exam", NAVY, white, 12))
story.append(SP(0.15))

story.append(banner("RGUHS — Predicted Paper (17 July 2026)", RGUHS_C, white, 11, 0.7))
rguhs_pred = [
    ["Section",      "Predicted Question",                                                   "Confidence", "Reason"],
    ["Long Essay Q1","Define leadership. Explain leadership theories and styles.\nDescribe qualities of an effective nurse leader.",
     "⭐⭐⭐ HIGH", "Not asked in Jan 2026; asked in every previous cycle; INC core topic"],
    ["Long Essay Q2","Define staffing. Explain functions of staffing.\nDescribe job description of Ward Sister/Nursing Officer.",
     "⭐⭐⭐ HIGH", "Not asked Jan 2026; KUHS asked Feb 2025; highly repeating topic"],
    ["Alt. Long Essay","Define management. Explain POSDCORB functions.\nDescribe 14 principles of management.",
     "⭐⭐ MEDIUM", "Always in the bank; alternates with leadership and staffing"],
    ["Short Essay 1", "Supervision — objectives, principles, types, techniques",  "⭐⭐⭐ HIGH", "Not asked in RGUHS 2026; always in bank; due"],
    ["Short Essay 2", "Motivation theories — Maslow, Herzberg, McGregor",         "⭐⭐⭐ HIGH", "Not asked RGUHS 2026; always important; due"],
    ["Short Essay 3", "Nursing audit — types, process, tools",                    "⭐⭐ MEDIUM","Not asked in 2026; confirmed in both university banks"],
    ["Short Essay 4", "In-service education / Performance appraisal",             "⭐⭐ MEDIUM","Due after 2024; alternating topic"],
    ["Short Essay 5", "Communication — process, types, barriers",                 "⭐ LOW-MED","Fresh for 2026; commonly tested in bank"],
    ["2-Mark Q1",     "Principles of management OR Types of leadership",           "⭐⭐⭐ HIGH", "Standard short answer topic; asked 2026 also"],
    ["2-Mark Q2",     "Differentiate: Manager vs Leader / Centralization vs Decentralization","⭐⭐ MED","Alternating differentiation topic"],
]
pred_rows = [[Paragraph(r[0], smallB), Paragraph(r[1], small),
              Paragraph(r[2], S("conf", fontSize=9, fontName="Helvetica-Bold",
                  textColor=RED if "HIGH" in r[2] else (ORANGE if "MEDIUM" in r[2] else DKGREY))),
              Paragraph(r[3], italics)] for r in rguhs_pred[1:]]
story.append(make_table(rguhs_pred[0], pred_rows, [3*cm, 5.5*cm, 2.5*cm, 6*cm], RGUHS_C, False))
story.append(SP(0.25))

story.append(banner("KUHS — Predicted Paper (Next Exam 2025/2026)", KUHS_C, white, 11, 0.7))
kuhs_pred = [
    ["Section",      "Predicted Question",                                                   "Confidence", "Reason"],
    ["Long Essay Q1","Define leadership. Explain theories. Describe qualities of nurse leader.",
     "⭐⭐⭐ HIGH", "Not asked in 2024 or 2025; classic KUHS topic; due for return"],
    ["Long Essay Q2","Define organizing. Explain principles and process.\nDescribe types of organizational structure.",
     "⭐⭐⭐ HIGH", "2024 had org structure; 2025 didn't; alternating with staffing"],
    ["Alt. Long Essay","Define planning. Types, steps. Describe MBO.",
     "⭐⭐ MEDIUM", "2022 old paper; alternates; both universities"],
    ["Short Essay 1", "Nursing audit — definition, types, process",                "⭐⭐⭐ HIGH", "Not in 2025; asked in 2024 and bank"],
    ["Short Essay 2", "Delegation — elements, types, principles, process",         "⭐⭐⭐ HIGH", "RGUHS Jan 2026 15-mark; KUHS will follow"],
    ["Short Essay 3", "Supervision — objectives, principles, techniques",          "⭐⭐ MEDIUM","Standard KUHS topic; not in 2025"],
    ["Short Essay 4", "Communication — process, types, barriers",                  "⭐⭐ MEDIUM","Not asked 2025; always important"],
    ["Short Essay 5", "Conflict management / Johari Window",                       "⭐ LOW-MED","RGUHS 2026 topics often migrate to KUHS"],
    ["2-Mark Q1",     "Differentiate: Centralization vs Decentralization",         "⭐⭐ MED", "Standard differentiation"],
    ["2-Mark Q2",     "List: Qualities of a nurse manager / Types of planning",    "⭐⭐ MED", "Standard list question"],
]
pred_rows_k = [[Paragraph(r[0], smallB), Paragraph(r[1], small),
                Paragraph(r[2], S("conf2", fontSize=9, fontName="Helvetica-Bold",
                    textColor=RED if "HIGH" in r[2] else (ORANGE if "MEDIUM" in r[2] else DKGREY))),
                Paragraph(r[3], italics)] for r in kuhs_pred[1:]]
story.append(make_table(kuhs_pred[0], pred_rows_k, [3*cm, 5.5*cm, 2.5*cm, 6*cm], KUHS_C, False))
story.append(PageBreak())

# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
# SECTION 9: ANSWER OUTLINES FOR PREDICTED TOPICS
# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
story.append(banner("SECTION 9: ANSWER OUTLINES FOR TOP PREDICTED QUESTIONS", NAVY, white, 12))
story.append(SP(0.15))
story.append(info_box("These are structured outlines — not full answers. Use them to check you have covered all sub-points. Expand each point to 3-5 lines in the actual exam."))
story.append(SP(0.2))

# Leadership outline
story.append(banner("PREDICTED Q1 (15M): Define Leadership. Explain theories. Describe qualities of nurse leader.", TEAL, white, 10, 0.65))
leadership_ol = [
    ["Sub-section",         "Must-cover Points",                                               "Marks"],
    ["Introduction + Defn", "Leadership ability to influence and direct toward org goals\n(Hersey & Blanchard definition)",                "2"],
    ["Trait Theory",        "Leaders are born, not made | Traits: intelligence, integrity, confidence | Limitation: ignores situation", "2"],
    ["Behavioral Theory",   "Lewin: Autocratic / Democratic / Laissez-faire\nManagerial Grid (Blake-Mouton): 1,1 to 9,9", "2"],
    ["Situational Theory",  "Hersey & Blanchard: S1 Telling → S2 Selling → S3 Participating → S4 Delegating\nBased on follower MATURITY | Draw the matrix", "3"],
    ["Transformational",    "4 I's: Idealized Influence, Inspirational Motivation, Intellectual Stimulation, Individualized Consideration\nBurns & Bass (1985)", "2"],
    ["Transactional",       "Exchange-based: reward/punishment | Maintains status quo",        "1"],
    ["Qualities of Nurse Leader","Vision, Communication, Decision-making, Emotional Intelligence,\nIntegrity, Clinical competence, Accountability, Flexibility (8 qualities in table)", "2"],
    ["Conclusion",          "Dynamic process; adapt style to situation; ethical leadership = better patient outcomes", "1"],
]
ol_rows = [[Paragraph(r[0], smallB), Paragraph(r[1], small), Paragraph(r[2], S("mw", fontSize=9, fontName="Helvetica-Bold", textColor=RED, alignment=TA_CENTER))] for r in leadership_ol[1:]]
story.append(make_table(leadership_ol[0], ol_rows, [3.5*cm, 11*cm, 2.5*cm], TEAL))
story.append(SP(0.2))

