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🔍 Research & Information

• Web search — find current, real-time information on any topic
• Medical literature — search a curated library of medical textbooks for clinical, pharmacological, anatomical, and other health-related questions
• PubMed search — retrieve peer-reviewed studies, clinical trials, meta-analyses, and guidelines with proper citations

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🏥 Medical Expertise

• Answer clinical questions using authoritative medical textbooks
• Retrieve medical images, diagrams, and anatomical illustrations
• Surface recent evidence that may update or contradict established knowledge
• Support questions on diagnoses, treatments, drugs, physiology, pathology, and more

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📄 Document & File Creation

• Word documents (.docx) — create professional reports, letters, memos with formatting, tables of contents, and headings
• PowerPoint presentations (.pptx) — build slide decks, pitch decks, and presentations
• Excel spreadsheets (.xlsx) — create, read, edit, and clean spreadsheet data
• PDF files — read, merge, split, watermark, extract text/images, and create PDFs

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💻 Code & Computation

• Write and execute code in a sandboxed Linux environment
• Run shell commands, scripts, and data pipelines
• Perform calculations, data analysis, and file manipulation

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🖼️ Image Generation

• Generate original images, diagrams, and visual content from descriptions

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🧠 General Intelligence

• Answer questions across science, history, law, finance, engineering, and more
• Summarize documents, synthesize research, and explain complex topics
• Help with writing, editing, brainstorming, and planning

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• Conversational AI that can answer questions, write, explain, and reason across topics
• Can generate images and write/execute code

📚 Studying & Exam Prep

• Explain complex topics from textbook sources (not just my training data)
• Break down pathophysiology, pharmacology, clinical reasoning
• Help you understand mechanisms, not just memorize facts

🏥 Clinical Rotations

• Quick lookups on differentials, investigations, management plans
• Drug doses, interactions, contraindications
• Interpreting lab values, imaging findings, ECGs

🔬 Evidence-Based Medicine

• Pull latest guidelines and systematic reviews from PubMed
• Help you critically appraise studies
• Find evidence for clinical decisions

✍️ Academic Work

• Write case reports, research proposals, presentations
• Create PowerPoint slides for case presentations or seminars
• Format references and citations

🩺 Exam-Style Q&A

• Quiz you on topics, walk through clinical scenarios
• Explain why wrong answers are wrong
• Discuss OSCEs, written exams, vivas

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• Ask me anything — no question is too basic or too complex
• Challenge my answers — I'll always show my sources so you can verify
• Use me actively — don't just read my answers, ask me to quiz you, debate differentials, or explain things a different way
• I'm a tool, not a replacement — always cross-check critical clinical decisions with your supervisors

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📖 ECG: A Complete Guide — Basics to Disease

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PART 1: What Is an ECG?

"A normal ECG for two beats of the heart is shown in Fig. 11.1. The ECG is composed of a P wave, a QRS complex, and a T wave." — Guyton & Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology

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PART 2: The 12 Leads — What Are They?

Limb Leads (Frontal Plane)

Precordial (Chest) Leads (Horizontal Plane)

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PART 3: The ECG Waveforms — One by One

🔵 The P Wave

• Represents atrial depolarization (SA node → right atrium → left atrium)
• Normal: upright in lead II, inverted in aVR
• Duration: <120 ms | Amplitude: 0.1–0.3 mV
• Atrial repolarization is NOT seen — it's buried inside the QRS complex

🔴 The QRS Complex

• Represents ventricular depolarization — the electrical event just before ventricular contraction
• Made of 3 components:
  • Q wave = initial septal depolarization (left → right)
  • R wave = main ventricular depolarization
  • S wave = late depolarization moving away from the electrode
• Normal duration: 0.06–0.10 sec (wider = conduction problem)

🟢 The T Wave

• Represents ventricular repolarization
• Normally upright in most leads (I, II, V3–V6)
• Normally inverted in aVR
• The T wave is broad because repolarization is not simultaneous — it spreads over ~0.15 sec

🟡 The U Wave (bonus)

• A small positive wave after the T wave
• May represent late Purkinje or M-cell repolarization
• Prominent U waves = think hypokalemia

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PART 4: The Intervals — The Numbers You MUST Know

• e.g., RR = 0.83 sec → HR = 72 bpm

• 1 small box = 0.04 sec, 1 mm
• 1 large box = 0.20 sec, 5 mm

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PART 5: A Systematic Approach to Reading Any ECG

1. Rate — count the RR interval → 60 ÷ RR (normal 60–100 bpm)
2. Rhythm — regular or irregular? Is every QRS preceded by a P wave?
3. Axis — is the QRS upright in lead I and aVF? (Normal axis = –30° to +90°)
4. P waves — present? Normal shape? One per QRS?
5. PR interval — 0.12–0.20 sec? (Long = heart block, short = pre-excitation)
6. QRS — wide or narrow? Q waves present?
7. ST & T waves — elevated? Depressed? Inverted?

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PART 6: Common ECG Abnormalities in Disease

🔴 Myocardial Infarction (MI)

"The hallmark of acute myocardial infarction is elevation of the ST segments in the leads overlying the area of infarction. Leads on the opposite side of the heart show ST segment depression." — Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology

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🟡 Heart Blocks (AV Blocks)

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🟠 Bundle Branch Blocks

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🔵 Electrolyte Abnormalities

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🟣 Arrhythmias

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PART 7: Quick Memory Summary

SA node fires → P wave (atria depolarize)
  ↓
AV node delay → PR interval
  ↓
Bundle of His → Bundle branches → Purkinje → QRS (ventricles depolarize)
  ↓
Ventricles contract
  ↓
Ventricles repolarize → T wave

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What to Study Next

1. Arrhythmias — AF, SVT, VT (most clinically tested)
2. MI localization — which leads, which artery
3. Bundle branch blocks — very common in wards
4. Axis calculation — often asked in exams

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• Draw the PQRST wave yourself a few times and label each part — kinesthetic memory helps a lot
• Practice with real ECGs — once you know the pattern, recognition becomes fast
• The 7-step method is your safety net — never skip steps, even when the answer seems obvious