"""
A0 Portrait Poster: ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE: A GLOBAL THREAT
Size: 841 x 1189 mm -> in points: 2383.94 x 3370.39
"""

from reportlab.lib.pagesizes import A0
from reportlab.lib import colors
from reportlab.lib.units import mm, cm
from reportlab.platypus import (
    SimpleDocTemplate, Paragraph, Spacer, Table, TableStyle,
    HRFlowable, KeepTogether
)
from reportlab.lib.styles import getSampleStyleSheet, ParagraphStyle
from reportlab.lib.enums import TA_CENTER, TA_LEFT, TA_JUSTIFY
from reportlab.platypus import Flowable
from reportlab.lib.colors import HexColor, white, black
import os

OUTPUT = "/tmp/workspace/amr-poster/AMR_Global_Threat_Poster.pdf"

# ── Colour Palette ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
DARK_TEAL   = HexColor("#0D4F5C")   # header bg
MID_TEAL    = HexColor("#1A7A8A")   # section headers
LIGHT_TEAL  = HexColor("#D6EEF2")   # section header bg
ACCENT_RED  = HexColor("#C0392B")   # highlight / attention
ACCENT_AMBER= HexColor("#E67E22")   # accent 2
BG_GREY     = HexColor("#F4F8FA")   # body bg
WHITE       = white
BLACK       = black
TEXT_DARK   = HexColor("#1C2833")

# ── Page setup ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
W, H = A0   # 2383.94 x 3370.39 pt
MARGIN = 28 * mm
INNER_W = W - 2 * MARGIN

# ── Styles ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
styles = getSampleStyleSheet()

def style(name, **kw):
    return ParagraphStyle(name, **kw)

TITLE_STYLE = style("Title",
    fontSize=72, leading=82, textColor=WHITE,
    fontName="Helvetica-Bold", alignment=TA_CENTER)

SUBTITLE_STYLE = style("Subtitle",
    fontSize=38, leading=46, textColor=HexColor("#A8D8E8"),
    fontName="Helvetica-Oblique", alignment=TA_CENTER)

AUTHORS_STYLE = style("Authors",
    fontSize=32, leading=40, textColor=WHITE,
    fontName="Helvetica", alignment=TA_CENTER)

INSTITUTION_STYLE = style("Institution",
    fontSize=26, leading=34, textColor=HexColor("#A8D8E8"),
    fontName="Helvetica-Oblique", alignment=TA_CENTER)

SECTION_HEADER = style("SectionHeader",
    fontSize=40, leading=50, textColor=MID_TEAL,
    fontName="Helvetica-Bold", alignment=TA_LEFT,
    spaceBefore=8, spaceAfter=6)

BODY = style("Body",
    fontSize=26, leading=36, textColor=TEXT_DARK,
    fontName="Helvetica", alignment=TA_JUSTIFY,
    spaceBefore=4, spaceAfter=4)

BODY_BOLD = style("BodyBold",
    fontSize=26, leading=36, textColor=TEXT_DARK,
    fontName="Helvetica-Bold", alignment=TA_LEFT,
    spaceBefore=2, spaceAfter=2)

BULLET = style("Bullet",
    fontSize=25, leading=35, textColor=TEXT_DARK,
    fontName="Helvetica", alignment=TA_JUSTIFY,
    leftIndent=22, firstLineIndent=0,
    spaceBefore=3, spaceAfter=3)

CAPTION = style("Caption",
    fontSize=22, leading=30, textColor=HexColor("#555555"),
    fontName="Helvetica-Oblique", alignment=TA_CENTER)

STAT_NUM = style("StatNum",
    fontSize=56, leading=64, textColor=ACCENT_RED,
    fontName="Helvetica-Bold", alignment=TA_CENTER)

STAT_LABEL = style("StatLabel",
    fontSize=24, leading=32, textColor=TEXT_DARK,
    fontName="Helvetica", alignment=TA_CENTER)

REF_STYLE = style("Ref",
    fontSize=20, leading=28, textColor=HexColor("#444444"),
    fontName="Helvetica", alignment=TA_LEFT)

FOOTER_STYLE = style("Footer",
    fontSize=22, leading=30, textColor=WHITE,
    fontName="Helvetica", alignment=TA_CENTER)

# ── Custom Flowables ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
class ColorBox(Flowable):
    """A filled rectangle with padding, used as section header background."""
    def __init__(self, text, width, height=58*mm, bg=LIGHT_TEAL, fg=MID_TEAL,
                 font="Helvetica-Bold", fsize=40):
        super().__init__()
        self.text = text
        self.width = width
        self.height = height
        self.bg = bg
        self.fg = fg
        self.font = font
        self.fsize = fsize

    def draw(self):
        c = self.canv
        c.setFillColor(self.bg)
        c.roundRect(0, 0, self.width, self.height, 6*mm, fill=1, stroke=0)
        # left accent bar
        c.setFillColor(MID_TEAL)
        c.rect(0, 0, 8*mm, self.height, fill=1, stroke=0)
        c.setFillColor(self.fg)
        c.setFont(self.font, self.fsize)
        c.drawString(12*mm, self.height/2 - self.fsize*0.35, self.text)

    def wrap(self, aw, ah):
        return self.width, self.height


class HeaderBanner(Flowable):
    """Full-width gradient-style header block."""
    def __init__(self, width, height):
        super().__init__()
        self.width = width
        self.height = height