# Staffing outline
story.append(banner("PREDICTED Q2 (15M): Define Staffing. Explain functions. Describe job description of Ward Sister.", TEAL, white, 10, 0.65))
staffing_ol = [
    ["Sub-section",          "Must-cover Points",                                                "Marks"],
    ["Introduction + Defn",  "Process of determining and providing acceptable number and mix of nursing personnel (ANA)\nINC norms: 1:6 general; 1:1 ICU",                              "2"],
    ["Functions (9 steps)",  "1. Manpower planning 2. Recruitment 3. Selection 4. Placement/Induction\n5. Training & Development 6. Performance Appraisal 7. Promotion/Transfer\n8. Retention 9. Separation", "7"],
    ["Job Desc — Header",    "Title: Ward Sister | Qualification: BSc+2 yrs / GNM+3 yrs | Responsible to: NS | Responsible for: Staff nurses, students", "1"],
    ["Administrative duties","Duty roster, ward registers, stock indent, handover, infection control, coordinate with all depts",  "2"],
    ["Clinical duties",      "Supervise nursing care, nursing rounds, care plans, critical patients, emergencies",                  "1"],
    ["Educational duties",   "Orient new staff, supervise students, patient education, in-service education",                     "1"],
    ["Conclusion",           "Staffing = right person, right place, right time. Ward Sister is the operational linchpin of staffing.", "1"],
]
st_rows = [[Paragraph(r[0], smallB), Paragraph(r[1], small), Paragraph(r[2], S("mw2", fontSize=9, fontName="Helvetica-Bold", textColor=RED, alignment=TA_CENTER))] for r in staffing_ol[1:]]
story.append(make_table(staffing_ol[0], st_rows, [3.5*cm, 11*cm, 2.5*cm], TEAL))
story.append(SP(0.2))

# Supervision outline
story.append(banner("PREDICTED SHORT ESSAY: Supervision in Nursing (5 Marks)", PURPLE, white, 10, 0.65))
sup_ol = [
    ["Point", "Content"],
    ["Definition",   "Active process of directing, guiding, influencing output/productivity of workers (Barr)"],
    ["Objectives",   "Quality care | Develop staff | Identify learning needs | Maintain discipline | Evaluate performance"],
    ["Principles",   "Democratic | Planned | Improvement-focused | Direct+Indirect methods | Constructive feedback | Self-supervision"],
    ["Types",        "Direct/Indirect | Close/General | Clinical | Formal/Informal"],
    ["Techniques",   "Observation | Interview | Record review | Anecdotal notes | Rating scales | Nursing rounds"],
    ["Conclusion",   "Supervision = growth, not control. Improves nurse performance and patient safety."],
]
sup_rows = [[Paragraph(r[0], smallB), Paragraph(r[1], small)] for r in sup_ol[1:]]
story.append(make_table(sup_ol[0], sup_rows, [3.5*cm, 13.5*cm], PURPLE))
story.append(SP(0.2))

# Motivation outline
story.append(banner("PREDICTED SHORT ESSAY: Motivation Theories (5 Marks)", PURPLE, white, 10, 0.65))
mot_ol = [
    ["Theory",                    "Key Points"],
    ["Definition of Motivation",  "Inner drive that initiates, directs, and sustains behavior toward a goal (Dubin)"],
    ["Maslow's Hierarchy (1943)", "5 levels: Physiological → Safety → Social → Esteem → Self-actualization\nApplication: salary, safe work, team, recognition, growth"],
    ["Herzberg Two-Factor (1959)","Hygiene factors (salary, conditions) = prevent dissatisfaction\nMotivation factors (recognition, growth, achievement) = cause satisfaction"],
    ["McGregor Theory X & Y",     "X = lazy workers, need control | Y = self-motivated, seek responsibility\nNursing: Theory Y approach = better engagement"],
    ["Vroom's Expectancy (1964)", "Motivation = Expectancy × Instrumentality × Valence"],
    ["Conclusion",                "Nurse managers use motivation theories to create an environment where nurses thrive, reducing burnout."],
]
mot_rows = [[Paragraph(r[0], smallB), Paragraph(r[1], small)] for r in mot_ol[1:]]
story.append(make_table(mot_ol[0], mot_rows, [4*cm, 13*cm], PURPLE))
story.append(SP(0.2))

# Nursing audit outline
story.append(banner("PREDICTED SHORT ESSAY: Nursing Audit (5 Marks)", PURPLE, white, 10, 0.65))
na_ol = [
    ["Point",      "Content"],
    ["Definition", "Independent review comparing quality performance with a predetermined standard (Phaneuf)"],
    ["Types",      "Retrospective (after discharge) | Concurrent (during admission) | Prospective (before care) | Peer audit"],
    ["Process",    "Set standards → Collect data → Compare with standards → Identify deficiencies → Corrective action → Re-audit"],
    ["Tools",      "Phaneuf Nursing Audit Tool | Slater Nursing Competency Rating Scale | QualPacs (concurrent)"],
    ["Conclusion", "Nursing audit drives continuous quality improvement and professional accountability."],
]
na_rows = [[Paragraph(r[0], smallB), Paragraph(r[1], small)] for r in na_ol[1:]]
story.append(make_table(na_ol[0], na_rows, [3*cm, 14*cm], PURPLE))
story.append(PageBreak())

# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
# FINAL: STUDY PRIORITY SUMMARY
# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
story.append(banner("FINAL STUDY PRIORITY SUMMARY — USE THIS TONIGHT", RED, white, 13))
story.append(SP(0.15))

priority_data = [
    ["Priority", "Topic",                               "Format",   "Likely Marks", "Time to Prepare"],
    ["1 🔴",     "Leadership Theories + Nurse Leader Qualities",  "15M Essay", "15",  "30 min"],
    ["2 🔴",     "Staffing Functions + Job Description",           "15M Essay", "15",  "25 min"],
    ["3 🔴",     "Management Functions + 14 Principles",           "15M Essay", "15",  "20 min"],
    ["4 🔴",     "Records & Reports + POMR",                       "5M + 2M",   "7",   "15 min"],
    ["5 🟠",     "Supervision (Objectives, Principles, Types)",    "5M Essay",  "5",   "10 min"],
    ["6 🟠",     "Motivation (Maslow, Herzberg, McGregor)",        "5M Essay",  "5",   "10 min"],
    ["7 🟠",     "Nursing Audit (Types, Process, Tools)",          "5M Essay",  "5",   "10 min"],
    ["8 🟠",     "Delegation (Elements, Types, Principles)",       "5M Essay",  "5",   "10 min"],
    ["9 🟠",     "PERT / Gantt Chart",                             "5M Essay",  "5",   "8 min"],
    ["10 🟡",    "Conflict Management (Thomas-Kilmann)",           "5M Essay",  "5",   "8 min"],
    ["11 🟡",    "In-service Education",                           "5M Essay",  "5",   "8 min"],
    ["12 🟡",    "Communication + Barriers",                       "5M Essay",  "5",   "8 min"],
    ["MCQ 🟠",   "Memorize all 25 MCQ answers in Section 6",       "MCQ × 12",  "12",  "15 min"],
]
pri_rows = [[Paragraph(r[0], S("pn", fontSize=9.5, fontName="Helvetica-Bold", textColor=DKGREY, alignment=TA_CENTER)),
             Paragraph(r[1], smallB),
             Paragraph(r[2], small),
             Paragraph(r[3], S("pm", fontSize=9.5, fontName="Helvetica-Bold", textColor=RED, alignment=TA_CENTER)),
             Paragraph(r[4], small)]
            for r in priority_data[1:]]
story.append(make_table(priority_data[0], pri_rows, [1.5*cm, 5.5*cm, 2.5*cm, 2.5*cm, 5*cm], RED, True))
story.append(SP(0.3))

story.append(info_box("<b>Total study time needed:</b> Approximately 3 hours 20 minutes to cover all priority topics. Topics 1-4 (15-mark essays + records) = 90 minutes. Topics 5-12 (short essays) = 80 minutes. MCQs = 15 minutes. This is achievable in one focused study session tonight."))
story.append(SP(0.2))

