Carbohydrate metabolism and regulation - Major pathways - Glycolysis - Reactions, functions and its control - Metabolism of other sugars - Fructose, Galactose, Mannose and Lactose - Pyruvate dehydrogenase and reactions of Citric acid cycle - Anaplerotic reactions - Energetics of glucose oxidations. Alternate pathways of glucose metabolism - HMP pathway and its importance - Glucuronic acid cycle - Gluconeogenesis - Substrates - pathway and control of amino sugar - Glycogen metabolism - Glycogenolysis and Glycogenesis reactions - Metabolic disorders - Glycogen storage diseases (GSD). Unit II Lipid metabolism and regulation - Lipid transport and storage - Plasma lipoproteins - Role of liver and adipose tissue in fat metabolism - Role of brown adipose tissue in thermogenesis - Catabolism of triacylglycerols – Beta oxidation of fatty acids – Ketogenesis and utilization of ketone bodies - Biosynthesis of fatty acids, triacylglycerols, phopholipids and cholesterol – Production of Bile acids - Metabolism of Eicosanoids - Lipid storage diseases. Unit III Amino acids metabolism - Protein turnover and regulation - amino acid pools and absorption of amino acids - catabolism of amino acids - Deamination, transamination. Ammonia carriers; Excretion of nitrogen - urea cycle. Catabolism of carbon skeletons of amino acids. Conversion of amino acids to specialized products – Heme Biosynthesis - Physiologically active amines. Biosynthesis of non-essential amino acids. Metabolic disorders. Unit IV Catabolism and regulation of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides/ deoxynucleotides - Biosynthesis and regulation of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides - Biosynthesis of nucleotide coenzymes and regulation - Inhibitors of purine and pyrimidine metabolism and role in cancer therapy – Metabolic disorders. Unit V Structural and functional relationships of specialized tissues and organs; Organ specialization in fuel metabolism: Brain, muscle, adipose tissue, liver, kidney; Inter organ metabolic pathways, hormonal control of fuel metabolism. Tracing metabolic fates, perturbing the system. Metabolic interrelationships in obesity, diabetes, cancer, aerobic and anaerobic exercise in horses, pregnancy, lactation and stress injuryCarbohydrate metabolism and regulation - Major pathways - Glycolysis - Reactions, functions and its control - Metabolism of other sugars - Fructose, Galactose, Mannose and Lactose - Pyruvate dehydrogenase and reactions of Citric acid cycle - Anaplerotic reactions - Energetics of glucose oxidations. Alternate pathways of glucose metabolism - HMP pathway and its importance - Glucuronic acid cycle - Gluconeogenesis - Substrates - pathway and control of amino sugar - Glycogen metabolism - Glycogenolysis and Glycogenesis reactions - Metabolic disorders - Glycogen storage diseases (GSD). Unit II Lipid metabolism and regulation - Lipid transport and storage - Plasma lipoproteins - Role of liver and adipose tissue in fat metabolism - Role of brown adipose tissue in thermogenesis - Catabolism of triacylglycerols – Beta oxidation of fatty acids – Ketogenesis and utilization of ketone bodies - Biosynthesis of fatty acids, triacylglycerols, phopholipids and cholesterol – Production of Bile acids - Metabolism of Eicosanoids - Lipid storage diseases. Unit III Amino acids metabolism - Protein turnover and regulation - amino acid pools and absorption of amino acids - catabolism of amino acids - Deamination, transamination. Ammonia carriers; Excretion of nitrogen - urea cycle. Catabolism of carbon skeletons of amino acids. Conversion of amino acids to specialized products – Heme Biosynthesis - Physiologically active amines. Biosynthesis of non-essential amino acids. Metabolic disorders. Unit IV Catabolism and regulation of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides/ deoxynucleotides - Biosynthesis and regulation of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides - Biosynthesis of nucleotide coenzymes and regulation - Inhibitors of purine and pyrimidine metabolism and role in cancer therapy – Metabolic disorders. Unit V Structural and functional relationships of specialized tissues and organs; Organ specialization in fuel metabolism: Brain, muscle, adipose tissue, liver, kidney; Inter organ metabolic pathways, hormonal control of fuel metabolism. Tracing metabolic fates, perturbing the system. Metabolic interrelationships in obesity, diabetes, cancer, aerobic and anaerobic exercise in horses, pregnancy, lactation and stress injury

Protein