    def draw(self):
        c = self.canv
        # Background
        c.setFillColor(DARK_TEAL)
        c.rect(0, 0, self.width, self.height, fill=1, stroke=0)
        # Decorative circles
        c.setFillColor(HexColor("#1A7A8A"))
        c.circle(self.width - 80*mm, self.height - 60*mm, 90*mm, fill=1, stroke=0)
        c.setFillColor(HexColor("#0A3D4A"))
        c.circle(self.width - 50*mm, 20*mm, 60*mm, fill=1, stroke=0)
        c.circle(30*mm, self.height - 30*mm, 45*mm, fill=1, stroke=0)
        # Horizontal rule
        c.setStrokeColor(ACCENT_AMBER)
        c.setLineWidth(3*mm)
        c.line(15*mm, 35*mm, self.width - 15*mm, 35*mm)

    def wrap(self, aw, ah):
        return self.width, self.height


class StatBox(Flowable):
    """A statistics highlight box."""
    def __init__(self, number, label, width, height=55*mm, color=ACCENT_RED):
        super().__init__()
        self.number = number
        self.label = label
        self.width = width
        self.height = height
        self.color = color

    def draw(self):
        c = self.canv
        c.setFillColor(HexColor("#FEF9F9"))
        c.roundRect(0, 0, self.width, self.height, 5*mm, fill=1, stroke=0)
        c.setStrokeColor(self.color)
        c.setLineWidth(2.5*mm)
        c.roundRect(0, 0, self.width, self.height, 5*mm, fill=0, stroke=1)
        # Number
        c.setFillColor(self.color)
        c.setFont("Helvetica-Bold", 52)
        c.drawCentredString(self.width/2, self.height*0.52, self.number)
        # Label
        c.setFillColor(TEXT_DARK)
        c.setFont("Helvetica", 21)
        # wrap label
        words = self.label.split()
        line = ""
        lines = []
        for w in words:
            if len(line + " " + w) > 22:
                lines.append(line.strip())
                line = w
            else:
                line += " " + w
        if line:
            lines.append(line.strip())
        y = self.height * 0.38 - (len(lines) - 1) * 13
        for l in lines:
            c.drawCentredString(self.width/2, y, l)
            y -= 27

    def wrap(self, aw, ah):
        return self.width, self.height


class FooterBanner(Flowable):
    def __init__(self, width, height=30*mm):
        super().__init__()
        self.width = width
        self.height = height

    def draw(self):
        c = self.canv
        c.setFillColor(DARK_TEAL)
        c.rect(0, 0, self.width, self.height, fill=1, stroke=0)
        c.setStrokeColor(ACCENT_AMBER)
        c.setLineWidth(2*mm)
        c.line(0, self.height - 2*mm, self.width, self.height - 2*mm)

    def wrap(self, aw, ah):
        return self.width, self.height


# ── Content ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
def build_poster():
    doc = SimpleDocTemplate(
        OUTPUT,
        pagesize=A0,
        topMargin=0,
        bottomMargin=0,
        leftMargin=MARGIN,
        rightMargin=MARGIN,
    )

    story = []

    # ─── HEADER ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    HEADER_H = 220 * mm
    story.append(HeaderBanner(INNER_W, HEADER_H))

    # Title text overlaid via table trick
    header_content = [
        Paragraph("ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE", TITLE_STYLE),
        Spacer(1, 6*mm),
        Paragraph("A Global Threat", SUBTITLE_STYLE),
        Spacer(1, 10*mm),
        Paragraph("Authors: [Author 1]   |   [Author 2]", AUTHORS_STYLE),
        Spacer(1, 4*mm),
        Paragraph("Department of Microbiology  |  [Institution Name]  |  [Year]",
                  INSTITUTION_STYLE),
    ]
    # We need to overlay text on the header. Use a negative spacer to go back up.
    story.append(Spacer(1, -HEADER_H))
    story.append(Spacer(1, 18*mm))
    for item in header_content:
        story.append(item)

    story.append(Spacer(1, 14*mm))

    # ─── STATS ROW ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    stat_w = (INNER_W - 4 * 8*mm) / 5
    stats = [
        ("1.27M", "Deaths directly\nattributable to AMR\n(2019, Lancet)"),
        ("4.95M", "Deaths associated\nwith AMR globally\n(2019)"),
        ("700K+", "Annual AMR deaths\nbefore 2016\nestimates"),
        ("10M", "Projected annual\ndeaths by 2050\nif no action"),
        (">100", "Countries affected\nby drug-resistant\npathogens"),
    ]
    stat_colors = [ACCENT_RED, ACCENT_RED, MID_TEAL, ACCENT_AMBER, MID_TEAL]
    stat_cells = [[StatBox(s[0], s[1], stat_w - 4*mm, 58*mm, c)
                   for s, c in zip(stats, stat_colors)]]
    stat_table = Table(stat_cells,
                       colWidths=[stat_w]*5,
                       hAlign="LEFT")
    stat_table.setStyle(TableStyle([
        ("ALIGN", (0,0), (-1,-1), "CENTER"),
        ("VALIGN", (0,0), (-1,-1), "MIDDLE"),
        ("LEFTPADDING", (0,0), (-1,-1), 4*mm),
        ("RIGHTPADDING", (0,0), (-1,-1), 4*mm),
    ]))
    story.append(stat_table)
    story.append(Spacer(1, 10*mm))