# Cross-univ tip
cross_tip = [["CROSS-UNIVERSITY INSIGHT"],
             ["Both RGUHS and KUHS follow the same INC syllabus. A topic asked recently by KUHS (e.g., Delegation — 15M in RGUHS Jan 2026) often appears in the other university within 1-2 semesters. Study both papers together for maximum coverage. The question styles differ slightly (RGUHS uses open short answers; KUHS uses 'Differentiate' and 'List') but the subject matter is identical."]]
ct = Table(cross_tip, colWidths=[17*cm])
ct.setStyle(TableStyle([
    ("BACKGROUND",(0,0),(-1,0), PURPLE), ("TEXTCOLOR",(0,0),(-1,0), white),
    ("FONTNAME",(0,0),(-1,0),"Helvetica-Bold"), ("FONTSIZE",(0,0),(-1,0), 11),
    ("ALIGN",(0,0),(-1,0),"CENTER"), ("VALIGN",(0,0),(-1,-1),"MIDDLE"),
    ("BACKGROUND",(0,1),(-1,1), LTPURP),
    ("FONTNAME",(0,1),(-1,1),"Helvetica"), ("FONTSIZE",(0,1),(-1,1),9.5),
    ("GRID",(0,0),(-1,-1),0.5, PURPLE),
    ("TOPPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1),6), ("BOTTOMPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1),6),
    ("LEFTPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1),10),
    ("TEXTCOLOR",(0,1),(-1,1), DKGREY),
]))
story.append(cross_tip := ct)
story.append(SP(0.3))

# Footer
foot = Table([["RGUHS vs KUHS Nursing Management & Leadership — Paper Comparison 2024–2026  |  Prepared by Orris Study Guides  |  July 2026"]],
             colWidths=[17*cm])
foot.setStyle(TableStyle([
    ("BACKGROUND",(0,0),(-1,-1),NAVY), ("TEXTCOLOR",(0,0),(-1,-1),HexColor("#aaaaaa")),
    ("FONTNAME",(0,0),(-1,-1),"Helvetica"), ("FONTSIZE",(0,0),(-1,-1),8),
    ("ALIGN",(0,0),(-1,-1),"CENTER"),
    ("TOPPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1),6), ("BOTTOMPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1),6),
]))
story.append(foot)

doc.build(story)
print(f"SUCCESS: {OUTPUT}")

from reportlab.lib.pagesizes import A4
from reportlab.lib.styles import ParagraphStyle
from reportlab.lib.units import cm
from reportlab.lib.colors import HexColor, white, black
from reportlab.platypus import (
    SimpleDocTemplate, Paragraph, Spacer, Table, TableStyle,
    HRFlowable, PageBreak, KeepTogether
)
from reportlab.lib.enums import TA_CENTER, TA_LEFT, TA_JUSTIFY, TA_RIGHT

OUTPUT = "/tmp/workspace/nursing-mgmt-guide/RGUHS_5_LongEssays_CheatSheet.pdf"

# ── Colours ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
NAVY   = HexColor("#1a3a5c")
TEAL   = HexColor("#0e7c86")
GOLD   = HexColor("#f0a500")
RED    = HexColor("#c0392b")
GREEN  = HexColor("#1e8449")
PURPLE = HexColor("#6c3483")
ORANGE = HexColor("#d35400")
DKGREY = HexColor("#2c3e50")
LTBLUE = HexColor("#d6eaf8")
LTGRN  = HexColor("#d5f5e3")
LTGOLD = HexColor("#fef9e7")
LTRED  = HexColor("#fdedec")
LTPURP = HexColor("#f4ecf7")
MIDGREY= HexColor("#85929e")

# ── Styles ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
def S(name, **kw): return ParagraphStyle(name, **kw)

body   = S("body",  fontSize=9.5, fontName="Helvetica",       textColor=DKGREY, leading=15, spaceAfter=4, alignment=TA_JUSTIFY)
bodyB  = S("bodyB", fontSize=9.5, fontName="Helvetica-Bold",  textColor=DKGREY, leading=15, spaceAfter=3)
bullet = S("bul",   fontSize=9.5, fontName="Helvetica",       textColor=DKGREY, leading=14,
           leftIndent=16, firstLineIndent=-10, spaceAfter=2)
bullet2= S("bul2",  fontSize=9,   fontName="Helvetica",       textColor=DKGREY, leading=13,
           leftIndent=28, firstLineIndent=-10, spaceAfter=1)
subhd  = S("sub",   fontSize=10,  fontName="Helvetica-Bold",  textColor=NAVY,   spaceBefore=7, spaceAfter=3)
small  = S("sm",    fontSize=9,   fontName="Helvetica",       textColor=DKGREY, leading=13)
smallB = S("smB",   fontSize=9,   fontName="Helvetica-Bold",  textColor=DKGREY, leading=13)
italic = S("ital",  fontSize=9,   fontName="Helvetica-Oblique",textColor=MIDGREY,leading=12, spaceAfter=2)
defn   = S("defn",  fontSize=9.5, fontName="Helvetica",       textColor=DKGREY, leading=14,
           leftIndent=8, backColor=LTBLUE, borderPad=4, spaceAfter=5)
concl  = S("concl", fontSize=9.5, fontName="Helvetica-Oblique",textColor=NAVY,  leading=14,
           leftIndent=8, backColor=LTGRN, borderPad=4, spaceAfter=6)

def P(t, s=None): return Paragraph(t, s or body)
def B(t, sub=False): return Paragraph(("  ◦ " if sub else "• ") + t, bullet2 if sub else bullet)
def SP(h=0.15): return Spacer(1, h*cm)
def HR(color=HexColor("#cccccc")): return HRFlowable(width="100%", thickness=0.5, color=color, spaceAfter=3, spaceBefore=3)

# ── Banner helpers ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
def banner(text, bg=NAVY, fg=white, fs=12, h=0.8, align="LEFT", pad=10):
    t = Table([[text]], colWidths=[17*cm], rowHeights=[h*cm])
    t.setStyle(TableStyle([
        ("BACKGROUND",(0,0),(-1,-1),bg), ("TEXTCOLOR",(0,0),(-1,-1),fg),
        ("FONTNAME",  (0,0),(-1,-1),"Helvetica-Bold"),
        ("FONTSIZE",  (0,0),(-1,-1),fs),
        ("ALIGN",     (0,0),(-1,-1),align),
        ("VALIGN",    (0,0),(-1,-1),"MIDDLE"),
        ("LEFTPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1),pad),
    ]))
    return t

def q_banner(num, title, marks_tip, priority, bg=TEAL):
    left  = Paragraph(f"LONG ESSAY Q{num}   {title}",
                      S("qb", fontSize=10, fontName="Helvetica-Bold", textColor=white, leading=13))
    right = Paragraph(f"{priority}\n[15 Marks]",
                      S("qr", fontSize=9, fontName="Helvetica-Bold",  textColor=GOLD,
                        alignment=TA_RIGHT, leading=12))
    t = Table([[left, right]], colWidths=[13*cm, 4*cm], rowHeights=[0.9*cm])
    t.setStyle(TableStyle([
        ("BACKGROUND",(0,0),(-1,-1),bg),
        ("VALIGN",    (0,0),(-1,-1),"MIDDLE"),
        ("LEFTPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1),10),
        ("RIGHTPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1),8),
    ]))
    return t

def marks_split(text):
    t = Table([[Paragraph(f"📊 MARKS SPLIT: {text}",
                S("ms", fontSize=8.5, fontName="Helvetica-Bold", textColor=GREEN, leading=12))]],
              colWidths=[17*cm])
    t.setStyle(TableStyle([
        ("BACKGROUND",(0,0),(-1,-1),LTGRN),
        ("BOX",(0,0),(-1,-1),1,GREEN),
        ("LEFTPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1),8),
        ("TOPPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1),4),
        ("BOTTOMPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1),4),
    ]))
    return t

def key_box(text):
    t = Table([[Paragraph(f"📌 {text}",
                S("kb", fontSize=9, fontName="Helvetica-Bold", textColor=RED, leading=13))]],
              colWidths=[17*cm])
    t.setStyle(TableStyle([
        ("BACKGROUND",(0,0),(-1,-1),LTGOLD),
        ("BOX",(0,0),(-1,-1),1.2,GOLD),
        ("LEFTPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1),8),
        ("TOPPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1),5),
        ("BOTTOMPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1),5),
    ]))
    return t

def section_head(text, bg=NAVY):
    t = Table([[text]], colWidths=[17*cm], rowHeights=[0.65*cm])
    t.setStyle(TableStyle([
        ("BACKGROUND",(0,0),(-1,-1),bg),
        ("TEXTCOLOR",(0,0),(-1,-1),white),
        ("FONTNAME",(0,0),(-1,-1),"Helvetica-Bold"),
        ("FONTSIZE",(0,0),(-1,-1),10),
        ("ALIGN",(0,0),(-1,-1),"LEFT"),
        ("VALIGN",(0,0),(-1,-1),"MIDDLE"),
        ("LEFTPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1),10),
    ]))
    return t

def make_table(hdr, rows, widths=None, hbg=NAVY, fontsize=9):
    if widths is None: widths = [17*cm/len(hdr)]*len(hdr)
    data = [hdr]+rows
    t = Table(data, colWidths=widths)
    style = [
        ("BACKGROUND",(0,0),(-1,0),hbg),
        ("TEXTCOLOR",(0,0),(-1,0),white),
        ("FONTNAME",(0,0),(-1,0),"Helvetica-Bold"),
        ("FONTSIZE",(0,0),(-1,-1),fontsize),
        ("VALIGN",(0,0),(-1,-1),"MIDDLE"),
        ("GRID",(0,0),(-1,-1),0.4,HexColor("#cccccc")),
        ("TOPPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1),4),("BOTTOMPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1),4),
        ("LEFTPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1),6),
    ]
    for i in range(1,len(data)):
        style.append(("BACKGROUND",(0,i),(-1,i),LTBLUE if i%2==1 else white))
    t.setStyle(TableStyle(style))
    return t

def two_col(l_items, r_items, bg_l=LTBLUE, bg_r=LTGRN):
    l = "\n".join(f"• {x}" for x in l_items)
    r = "\n".join(f"• {x}" for x in r_items)
    t = Table([[Paragraph(l, small), Paragraph(r, small)]],
              colWidths=[8.5*cm, 8.5*cm])
    t.setStyle(TableStyle([
        ("BACKGROUND",(0,0),(0,0),bg_l),("BACKGROUND",(1,0),(1,0),bg_r),
        ("GRID",(0,0),(-1,-1),0.4,HexColor("#cccccc")),
        ("TOPPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1),5),("BOTTOMPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1),5),
        ("LEFTPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1),8),("VALIGN",(0,0),(-1,-1),"TOP"),
    ]))
    return t

# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
story = []

# ── COVER ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
story += [
    banner("RGUHS  |  VI Semester BSc Nursing  |  17 July 2026", NAVY, white, 12, 0.85, "CENTER", 0),
    banner("NURSING MANAGEMENT & LEADERSHIP", TEAL, white, 22, 1.8, "CENTER", 0),
    banner("5 LONG ESSAY MODEL ANSWERS  —  TONIGHT'S CHEAT SHEET", GOLD, NAVY, 13, 0.9, "CENTER", 0),
    SP(0.3),
]

cover_info = [
    ["📋 Format",     "Long Essay: 2 × 15 = 30 Marks  |  Total Paper: 75 Marks  |  Time: 3 Hours"],
    ["⚠️  Jan 2026",  "Already asked: Financial Management (Q1) + Delegation (Q2) — will NOT repeat"],
    ["🎯 Tonight",    "Master these 5 essays. Q1 (Leadership) and Q2 (Staffing) are highest probability for tomorrow"],
    ["✏️  Exam tip",  "2 full pages per essay | Use subheadings | Draw 1 diagram | Start with definition | End with conclusion"],
]
ci = Table(cover_info, colWidths=[3*cm, 14*cm])
ci.setStyle(TableStyle([
    ("BACKGROUND",(0,0),(0,-1),NAVY),("TEXTCOLOR",(0,0),(0,-1),white),
    ("FONTNAME",(0,0),(0,-1),"Helvetica-Bold"),
    ("BACKGROUND",(1,0),(1,-1),LTBLUE),
    ("FONTSIZE",(0,0),(-1,-1),9.5),
    ("ALIGN",(0,0),(0,-1),"CENTER"),("VALIGN",(0,0),(-1,-1),"MIDDLE"),
    ("GRID",(0,0),(-1,-1),0.5,white),
    ("TOPPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1),6),("BOTTOMPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1),6),
    ("LEFTPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1),8),
    ("ROWBACKGROUNDS",(1,0),(1,-1),[LTBLUE,white,LTBLUE,white]),
]))
story += [ci, SP(0.3)]

qlist = [
    ["Essay","Question","Priority"],
    ["Q1","Define leadership. Explain leadership theories/styles. Describe qualities of effective nurse leader.","🔴 HIGHEST"],
    ["Q2","Define staffing. Explain functions of staffing. Describe job description of Ward Sister.","🔴 HIGHEST"],
    ["Q3","Define management. Explain functions. Describe Fayol's 14 principles of management.","🟠 HIGH"],
    ["Q4","Define organizing. Explain principles and process. Describe types of organizational structure.","🟠 HIGH"],
    ["Q5","Define planning. Explain types and steps of planning. Describe MBO.","🟠 HIGH"],
]
ql = Table(qlist, colWidths=[2*cm, 12*cm, 3*cm])
ql.setStyle(TableStyle([
    ("BACKGROUND",(0,0),(-1,0),NAVY),("TEXTCOLOR",(0,0),(-1,0),white),
    ("FONTNAME",(0,0),(-1,0),"Helvetica-Bold"),
    ("FONTSIZE",(0,0),(-1,-1),9.5),
    ("VALIGN",(0,0),(-1,-1),"MIDDLE"),
    ("GRID",(0,0),(-1,-1),0.4,HexColor("#cccccc")),
    ("TOPPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1),5),("BOTTOMPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1),5),
    ("LEFTPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1),8),
    ("ROWBACKGROUNDS",(0,1),(-1,-1),[LTBLUE,white]),
    ("FONTNAME",(0,1),(0,-1),"Helvetica-Bold"),("TEXTCOLOR",(0,1),(0,-1),NAVY),
    ("TEXTCOLOR",(2,1),(2,-1),RED),("FONTNAME",(2,1),(2,-1),"Helvetica-Bold"),
]))
story.append(ql)
story.append(PageBreak())

# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
# Q1: LEADERSHIP
# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
story += [
    q_banner(1, "LEADERSHIP THEORIES, STYLES & QUALITIES OF NURSE LEADER", "", "🔴 MOST LIKELY"),
    marks_split("Introduction+Definition = 2 | Theories (Trait+Behavioral+Situational+Transformational) = 8 | Qualities = 4 | Conclusion = 1"),
    SP(0.15),
]

story.append(P("<b>Introduction:</b> Leadership is one of the most essential functions in nursing management. An effective nurse leader inspires the team, improves patient safety, and drives organisational change."))
story.append(SP(0.1))
story.append(P("<b>Definition:</b> Leadership is the <b>ability to influence, guide, and direct individuals or groups</b> toward the achievement of organisational goals.",defn))
story.append(P("— Hersey & Blanchard | Also: 'Process of social influence that maximises efforts of others toward achievement of a goal' — Kevin Kruse", italic))
story.append(SP(0.1))

story.append(section_head("THEORIES OF LEADERSHIP", NAVY))
story.append(SP(0.1))

story.append(P("<b>1. TRAIT THEORY (Great Man Theory):</b>", subhd))
for b in ["Leaders are <b>BORN, not made</b> — leadership is an innate quality",
          "Key traits: Intelligence, self-confidence, determination, integrity, sociability, initiative",
          "<b>Limitation:</b> Does not consider the situation, the follower, or the context"]:
    story.append(B(b))
story.append(SP(0.1))