    # ─── TWO-COLUMN LAYOUT: INTRODUCTION + METHODS ───────────────────────────
    COL_W = (INNER_W - 12*mm) / 2

    # INTRODUCTION
    intro_content = [
        ColorBox("INTRODUCTION", COL_W, 52*mm),
        Spacer(1, 5*mm),
        Paragraph(
            "Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) occurs when bacteria, viruses, fungi, and "
            "parasites evolve mechanisms to resist the drugs designed to kill them. This "
            "renders standard treatments ineffective, leading to persistent infections, "
            "increased healthcare costs, and higher mortality.",
            BODY),
        Spacer(1, 4*mm),
        Paragraph("<b>What is AMR?</b>", BODY_BOLD),
        Paragraph(
            u"\u2022  Bacteria develop resistance through mutation or horizontal gene transfer.",
            BULLET),
        Paragraph(
            u"\u2022  Resistance genes spread via plasmids, transposons, and integrons.",
            BULLET),
        Paragraph(
            u"\u2022  Key resistant organisms: MRSA, ESBL-producing <i>E. coli</i>, "
            u"carbapenem-resistant <i>Klebsiella</i>, XDR-TB, drug-resistant malaria.",
            BULLET),
        Spacer(1, 4*mm),
        Paragraph("<b>Why is it a global crisis?</b>", BODY_BOLD),
        Paragraph(
            u"\u2022  The 2022 Lancet systematic analysis reported 1.27 million deaths "
            u"directly caused by AMR in 2019, making it a leading infectious disease killer.",
            BULLET),
        Paragraph(
            u"\u2022  Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia carry the highest burden.",
            BULLET),
        Paragraph(
            u"\u2022  Without intervention, AMR is projected to kill 10 million people "
            u"per year by 2050 - more than cancer.",
            BULLET),
        Paragraph(
            u"\u2022  AMR threatens modern medicine: surgeries, chemotherapy, organ "
            u"transplants, and neonatal care all depend on effective antibiotics.",
            BULLET),
    ]

    # METHODS
    methods_content = [
        ColorBox("METHODS", COL_W, 52*mm),
        Spacer(1, 5*mm),
        Paragraph(
            "This poster is based on a <b>systematic review</b> of peer-reviewed literature, "
            "global surveillance databases, and WHO/CDC reports published between 2015 and 2024.",
            BODY),
        Spacer(1, 4*mm),
        Paragraph("<b>Data Sources</b>", BODY_BOLD),
        Paragraph(u"\u2022  PubMed / MEDLINE (systematic reviews, meta-analyses, RCTs)", BULLET),
        Paragraph(u"\u2022  WHO Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS)", BULLET),
        Paragraph(u"\u2022  Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2019 & 2021", BULLET),
        Paragraph(u"\u2022  CDC Antibiotic Resistance Threats Reports (2019, 2023)", BULLET),
        Paragraph(u"\u2022  ESKAPE pathogen surveillance data", BULLET),
        Spacer(1, 4*mm),
        Paragraph("<b>Search Terms</b>", BODY_BOLD),
        Paragraph(
            '"Antimicrobial resistance" AND "global burden"; "antibiotic resistance mechanisms"; '
            '"multidrug resistant organisms"; "AMR surveillance"; "National Action Plans"',
            BODY),
        Spacer(1, 4*mm),
        Paragraph("<b>Inclusion Criteria</b>", BODY_BOLD),
        Paragraph(u"\u2022  Human studies, global/national scale data", BULLET),
        Paragraph(u"\u2022  Published 2015-2024, English language", BULLET),
        Paragraph(u"\u2022  Quantitative burden data or mechanistic evidence", BULLET),
        Spacer(1, 4*mm),
        Paragraph("<b>Analysis</b>", BODY_BOLD),
        Paragraph(
            "Data were synthesized narratively. Statistics were extracted from the "
            "GBD 2019 Lancet study (PMID: 35065702) and WHO GLASS reports. "
            "Resistance mechanisms were categorized by drug class.",
            BODY),
    ]

    col_table = Table(
        [[intro_content, methods_content]],
        colWidths=[COL_W, COL_W],
        hAlign="LEFT"
    )
    col_table.setStyle(TableStyle([
        ("VALIGN", (0,0), (-1,-1), "TOP"),
        ("LEFTPADDING", (0,0), (0,-1), 0),
        ("RIGHTPADDING", (0,0), (0,-1), 6*mm),
        ("LEFTPADDING", (1,0), (1,-1), 6*mm),
        ("RIGHTPADDING", (1,0), (1,-1), 0),
    ]))
    story.append(col_table)
    story.append(Spacer(1, 10*mm))

    # ─── RESULTS (full width + two col) ──────────────────────────────────────
    story.append(ColorBox("RESULTS", INNER_W, 52*mm))
    story.append(Spacer(1, 5*mm))

    # Results overview paragraph
    story.append(Paragraph(
        "The review identified six major thematic findings on the global scope, mechanisms, "
        "drivers, and consequences of AMR.",
        BODY))
    story.append(Spacer(1, 6*mm))