story.append(P("<b>2. BEHAVIORAL THEORIES:</b>", subhd))
beh = [
    ["Theory", "Leadership Styles / Dimensions"],
    ["Lewin's Style Theory\n(1939)", "Autocratic — leader decides alone, no input from staff\nDemocratic — shared decision-making, participative\nLaissez-faire — hands-off; total freedom to staff (least effective)"],
    ["Ohio State Studies\n(1940s)", "Initiating Structure — task-oriented, sets roles and goals\nConsideration — people-oriented, warm relationships with staff"],
    ["Managerial Grid\n(Blake & Mouton)", "9,9 Team Leader = HIGH concern for people + task (IDEAL)\n9,1 Authority = high task, low people\n1,9 Country Club = high people, low task\n1,1 Impoverished = low both\n5,5 Middle of the Road = moderate both"],
]
story.append(make_table(beh[0], beh[1:], [4*cm, 13*cm], TEAL))
story.append(SP(0.1))

story.append(P("<b>3. SITUATIONAL LEADERSHIP THEORY (Hersey & Blanchard, 1969):</b>", subhd))
story.append(P("Leader <b>adapts the leadership style</b> based on the follower's task maturity/readiness level. No single best style — the situation determines the style."))
sit = [
    ["Style", "Name", "Follower Maturity", "Leader Behavior"],
    ["S1","Telling",      "M1 — Low maturity (unable & unwilling)","High task direction, Low relationship support"],
    ["S2","Selling",      "M2 — Low-mod maturity (unable but willing)","High task direction, High relationship support"],
    ["S3","Participating","M3 — Mod-high maturity (able but unwilling)","Low task direction, High relationship support"],
    ["S4","Delegating",   "M4 — High maturity (able & willing)","Low task direction, Low relationship support"],
]
story.append(make_table(sit[0], sit[1:], [1.5*cm, 3*cm, 6*cm, 6.5*cm], TEAL))
story.append(SP(0.1))

story.append(P("<b>4. TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP (Burns 1978, Bass 1985):</b>", subhd))
story.append(P("Inspires followers to <b>exceed their own self-interests</b> for the good of the organisation. Built on the <b>4 I's:</b>"))
for i in [
    "<b>Idealized Influence</b> — Acts as a role model; followers admire, trust, and identify with the leader",
    "<b>Inspirational Motivation</b> — Communicates an inspiring vision; motivates followers to commit",
    "<b>Intellectual Stimulation</b> — Encourages creativity, innovation, and critical thinking among staff",
    "<b>Individualized Consideration</b> — Pays attention to each follower's individual needs and development",
]:
    story.append(B(i))
story.append(SP(0.1))

story.append(P("<b>5. TRANSACTIONAL LEADERSHIP:</b>", subhd))
for b in ["Based on exchange — <b>reward for performance, punishment for non-performance</b>",
          "Focuses on maintaining the current system (status quo)",
          "Uses contingent reward and management-by-exception",
          "Less effective for innovation but useful in crisis situations"]:
    story.append(B(b))
story.append(SP(0.1))

story.append(P("<b>6. SERVANT LEADERSHIP (Greenleaf, 1970):</b>", subhd))
for b in ["Leader <b>serves followers first</b> — meets their needs before own",
          "Focuses on follower growth, well-being, and empowerment",
          "Highly applicable in nursing management and patient-centred care"]:
    story.append(B(b))
story.append(SP(0.15))

story.append(section_head("QUALITIES OF AN EFFECTIVE NURSE LEADER", NAVY))
story.append(SP(0.1))
qual = [
    ["Quality","Description","Application in Nursing"],
    ["Vision","Sees the big picture; sets clear long-term goals","Plans nursing unit development and improvement"],
    ["Communication","Active listener; communicates clearly and assertively","Conducts effective handovers; staff meetings"],
    ["Decision Making","Analyzes problems; makes timely evidence-based decisions","Handles emergency staffing; ethical dilemmas"],
    ["Emotional Intelligence","Manages own emotions; empathizes with staff/patients","Handles staff conflicts; supports stressed nurses"],
    ["Integrity","Honest, ethical, and consistent in all actions","Models professional conduct; maintains patient confidentiality"],
    ["Clinical Competence","Strong nursing knowledge and skill","Earns team credibility; guides clinical decisions"],
    ["Accountability","Takes responsibility for actions and team outcomes","Owns mistakes; ensures quality standards are met"],
    ["Flexibility","Adapts quickly to changing situations and priorities","Adjusts to sudden patient surge; staff shortages"],
]
story.append(make_table(qual[0], qual[1:], [3.5*cm, 5.5*cm, 8*cm], NAVY))
story.append(SP(0.15))

story.append(P("<b>Conclusion:</b> Effective nursing leadership is not a single style but a dynamic, adaptive process. A nurse leader who combines clinical expertise with strong interpersonal skills, ethical integrity, and the ability to inspire — significantly improves both staff satisfaction and patient care quality.", concl))
story.append(key_box("Diagrams to draw in exam: Situational Leadership 2×2 matrix | Managerial Grid 9×9 | Maslow pyramid (as part of leadership motivation discussion)"))
story.append(PageBreak())

# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
# Q2: STAFFING
# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
story += [
    q_banner(2, "STAFFING — FUNCTIONS & JOB DESCRIPTION OF WARD SISTER", "", "🔴 MOST LIKELY", TEAL),
    marks_split("Introduction+Definition = 2 | Functions of Staffing = 7 | Job Description = 5 | Conclusion = 1"),
    SP(0.15),
]

story.append(P("<b>Introduction:</b> Staffing is a critical nursing management function. Adequate, well-qualified, and motivated nursing staff is the single most important factor in delivering safe, high-quality patient care."))
story.append(P("<b>Definition:</b> Staffing is the process of <b>determining and providing the acceptable number and mix of nursing personnel</b> to produce a desired level of care to meet patient demand. — <i>ANA</i>", defn))
story.append(key_box("INC Norms (Memorise): General ward = 1:6 | Post-operative ward = 1:3 | ICU/CCU = 1:1 | Paediatrics = 1:4 | OT = 1:1"))
story.append(SP(0.15))

story.append(section_head("FUNCTIONS OF STAFFING", NAVY))
story.append(SP(0.1))
sf = [
    ["#","Function","Detailed Description"],
    ["1","Manpower Planning","Forecast future staffing needs based on patient census, bed occupancy, acuity levels, and seasonal variation. Uses tools like workload analysis and INC ratios."],
    ["2","Recruitment","Attracting qualified nursing candidates through internal sources (promotion, transfer, re-employment) and external sources (advertisements, campus recruitment, nursing councils)."],
    ["3","Selection","Choosing the best candidate through a systematic process: written test → interview → reference check → medical examination → background verification."],
    ["4","Placement & Induction","Orienting the newly selected nurse to the hospital, ward, policies, procedures, team members, equipment, and documentation systems. Reduces anxiety and error."],
    ["5","Training & Development","Improving staff skills through in-service education, workshops, CMEs, clinical demonstrations, e-learning, and continuing nursing education (CNE) programmes."],
    ["6","Performance Appraisal","Periodic, systematic evaluation of nurse's performance against pre-set standards using tools like graphic rating scale, BARS, 360° feedback, or MBO-based evaluation."],
    ["7","Promotion & Transfer","Career advancement based on merit, seniority, and competence. Transfer for organisational need or personal request. Both motivate and retain nursing staff."],
    ["8","Retention","Strategies to reduce staff turnover: competitive salary, safe work environment, recognition programmes, flexible scheduling, career development opportunities."],
    ["9","Separation","Properly managing retirement, voluntary resignation, termination, and conducting exit interviews to understand reasons for leaving and improve organisational culture."],
]
story.append(make_table(sf[0], sf[1:], [0.8*cm, 3.5*cm, 12.7*cm], NAVY))
story.append(SP(0.15))