    # Results two columns
    results_left = [
        Paragraph("<b>1. Global Epidemiology</b>", BODY_BOLD),
        Paragraph(
            u"\u2022  AMR directly caused 1.27 million deaths and was associated with "
            u"4.95 million deaths in 2019 (GBD, <i>Lancet</i> 2022).",
            BULLET),
        Paragraph(
            u"\u2022  The six leading pathogens - <i>E. coli</i>, <i>S. aureus</i>, "
            u"<i>K. pneumoniae</i>, <i>S. pneumoniae</i>, <i>A. baumannii</i>, "
            u"<i>P. aeruginosa</i> - accounted for 929,000 deaths.",
            BULLET),
        Paragraph(
            u"\u2022  Lower respiratory infections caused the highest AMR-attributable mortality.",
            BULLET),
        Paragraph(
            u"\u2022  Sub-Saharan Africa had the highest age-standardised AMR mortality rate "
            u"(27.3 per 100,000 population).",
            BULLET),
        Spacer(1, 5*mm),

        Paragraph("<b>2. Resistance Mechanisms</b>", BODY_BOLD),
        Paragraph(
            u"\u2022  <b>Enzymatic inactivation:</b> Beta-lactamases (ESBL, carbapenemases - "
            u"KPC, NDM, OXA-48) hydrolyze beta-lactam rings.",
            BULLET),
        Paragraph(
            u"\u2022  <b>Target modification:</b> Altered PBPs in MRSA; ribosomal mutations "
            u"conferring aminoglycoside/macrolide resistance.",
            BULLET),
        Paragraph(
            u"\u2022  <b>Efflux pumps:</b> Active drug expulsion (e.g., MexAB-OprM in "
            u"<i>P. aeruginosa</i>).",
            BULLET),
        Paragraph(
            u"\u2022  <b>Reduced permeability:</b> Porin mutations limit drug entry.",
            BULLET),
        Paragraph(
            u"\u2022  <b>Horizontal gene transfer:</b> Plasmid-mediated spread of "
            u"resistance genes across species and continents.",
            BULLET),
        Spacer(1, 5*mm),

        Paragraph("<b>3. Key Drug-Resistant Pathogens (ESKAPE)</b>", BODY_BOLD),
        Paragraph(
            u"\u2022  <i>Enterococcus faecium</i>, <i>S. aureus</i> (MRSA), "
            u"<i>K. pneumoniae</i>, <i>A. baumannii</i>, <i>P. aeruginosa</i>, "
            u"<i>Enterobacter</i> spp.",
            BULLET),
        Paragraph(
            u"\u2022  WHO Priority Pathogens List (Critical): Carbapenem-resistant "
            u"<i>Acinetobacter</i>, <i>Pseudomonas</i>, and <i>Enterobacteriaceae</i>.",
            BULLET),
        Paragraph(
            u"\u2022  Extensively Drug-Resistant TB (XDR-TB): resistant to isoniazid, "
            u"rifampicin, fluoroquinolones, and at least one injectable agent.",
            BULLET),
    ]

    results_right = [
        Paragraph("<b>4. Key Drivers of AMR</b>", BODY_BOLD),
        Paragraph(
            u"\u2022  <b>Antibiotic overuse/misuse:</b> Up to 50% of prescriptions are "
            u"inappropriate in some settings.",
            BULLET),
        Paragraph(
            u"\u2022  <b>Agricultural use:</b> ~73% of global antibiotics consumed in "
            u"food-producing animals (IQVIA, 2023).",
            BULLET),
        Paragraph(
            u"\u2022  <b>Inadequate infection prevention:</b> Poor hand hygiene, "
            u"healthcare-associated infections spread resistant organisms.",
            BULLET),
        Paragraph(
            u"\u2022  <b>Inadequate sanitation:</b> Poor WASH (Water, Sanitation, Hygiene) "
            u"amplifies community spread.",
            BULLET),
        Paragraph(
            u"\u2022  <b>Underfunded R&D:</b> Only 12 new antibiotics approved by FDA "
            u"between 2009-2023; pipeline remains insufficient.",
            BULLET),
        Spacer(1, 5*mm),

        Paragraph("<b>5. Clinical & Economic Impact</b>", BODY_BOLD),
        Paragraph(
            u"\u2022  AMR increases length of hospital stay by an average of 8-13 days.",
            BULLET),
        Paragraph(
            u"\u2022  Global economic cost estimated at $100 trillion cumulative GDP loss "
            u"by 2050 (O'Neill Review).",
            BULLET),
        Paragraph(
            u"\u2022  Infections by drug-resistant pathogens have 2-3x higher case-fatality "
            u"rates than susceptible strains.",
            BULLET),
        Paragraph(
            u"\u2022  Neonatal sepsis from resistant organisms is a growing crisis in LMICs.",
            BULLET),
        Spacer(1, 5*mm),

        Paragraph("<b>6. Surveillance & Response</b>", BODY_BOLD),
        Paragraph(
            u"\u2022  WHO GLASS (2022): 127 countries now report AMR surveillance data, "
            u"up from 52 in 2017.",
            BULLET),
        Paragraph(
            u"\u2022  National Action Plans (NAPs) implemented in >100 countries.",
            BULLET),
        Paragraph(
            u"\u2022  Global Antibiotic Research & Development Partnership (GARDP) "
            u"accelerating new antibiotic development.",
            BULLET),
        Paragraph(
            u"\u2022  AWaRe (Access, Watch, Reserve) antibiotic classification helps "
            u"stewardship globally.",
            BULLET),
    ]

    results_table = Table(
        [[results_left, results_right]],
        colWidths=[COL_W, COL_W],
        hAlign="LEFT"
    )
    results_table.setStyle(TableStyle([
        ("VALIGN", (0,0), (-1,-1), "TOP"),
        ("LEFTPADDING", (0,0), (0,-1), 0),
        ("RIGHTPADDING", (0,0), (0,-1), 6*mm),
        ("LEFTPADDING", (1,0), (1,-1), 6*mm),
        ("RIGHTPADDING", (1,0), (1,-1), 0),
    ]))
    story.append(results_table)
    story.append(Spacer(1, 10*mm))

    # ─── CONCLUSION ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    story.append(ColorBox("CONCLUSION", INNER_W, 52*mm))
    story.append(Spacer(1, 5*mm))

    concl_pts = [
        ("<b>AMR is one of the most pressing public health emergencies of the 21st century.</b> "
         "The 2022 Lancet study confirmed it already kills more people than HIV/AIDS or malaria in some regions."),
        ("The spread of AMR is driven by complex, interlinking factors - antibiotic overuse in "
         "humans and animals, poor infection control, inadequate sanitation, and a failing R&D pipeline."),
        ("A <b>One Health approach</b> is essential: coordinated action at the human-animal-environment "
         "interface, combining antimicrobial stewardship, infection prevention, vaccination, "
         "and accelerated drug development."),
        ("Global coordination through the <b>WHO Global Action Plan on AMR</b>, GLASS surveillance, "
         "and the UN Political Declaration on AMR (2024) offers a framework - but implementation "
         "remains critically underfunded."),
        ("<b>Every stakeholder matters:</b> prescribers, patients, pharmacists, farmers, "
         "policymakers, and researchers must act together to preserve the antibiotic arsenal "
         "for future generations."),
    ]

    for i, pt in enumerate(concl_pts):
        story.append(Paragraph(
            f"<b>{i+1}.</b>  {pt}", BODY))
        story.append(Spacer(1, 3*mm))

    story.append(Spacer(1, 8*mm))

    # ─── REFERENCES ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    story.append(HRFlowable(width=INNER_W, thickness=1*mm, color=MID_TEAL, spaceAfter=4*mm))
    story.append(Paragraph("<b>References</b>", BODY_BOLD))
    refs = [
        "1. Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators. Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance "
        "in 2019: a systematic analysis. <i>Lancet.</i> 2022;399(10325):629-655. PMID: 35065702",
        "2. World Health Organization. Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System "
        "(GLASS) Report 2022. Geneva: WHO; 2022.",
        "3. O'Neill J. Tackling Drug-Resistant Infections Globally: Final Report and Recommendations. "
        "Review on Antimicrobial Resistance. 2016.",
        "4. CDC. Antibiotic Resistance Threats in the United States, 2019. Atlanta, GA: CDC; 2019.",
        "5. GBD 2021 Lower Respiratory Infections and AMR Collaborators. <i>Lancet Infect Dis.</i> "
        "2024. PMID: 38636536",
        "6. WHO. AWaRe Antibiotic Book. Geneva: WHO; 2022.",
    ]
    for r in refs:
        story.append(Paragraph(r, REF_STYLE))

    story.append(Spacer(1, 8*mm))

    # ─── FOOTER ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    story.append(FooterBanner(INNER_W, 28*mm))
    story.append(Spacer(1, -28*mm))
    story.append(Spacer(1, 6*mm))
    story.append(Paragraph(
        "Department of Microbiology  |  [Institution Name]  |  Poster Presentation 2026  |  "
        "Grey Batch  |  Student In-charge: Ramidassree",
        FOOTER_STYLE))

    # ─── BUILD ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    doc.build(story)
    print(f"Poster saved to: {OUTPUT}")
    size_mb = os.path.getsize(OUTPUT) / (1024*1024)
    print(f"File size: {size_mb:.2f} MB")


build_poster()

"""
A0 Portrait Poster: ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE: A GLOBAL THREAT
Uses canvas-based layout for precise positioning on A0 (841x1189mm)
"""

from reportlab.lib.pagesizes import A0
from reportlab.lib.units import mm
from reportlab.lib.colors import HexColor, white, black
from reportlab.pdfgen import canvas
from reportlab.platypus import Paragraph, Frame, KeepInFrame
from reportlab.lib.styles import ParagraphStyle
from reportlab.lib.enums import TA_CENTER, TA_LEFT, TA_JUSTIFY, TA_RIGHT
import os

OUTPUT = "/tmp/workspace/amr-poster/AMR_Global_Threat_Poster.pdf"

# ── Dimensions ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
W, H = A0  # 2383.94 x 3370.39 pt
MARGIN = 24 * mm
INNER_W = W - 2 * MARGIN

# ── Colours ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
DARK_TEAL    = HexColor("#0B3D52")
MID_TEAL     = HexColor("#1A7A8A")
LIGHT_TEAL   = HexColor("#D4EEF5")
ACCENT_RED   = HexColor("#C0392B")
ACCENT_AMBER = HexColor("#E67E22")
PALE_BG      = HexColor("#F2F8FB")
SECTION_BG   = HexColor("#E8F6FA")
TEXT_DARK    = HexColor("#1C2833")
WHITE        = white