story.append(section_head("JOB DESCRIPTION OF WARD SISTER (CHARGE NURSE)", NAVY))
story.append(SP(0.1))
story.append(P("<b>Job Title:</b> Ward Sister / Charge Nurse  |  <b>Qualification:</b> BSc Nursing + 2 years experience OR GNM + 3 years, with valid State Nursing Council registration"))
story.append(P("<b>Department:</b> Nursing Services  |  <b>Responsible to:</b> Nursing Superintendent  |  <b>Responsible for:</b> Staff Nurses, Student Nurses, Nursing Aides posted in the ward"))
story.append(SP(0.1))
jd = [
    ["Category","Duties and Responsibilities"],
    ["Administrative\nDuties","• Prepare daily duty roster and allocate nurses to patients based on acuity\n• Maintain all ward registers: admission, discharge, death, diet, narcotics\n• Ensure proper shift handover and written/verbal reporting\n• Indent and manage ward supplies, linen, and equipment\n• Coordinate with doctors, pharmacy, dietary, and housekeeping departments\n• Participate in hospital policy and committee meetings\n• Maintain ward statistics and submit reports to NS"],
    ["Clinical\nDuties","• Supervise and evaluate quality of nursing care given to all patients\n• Conduct nursing rounds at least twice daily\n• Update and review nursing care plans for all patients\n• Monitor high-risk and critically ill patients; escalate deterioration promptly\n• Manage ward emergencies and code situations\n• Ensure infection prevention and control protocols are strictly followed\n• Oversee medication administration safety in the ward"],
    ["Educational\nDuties","• Orient newly posted staff nurses to the ward, equipment, and routines\n• Supervise, guide, and evaluate student nurses during clinical postings\n• Conduct ward-level in-service education sessions (minimum monthly)\n• Provide patient and family health education regarding diagnosis and self-care"],
    ["Research &\nQuality","• Promote evidence-based nursing practice in the ward\n• Identify clinical problems suitable for nursing research\n• Participate in NABH accreditation and quality improvement activities\n• Maintain and submit incident/accident reports"],
]
story.append(make_table(jd[0], jd[1:], [3.2*cm, 13.8*cm], NAVY))
story.append(SP(0.15))
story.append(P("<b>Conclusion:</b> Effective staffing ensures the right nurse is in the right place at the right time. The Ward Sister is the operational linchpin of the nursing team — translating management plans into day-to-day patient care excellence.", concl))
story.append(PageBreak())

# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
# Q3: MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS + FAYOL'S 14 PRINCIPLES
# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
story += [
    q_banner(3, "MANAGEMENT — FUNCTIONS (POSDCORB) & 14 PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT", "", "🟠 HIGH", ORANGE),
    marks_split("Introduction+Definition = 2 | POSDCORB Functions = 6 | 14 Principles (Fayol) = 6 | Conclusion = 1"),
    SP(0.15),
]

story.append(P("<b>Introduction:</b> Management is the foundation of every healthcare organisation. Effective nursing management ensures quality patient care, efficient resource utilisation, and a motivated, accountable workforce."))
story.append(P("<b>Definition:</b> Management is the process of <b>planning, organising, staffing, directing, and controlling</b> the available human, material, and financial resources to achieve organisational goals efficiently and effectively. — <i>Harold Koontz</i>", defn))
story.append(SP(0.1))

story.append(section_head("FUNCTIONS OF MANAGEMENT — POSDCORB (Gulick & Urwick)", NAVY))
story.append(SP(0.1))
posd = [
    ["Function","Full Meaning","Description","Nursing Example"],
    ["P","Planning","Setting goals and deciding the best course of action in advance","Preparing annual nursing department plan"],
    ["O","Organising","Arranging resources and tasks to achieve goals","Drawing ward duty roster; organogram"],
    ["S","Staffing","Providing adequate and competent nursing personnel","Recruiting, selecting, and training nurses"],
    ["D","Directing","Guiding, motivating, and leading staff","Supervising student nurses in clinical area"],
    ["Co","Coordinating","Synchronising activities of all departments","Coordinating with dietary for patient meals"],
    ["R","Reporting","Keeping records and communicating upward","Submitting monthly ward statistics to NS"],
    ["B","Budgeting","Financial planning, accounting, and cost control","Preparing ward indent and annual budget"],
]
story.append(make_table(posd[0], posd[1:], [1*cm, 2.8*cm, 6.5*cm, 6.7*cm], ORANGE))
story.append(SP(0.15))

story.append(section_head("FAYOL'S 14 PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT (Henri Fayol, 1916)", NAVY))
story.append(SP(0.1))
prin = [
    ["No.","Principle","Meaning / Application in Nursing"],
    ["1","Division of Work","Specific parts of the job assigned to different individuals — ICU nurses only handle ICU patients"],
    ["2","Authority & Responsibility","Authority to give orders must be matched with responsibility — Ward Sister has authority to manage her ward"],
    ["3","Discipline","Obedience and respect for rules between management and staff — following hospital infection control protocols"],
    ["4","Unity of Command","Each nurse receives orders from ONLY ONE superior — avoids confusion and conflicting instructions"],
    ["5","Unity of Direction","One plan and one head for activities with the same objective — single nursing care plan per patient"],
    ["6","Subordination","Individual/personal interests subordinate to organisational interests — hospital goals come first"],
    ["7","Remuneration","Fair and equitable compensation for services rendered — competitive nursing salaries and benefits"],
    ["8","Centralisation","Degree to which authority is concentrated at top level — varies based on hospital type"],
    ["9","Scalar Chain","Clear line of authority from top to bottom: CNO → NS → Ward Sister → Staff Nurse"],
    ["10","Order","Right person in the right place at the right time — skilled ICU nurses assigned to ICU"],
    ["11","Equity","Fair and equal treatment of all employees regardless of background or seniority"],
    ["12","Stability of Tenure","Job security and stable employment leads to greater efficiency and staff loyalty"],
    ["13","Initiative","Employees should be encouraged to take initiative within policy limits — innovative nursing ideas"],
    ["14","Esprit de Corps","Team spirit and unity is strength — a cohesive nursing team delivers better patient care"],
]
story.append(make_table(prin[0], prin[1:], [1*cm, 4.2*cm, 11.8*cm], NAVY))
story.append(SP(0.1))
story.append(P("<b>Conclusion:</b> Fayol's 14 principles provide a timeless and universal framework for effective management. When applied thoughtfully in nursing, they create a disciplined, equitable, and productive environment that ultimately results in superior patient care and staff satisfaction.", concl))
story.append(key_box("MCQ Alert: Father of Modern/Administrative Management = Henri Fayol | Father of Scientific Management = F.W. Taylor (time and motion studies)"))
story.append(PageBreak())

# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
# Q4: ORGANISING
# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
story += [
    q_banner(4, "ORGANISING — PRINCIPLES, PROCESS & TYPES OF ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE", "", "🟠 HIGH", ORANGE),
    marks_split("Introduction+Definition = 2 | Principles = 4 | Process = 4 | Types of Structure = 4 | Conclusion = 1"),
    SP(0.15),
]

story.append(P("<b>Introduction:</b> Organising is the second essential function of management. It provides the structural framework that allows all members of the organisation to work efficiently toward common goals."))
story.append(P("<b>Definition:</b> Organising is the process of <b>identifying and grouping work to be done, defining and delegating responsibility and authority</b>, and establishing relationships to enable people to work effectively toward organisational goals. — <i>Louis A. Allen</i>", defn))
story.append(SP(0.1))