# ── Styles ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
def P(text, size, color=TEXT_DARK, font="Helvetica", align=TA_LEFT,
      leading=None, spaceAfter=0, spaceBefore=0, leftIndent=0):
    if leading is None:
        leading = size * 1.35
    return ParagraphStyle("_", fontSize=size, fontName=font, textColor=color,
                           alignment=align, leading=leading,
                           spaceAfter=spaceAfter, spaceBefore=spaceBefore,
                           leftIndent=leftIndent)

# ── Helper: draw_section ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────
def draw_section_header(c, x, y, w, h, title, fsize=36):
    """Draw a coloured section header bar."""
    c.setFillColor(SECTION_BG)
    c.roundRect(x, y, w, h, 4*mm, fill=1, stroke=0)
    c.setFillColor(MID_TEAL)
    c.rect(x, y, 7*mm, h, fill=1, stroke=0)
    c.setFillColor(MID_TEAL)
    c.setFont("Helvetica-Bold", fsize)
    c.drawString(x + 11*mm, y + h/2 - fsize*0.36, title)

def draw_text_frame(c, content, x, y, w, h):
    """Flow a list of Platypus flowables into a fixed frame."""
    f = Frame(x, y, w, h, leftPadding=0, rightPadding=0,
               topPadding=0, bottomPadding=0)
    kif = KeepInFrame(w, h, content, mode="shrink")
    f.addFromList([kif], c)

def bullet(text, size=24, indent=18):
    return Paragraph(
        u"\u2022  " + text,
        P(text, size, font="Helvetica", align=TA_JUSTIFY,
          leftIndent=indent, leading=size*1.38, spaceAfter=3))

def para(text, size=24, bold=False, color=TEXT_DARK, align=TA_JUSTIFY):
    font = "Helvetica-Bold" if bold else "Helvetica"
    return Paragraph(text, P(text, size, color=color, font=font,
                              align=align, leading=size*1.38, spaceAfter=4))

def heading(text, size=27):
    return Paragraph(text, P(text, size, color=MID_TEAL, font="Helvetica-Bold",
                              align=TA_LEFT, leading=size*1.35,
                              spaceBefore=6, spaceAfter=4))

from reportlab.platypus import Spacer as Sp
S = lambda n: Sp(1, n*mm)

# ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
def build():
    c = canvas.Canvas(OUTPUT, pagesize=A0)

    # ── BACKGROUND ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    c.setFillColor(PALE_BG)
    c.rect(0, 0, W, H, fill=1, stroke=0)

    # ── HEADER BLOCK ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    HEADER_H = 205 * mm
    HEADER_Y = H - HEADER_H

    c.setFillColor(DARK_TEAL)
    c.rect(0, HEADER_Y, W, HEADER_H, fill=1, stroke=0)

    # decorative circles
    c.setFillColor(MID_TEAL)
    c.circle(W - 100*mm, H - 80*mm, 110*mm, fill=1, stroke=0)
    c.setFillColor(HexColor("#0A3240"))
    c.circle(W - 70*mm, HEADER_Y + 25*mm, 70*mm, fill=1, stroke=0)
    c.circle(40*mm, H - 40*mm, 55*mm, fill=1, stroke=0)
    c.setFillColor(HexColor("#1A5E70"))
    c.circle(200*mm, HEADER_Y + 50*mm, 40*mm, fill=1, stroke=0)

    # amber rule
    c.setStrokeColor(ACCENT_AMBER)
    c.setLineWidth(3.5*mm)
    c.line(MARGIN, HEADER_Y + 28*mm, W - MARGIN, HEADER_Y + 28*mm)

    # Title
    c.setFillColor(WHITE)
    c.setFont("Helvetica-Bold", 80)
    c.drawCentredString(W/2, H - 70*mm, "ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE")

    c.setFillColor(HexColor("#A8DCE8"))
    c.setFont("Helvetica-Oblique", 50)
    c.drawCentredString(W/2, H - 125*mm, "A Global Threat to Human Health")

    # divider line
    c.setStrokeColor(HexColor("#ffffff"))
    c.setLineWidth(0.8*mm)
    c.line(MARGIN + 60*mm, H - 143*mm, W - MARGIN - 60*mm, H - 143*mm)

    c.setFillColor(WHITE)
    c.setFont("Helvetica", 32)
    c.drawCentredString(W/2, H - 162*mm, "Authors: [Author 1]   |   [Author 2]")

    c.setFillColor(HexColor("#A8DCE8"))
    c.setFont("Helvetica-Oblique", 26)
    c.drawCentredString(W/2, H - 187*mm,
        "Department of Microbiology  |  [Institution Name]  |  2026")

    # ── STATS ROW ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    stats_y = HEADER_Y - 70*mm
    stat_data = [
        ("1.27M", "Deaths directly\ncaused by AMR\n(2019, Lancet)", ACCENT_RED),
        ("4.95M", "Deaths associated\nwith AMR globally\n(2019)", ACCENT_RED),
        ("~50%", "Antibiotic prescriptions\nthat are inappropriate\nin many settings", MID_TEAL),
        ("10M", "Projected annual\ndeaths by 2050\nwithout action", ACCENT_AMBER),
        (">127", "Countries reporting\nAMR data to\nWHO GLASS (2022)", MID_TEAL),
    ]
    n = len(stat_data)
    BOX_GAP = 6*mm
    BOX_W = (INNER_W - (n-1)*BOX_GAP) / n
    BOX_H = 60*mm

    for i, (num, label, col) in enumerate(stat_data):
        bx = MARGIN + i*(BOX_W + BOX_GAP)
        by = stats_y - BOX_H

        c.setFillColor(WHITE)
        c.roundRect(bx, by, BOX_W, BOX_H, 4*mm, fill=1, stroke=0)
        c.setStrokeColor(col)
        c.setLineWidth(2.2*mm)
        c.roundRect(bx, by, BOX_W, BOX_H, 4*mm, fill=0, stroke=1)

        c.setFillColor(col)
        c.setFont("Helvetica-Bold", 48)
        c.drawCentredString(bx + BOX_W/2, by + BOX_H*0.54, num)

        lines = label.split("\n")
        c.setFillColor(TEXT_DARK)
        c.setFont("Helvetica", 20)
        y_txt = by + BOX_H*0.37 - (len(lines)-1)*13
        for l in lines:
            c.drawCentredString(bx + BOX_W/2, y_txt, l)
            y_txt -= 26

    stats_bottom = stats_y - BOX_H - 8*mm

    # ── TWO COLUMNS: INTRO + METHODS ─────────────────────────────────────────
    COL_W = (INNER_W - 10*mm) / 2
    COL_GAP = 10*mm
    SECTION_HDR_H = 46*mm

    # == INTRODUCTION ==
    col1_x = MARGIN
    col1_y = stats_bottom - 8*mm

    # estimate height for intro block
    intro_hdr_y = col1_y - SECTION_HDR_H
    draw_section_header(c, col1_x, intro_hdr_y, COL_W, SECTION_HDR_H,
                        "INTRODUCTION", fsize=36)

    intro_content = [
        para("Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) occurs when bacteria, viruses, fungi, "
             "and parasites evolve to resist drugs designed to kill them, rendering "
             "standard treatments ineffective and increasing the risk of persistent "
             "infection, severe illness, and death.", 24),
        S(3),
        heading("What is AMR?", 26),
        bullet("Bacteria resist antibiotics through <b>mutation</b> or acquisition of "
               "resistance genes via <b>horizontal gene transfer</b> (plasmids, transposons).", 24),
        bullet("Key mechanisms: enzymatic drug inactivation (beta-lactamases), "
               "target modification, efflux pumps, and reduced membrane permeability.", 24),
        bullet("Critical resistant organisms: <b>MRSA, ESBL-producing <i>E. coli</i>, "
               "carbapenem-resistant <i>Klebsiella</i>, XDR-TB</b>, drug-resistant malaria.", 24),
        S(3),
        heading("Why is it a global crisis?", 26),
        bullet("The 2022 <i>Lancet</i> systematic analysis confirmed AMR directly killed "
               "<b>1.27 million people</b> in 2019 - ranking it above HIV/AIDS and malaria "
               "in some regions.", 24),
        bullet("Without urgent action, AMR could kill <b>10 million people/year by 2050</b>, "
               "surpassing cancer as a cause of death.", 24),
        bullet("AMR threatens the foundations of modern medicine: routine surgeries, "
               "chemotherapy, organ transplants, and neonatal care all depend on "
               "effective antibiotics.", 24),
        bullet("Low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) bear the heaviest burden due to "
               "limited surveillance, poor sanitation, and restricted access to newer agents.", 24),
    ]
    INTRO_H = 185*mm
    draw_text_frame(c, intro_content, col1_x, intro_hdr_y - INTRO_H, COL_W, INTRO_H)

    # == METHODS ==
    col2_x = MARGIN + COL_W + COL_GAP
    col2_y = col1_y

    methods_hdr_y = col2_y - SECTION_HDR_H
    draw_section_header(c, col2_x, methods_hdr_y, COL_W, SECTION_HDR_H,
                        "METHODS", fsize=36)

    methods_content = [
        para("This poster synthesizes evidence from a <b>systematic review</b> of "
             "peer-reviewed literature, WHO/CDC surveillance reports, and global burden "
             "studies published between 2015 and 2024.", 24),
        S(3),
        heading("Data Sources", 26),
        bullet("PubMed / MEDLINE: systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and RCTs", 24),
        bullet("WHO Global AMR & Use Surveillance System (GLASS) Reports 2017-2022", 24),
        bullet("Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2019 & 2021", 24),
        bullet("CDC Antibiotic Resistance Threats Report 2019", 24),
        bullet("O'Neill Review on AMR (2016) - economic projections", 24),
        S(3),
        heading("Search Strategy", 26),
        bullet('"Antimicrobial resistance" AND "global burden"; '
               '"antibiotic resistance mechanisms"; "multidrug-resistant organisms"; '
               '"AMR surveillance"; "National Action Plan"', 24),
        S(3),
        heading("Inclusion Criteria", 26),
        bullet("Human studies with global/national-scale burden or mechanistic data", 24),
        bullet("English language, published 2015-2024", 24),
        bullet("Quantitative epidemiological or microbiological evidence", 24),
        S(3),
        heading("Analysis", 26),
        para("Data were synthesized narratively. Mortality and morbidity statistics were "
             "extracted from GBD 2019 (PMID: 35065702). Resistance mechanisms were "
             "categorized by drug class and pathogen group.", 24),
    ]
    draw_text_frame(c, methods_content, col2_x, methods_hdr_y - INTRO_H, COL_W, INTRO_H)