story.append(section_head("PRINCIPLES OF ORGANISING", NAVY))
story.append(SP(0.1))
porg = [
    ["Principle","Description","Application in Nursing"],
    ["Unity of Command","Each employee receives orders from ONLY ONE supervisor","A staff nurse reports to only one Ward Sister"],
    ["Span of Control","Number of subordinates a manager can effectively supervise (ideal: 5-8)","NS supervises 5-8 Ward Sisters effectively"],
    ["Scalar Chain","Clear, unbroken line of authority from top to bottom","CNO → NS → Ward Sister → Staff Nurse → Aide"],
    ["Division of Labour","Work divided into specialised tasks for efficiency and expertise","Separate teams: ward nurses, OT nurses, ICU nurses"],
    ["Authority-Responsibility Parity","Authority granted must be equal to the responsibility assigned","Ward Sister given authority matching her ward responsibility"],
    ["Flexibility","Organisational structure must adapt to changing needs and conditions","Adjusting structure during pandemic surge"],
    ["Simplicity","Structure should be as simple as possible — avoid unnecessary layers","Flat hierarchy in small nursing homes"],
    ["Coordination","All departments must work in harmony toward common organisational goals","Nursing, medical, dietary, pharmacy coordination"],
]
story.append(make_table(porg[0], porg[1:], [4*cm, 6*cm, 7*cm], TEAL))
story.append(SP(0.15))

story.append(section_head("PROCESS OF ORGANISING (6 Steps)", NAVY))
for i, st in enumerate([
    "<b>Identify activities:</b> List all activities needed to achieve the organisational goal",
    "<b>Group activities:</b> Combine related activities into logical departments (surgical nursing, medical nursing, ICU)",
    "<b>Assign duties:</b> Allocate specific tasks and responsibilities to appropriate personnel based on competence",
    "<b>Delegate authority:</b> Grant formal authority needed to carry out assigned responsibilities",
    "<b>Establish coordination:</b> Create clear communication channels and coordination mechanisms",
    "<b>Review periodically:</b> Evaluate the structure and adjust as goals, staff, or environment changes",
], 1):
    story.append(B(f"<b>Step {i}:</b> {st}"))
story.append(SP(0.15))

story.append(section_head("TYPES OF ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE", NAVY))
story.append(SP(0.1))
org_types = [
    ["Type","Description","Advantages","Disadvantages","Example"],
    ["Line\nOrganisation","Direct, vertical chain of authority from top to bottom","Simple structure; clear authority","Rigid; overburdens managers","Military nursing units"],
    ["Line & Staff\nOrganisation","Line authority + specialist staff (advisors) to assist","Expert advice available; flexible","May cause confusion in authority","Most general hospitals"],
    ["Functional\nOrganisation","Specialist managers for each specific function","High specialisation; expertise","Multiple bosses; coordination difficult","Large teaching hospitals"],
    ["Matrix\nOrganisation","Dual authority: both functional and project managers","Flexible; project-focused","Role conflict; complex","Hospital accreditation teams"],
    ["Committee\nOrganisation","Group collectively makes decisions","Broad participation; democratic","Slow decision-making","Ethics committees; nursing committees"],
]
story.append(make_table(org_types[0], org_types[1:], [3*cm, 3.5*cm, 3.5*cm, 3.5*cm, 3.5*cm], NAVY))
story.append(SP(0.1))
story.append(P("<b>Conclusion:</b> Effective organising provides clarity of roles, eliminates duplication of work, and facilitates smooth coordination. In nursing, a well-designed organisational structure enables efficient patient care delivery and clear accountability at every level.", concl))
story.append(key_box("Draw in exam: Hospital organisational chart showing CNO → NS → Ward Sister → Staff Nurse → Nursing Aide. Label each level as Top/Middle/Lower management."))
story.append(PageBreak())

# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
# Q5: PLANNING + MBO
# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
story += [
    q_banner(5, "PLANNING — TYPES, STEPS & MANAGEMENT BY OBJECTIVES (MBO)", "", "🟠 HIGH", ORANGE),
    marks_split("Introduction+Definition = 2 | Types of Planning = 3 | Steps = 5 | MBO = 4 | Conclusion = 1"),
    SP(0.15),
]

story.append(P("<b>Introduction:</b> Planning is the primary and most fundamental function of management. It is the intellectual process of deciding in advance what to do, how to do it, when to do it, and who should do it."))
story.append(P("<b>Definition:</b> Planning is the process of <b>setting objectives and deciding in advance the most suitable course of action to achieve those objectives</b>. It bridges the gap between where we are and where we want to be. — <i>Koontz & O'Donnell</i>", defn))
story.append(SP(0.1))

story.append(section_head("TYPES OF PLANNING", NAVY))
story.append(SP(0.1))
plan_types = [
    ["Type","Time Frame","Description","Nursing Example"],
    ["Strategic Plan","3–5 years (Long-term)","Broad goals set by top management; defines mission, vision, values","Hospital 5-year nursing excellence plan"],
    ["Tactical Plan","1–2 years (Medium-term)","Mid-level management; translates strategy into specific objectives","Annual nursing department goals"],
    ["Operational Plan","Daily/Weekly/Monthly (Short-term)","Specific actions for lower management","Daily ward duty roster, monthly schedule"],
    ["Standing Plans","Recurring (ongoing)","Policies, procedures, rules, regulations for routine situations","Hand hygiene policy; medication policy"],
    ["Single-Use Plans","One-time (non-recurring)","Programs, projects, budgets for a specific purpose","Mass immunisation camp plan; budget"],
]
story.append(make_table(plan_types[0], plan_types[1:], [3.5*cm, 3.5*cm, 5*cm, 5*cm], TEAL))
story.append(SP(0.15))

story.append(section_head("STEPS IN PLANNING (8 Steps)", NAVY))
steps = [
    ("Setting objectives","Define <b>SMART</b> goals — Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, Time-bound. Objectives must be clear to all levels of nursing management."),
    ("Establishing premises","Identify assumptions about the future operating environment — budget, staffing, patient demand, government policy."),
    ("Identifying alternatives","List ALL possible courses of action to achieve the objective. No alternative should be dismissed at this stage."),
    ("Evaluating alternatives","Analyse each alternative for feasibility, cost, time, resources needed, and risks involved."),
    ("Selecting the best plan","Choose the most practical, cost-effective, and goal-aligned alternative as the official plan of action."),
    ("Formulating derivative plans","Develop supporting sub-plans for each department that align with and support the master plan."),
    ("Implementing the plan","Assign responsibilities, communicate the plan to all staff, provide necessary resources and training."),
    ("Follow-up and evaluation","Monitor progress continuously; compare with objectives; take corrective action if deviating from plan."),
]
for i, (title, desc) in enumerate(steps, 1):
    story.append(B(f"<b>Step {i} — {title}:</b> {desc}"))
story.append(SP(0.15))

story.append(section_head("MANAGEMENT BY OBJECTIVES (MBO)", NAVY))
story.append(SP(0.1))
story.append(P("<b>Concept by:</b> Peter Drucker (1954) — In his book 'The Practice of Management'"))
story.append(P("<b>Also known as:</b> Management by Results | Goal Management"))
story.append(SP(0.05))
story.append(P("<b>Definition:</b> MBO is a management process whereby the superior and subordinate managers <b>jointly identify common goals, define each individual's major area of responsibility in terms of expected results</b>, and use these measures to guide unit operations and assess each member's contribution.", defn))
story.append(SP(0.1))

story.append(P("<b>Steps in MBO Process:</b>", subhd))
for i, s in enumerate([
    "Set broad organisational goals by top management",
    "Define individual or departmental objectives jointly (superior + subordinate together)",
    "Establish action plans specifying how objectives will be achieved",
    "Monitor performance regularly against the set objectives",
    "Evaluate results — compare actual performance with planned objectives",
    "Reward performance and provide feedback; reset objectives for next cycle",
], 1):
    story.append(B(f"<b>Step {i}:</b> {s}"))
story.append(SP(0.1))

story.append(P("<b>Advantages vs Limitations of MBO:</b>", subhd))
mbo_comp = [
    ["ADVANTAGES","LIMITATIONS"],
    ["Clear, measurable objectives improve focus","Time-consuming process of goal-setting"],
    ["Improves communication between levels","Requires full top management commitment"],
    ["Motivates employees — they set their own goals","Difficult to set quantifiable objectives for nursing care"],
    ["Provides objective basis for performance appraisal","May create rigidity if goals are not flexible enough"],
    ["Improves coordination between departments","Short-term focus may neglect long-term development"],
    ["Increases accountability at each level","Training needed before MBO can be implemented successfully"],
]
mbo_t = Table(mbo_comp, colWidths=[8.5*cm, 8.5*cm])
mbo_t.setStyle(TableStyle([
    ("BACKGROUND",(0,0),(-1,0),NAVY),("TEXTCOLOR",(0,0),(-1,0),white),
    ("FONTNAME",(0,0),(-1,0),"Helvetica-Bold"),("FONTSIZE",(0,0),(-1,-1),9),
    ("GRID",(0,0),(-1,-1),0.4,HexColor("#cccccc")),
    ("TOPPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1),4),("BOTTOMPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1),4),
    ("LEFTPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1),6),
    ("ROWBACKGROUNDS",(0,1),(-1,-1),[LTBLUE,white]),
]))
story.append(mbo_t)
story.append(SP(0.15))
story.append(P("<b>Conclusion:</b> Planning provides direction, reduces uncertainty, and improves efficiency. MBO enhances the planning process by making it collaborative — increasing staff ownership of objectives, improving motivation, and ensuring that individual efforts align with overall nursing unit and hospital goals.", concl))
story.append(key_box("MBO key fact: Introduced by Peter Drucker (1954). MBO makes planning participatory — subordinate + superior SET goals TOGETHER. This distinguishes it from all other planning approaches."))

# ── FINAL QUICK REFERENCE PAGE ───────────────────────────────────────────────
story.append(PageBreak())
story.append(banner("⚡ TONIGHT'S QUICK REFERENCE — LAST-MINUTE REVISION", RED, white, 13, 0.9, "CENTER", 0))
story.append(SP(0.2))

story.append(banner("EXAM WRITING FORMAT — FOLLOW FOR EVERY ESSAY", NAVY, white, 10, 0.65))
story.append(SP(0.1))
format_data = [
    ["Step","What to write","Marks earned","Time"],
    ["1. Introduction","2 sentences linking topic to nursing management","~1 mark","30 sec"],
    ["2. Definition","1-2 clear sentences with author name in brackets","1 mark","1 min"],
    ["3. Main Content","Theories / Functions / Principles / Steps — use subheadings and tables","10-11 marks","15 min"],
    ["4. Diagram","1 labeled diagram (Situational leadership, org chart, etc.)","1 mark","2 min"],
    ["5. Nurse's Role","3-4 bullet points on how nurse/nurse manager applies this","1 mark","2 min"],
    ["6. Conclusion","2 sentences summarising importance","1 mark","30 sec"],
]
story.append(make_table(format_data[0], format_data[1:], [3*cm, 7.5*cm, 2.5*cm, 2.5*cm, 1.5*cm], GREEN))
story.append(SP(0.2))

story.append(banner("KEY DEFINITIONS — MEMORISE THESE (First line of every answer)", NAVY, white, 10, 0.65))
defns = [
    ["Topic","Definition to Write (First Line)"],
    ["Leadership","Leadership is the ability to influence, guide, and direct individuals or groups toward the achievement of organisational goals. — Hersey & Blanchard"],
    ["Staffing","Staffing is the process of determining and providing the acceptable number and mix of nursing personnel to produce a desired level of care to meet patient demand. — ANA"],
    ["Management","Management is the process of planning, organising, staffing, directing, and controlling available resources to achieve organisational goals efficiently and effectively. — Koontz"],
    ["Organising","Organising is the process of identifying and grouping work to be done, defining and delegating responsibility and authority to enable people to work effectively toward goals. — Louis Allen"],
    ["Planning","Planning is the process of setting objectives and deciding in advance the most suitable course of action to achieve those objectives. — Koontz & O'Donnell"],
    ["MBO","MBO is a process whereby superior and subordinate jointly identify common goals, define each person's area of responsibility, and use these to guide operations and assess contribution. — Drucker"],
]
story.append(make_table(defns[0], defns[1:], [3*cm, 14*cm], NAVY))
story.append(SP(0.2))

story.append(banner("THEORIST QUICK LIST — FOR MCQs AND ESSAY CREDITS", PURPLE, white, 10, 0.65))
theorist_data = [
    ["Theorist/Author","Concept","Year"],
    ["F.W. Taylor","Father of Scientific Management — time & motion studies","1911"],
    ["Henri Fayol","Father of Modern Management — 14 principles, POSDCORB","1916"],
    ["Elton Mayo","Hawthorne studies — human relations movement in management","1924–32"],
    ["Max Weber","Bureaucratic theory of management","1947"],
    ["Abraham Maslow","Hierarchy of Needs — 5 levels from physiological to self-actualization","1943"],
    ["Douglas McGregor","Theory X and Theory Y","1960"],
    ["Frederick Herzberg","Two-Factor Theory — Hygiene factors vs Motivation factors","1959"],
    ["Hersey & Blanchard","Situational Leadership Theory — S1 to S4 based on maturity","1969"],
    ["Blake & Mouton","Managerial Grid — 9×9 leadership styles","1964"],
    ["James MacGregor Burns","Transformational Leadership","1978"],
    ["Bernard Bass","Expanded Transformational + Transactional Leadership model","1985"],
    ["Robert Greenleaf","Servant Leadership","1970"],
    ["Peter Drucker","Management by Objectives (MBO)","1954"],
    ["Gulick & Urwick","POSDCORB — functions of management","1937"],
    ["Joseph Luft & Harry Ingham","Johari Window — self-awareness communication model","1955"],
    ["Dr. Lawrence Weed","Problem Oriented Medical Record (POMR)","1960s"],
]
story.append(make_table(theorist_data[0], theorist_data[1:], [5*cm, 9*cm, 3*cm], PURPLE))
story.append(SP(0.2))

story.append(banner("TIME PLAN FOR EXAM TOMORROW", RED, white, 10, 0.65))
time_data = [
    ["Time","Task","Marks"],
    ["0:00–0:05","Read entire paper; choose Q1 and Q2 topic; plan diagrams","—"],
    ["0:05–0:25","Write Long Essay Q1 (20 min — 2 full pages, 1 diagram)","15"],
    ["0:25–0:45","Write Long Essay Q2 (20 min — 2 full pages, 1 diagram)","15"],
    ["0:45–0:53","Short Essay Q3 (8 min — 1 page)","5"],
    ["0:53–1:01","Short Essay Q4 (8 min — 1 page)","5"],
    ["1:01–1:09","Short Essay Q5 (8 min — 1 page)","5"],
    ["1:09–1:17","Short Essay Q6 (8 min — 1 page)","5"],
    ["1:17–1:25","Short Essay Q7 (8 min — 1 page)","5"],
    ["1:25–1:45","Short Answers Q8-Q11 (5 min each — 4-6 bullet points)","8"],
    ["1:45–1:55","MCQs Q12-Q23 (circle answers — 10 min total)","12"],
    ["1:55–2:00","Review; add missing conclusions; check diagrams labeled","—"],
    ["Total","","75"],
]
story.append(make_table(time_data[0], time_data[1:], [3.5*cm, 10.5*cm, 3*cm], RED))
story.append(SP(0.25))

# footer
foot = Table([["RGUHS Nursing Management & Leadership — 5 Long Essay Cheat Sheet  |  17 July 2026  |  Prepared by Orris Study Guides"]],
             colWidths=[17*cm])
foot.setStyle(TableStyle([
    ("BACKGROUND",(0,0),(-1,-1),NAVY),("TEXTCOLOR",(0,0),(-1,-1),HexColor("#aaaaaa")),
    ("FONTNAME",(0,0),(-1,-1),"Helvetica"),("FONTSIZE",(0,0),(-1,-1),8),
    ("ALIGN",(0,0),(-1,-1),"CENTER"),
    ("TOPPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1),6),("BOTTOMPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1),6),
]))
story.append(foot)

doc.build(story)
print(f"SUCCESS: {OUTPUT}")

Successfully replaced 1 instance(s) of the string in '/tmp/workspace/nursing-mgmt-guide/cheatsheet_pdf.py'