    # ── RESULTS (full width, two sub-columns) ────────────────────────────────
    results_top = intro_hdr_y - INTRO_H - 10*mm
    results_hdr_y = results_top - SECTION_HDR_H
    draw_section_header(c, MARGIN, results_hdr_y, INNER_W, SECTION_HDR_H,
                        "RESULTS", fsize=38)

    results_intro = [
        para("Six major thematic findings emerged from the review, covering global burden, "
             "resistance mechanisms, priority pathogens, drivers, clinical impact, "
             "and the current global response.", 24),
    ]
    RES_INTRO_H = 22*mm
    draw_text_frame(c, results_intro, MARGIN, results_hdr_y - RES_INTRO_H,
                    INNER_W, RES_INTRO_H)

    res_top2 = results_hdr_y - RES_INTRO_H - 4*mm
    RES_H = 235*mm

    res_left = [
        heading("1. Global Epidemiology", 26),
        bullet("AMR directly caused <b>1.27 million deaths</b> and was associated with "
               "<b>4.95 million deaths</b> in 2019 (<i>Lancet</i>, GBD 2019).", 24),
        bullet("Six pathogens accounted for 929,000 AMR-attributable deaths: "
               "<i>E. coli, S. aureus, K. pneumoniae, S. pneumoniae, "
               "A. baumannii, P. aeruginosa</i>.", 24),
        bullet("Lower respiratory infections = highest AMR-attributable mortality category.", 24),
        bullet("Sub-Saharan Africa: highest age-standardised rate at 27.3 per 100,000.", 24),
        S(4),
        heading("2. Resistance Mechanisms", 26),
        bullet("<b>Enzymatic inactivation:</b> ESBLs, carbapenemases (KPC, NDM-1, OXA-48) "
               "hydrolyse beta-lactam rings.", 24),
        bullet("<b>Target modification:</b> Altered PBP2a in MRSA; ribosomal methylation "
               "conferring aminoglycoside/macrolide resistance.", 24),
        bullet("<b>Efflux pumps:</b> Active expulsion of drugs (e.g., MexAB-OprM in "
               "<i>P. aeruginosa</i>).", 24),
        bullet("<b>Reduced permeability:</b> Porin channel mutations limiting antibiotic entry.", 24),
        bullet("<b>Horizontal gene transfer:</b> Plasmid-mediated intercontinental spread of "
               "resistance genes across bacterial species.", 24),
        S(4),
        heading("3. WHO Priority Pathogens (ESKAPE)", 26),
        bullet("CRITICAL tier: Carbapenem-resistant <i>Acinetobacter baumannii</i>, "
               "<i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>, <i>Enterobacteriaceae</i>.", 24),
        bullet("HIGH tier: Vancomycin-resistant <i>Enterococcus</i> (VRE), MRSA, "
               "fluoroquinolone-resistant <i>Salmonella</i>.", 24),
        bullet("XDR-TB: resistant to isoniazid, rifampicin, fluoroquinolones, and at "
               "least one injectable second-line agent.", 24),
        bullet("<i>Candida auris</i>: emerging multi-drug resistant fungal pathogen "
               "causing nosocomial outbreaks globally.", 24),
    ]

    res_right = [
        heading("4. Key Drivers of AMR", 26),
        bullet("<b>Antibiotic overuse & misuse:</b> up to 50% of prescriptions are "
               "inappropriate; self-medication without prescription is widespread in LMICs.", 24),
        bullet("<b>Agricultural use:</b> ~73% of global antibiotics are used in food-producing "
               "animals for growth promotion and prophylaxis.", 24),
        bullet("<b>Inadequate infection prevention:</b> poor hand hygiene and weak IPC "
               "practices spread resistant organisms in healthcare settings.", 24),
        bullet("<b>Environmental contamination:</b> pharmaceutical effluents, hospital "
               "wastewater, and agricultural run-off create AMR reservoirs.", 24),
        bullet("<b>Weak drug pipeline:</b> only 12 new antibiotics approved 2009-2023; "
               "most are modifications of existing classes.", 24),
        S(4),
        heading("5. Clinical & Economic Impact", 26),
        bullet("AMR prolongs hospital stay by an average of <b>8-13 days</b> per patient.", 24),
        bullet("Infections with resistant pathogens carry <b>2-3x higher</b> case-fatality "
               "rates vs. susceptible strains.", 24),
        bullet("Estimated cumulative <b>$100 trillion GDP loss</b> by 2050 (O'Neill Review).", 24),
        bullet("Neonatal sepsis from drug-resistant organisms is a growing crisis in LMICs, "
               "accounting for significant under-5 mortality.", 24),
        S(4),
        heading("6. Global Surveillance & Response", 26),
        bullet("<b>WHO GLASS (2022):</b> 127 countries now report AMR data, up from 52 in 2017.", 24),
        bullet("<b>National Action Plans (NAPs):</b> over 100 countries have adopted plans "
               "under the WHO Global Action Plan on AMR framework.", 24),
        bullet("<b>AWaRe classification:</b> WHO's Access-Watch-Reserve tool helps guide "
               "rational prescribing and antibiotic stewardship programmes.", 24),
        bullet("<b>UN Political Declaration on AMR (2024):</b> commits member states to "
               "reduce human AMR deaths by 10% by 2030.", 24),
    ]

    draw_text_frame(c, res_left, MARGIN, res_top2 - RES_H, COL_W, RES_H)
    draw_text_frame(c, res_right, col2_x, res_top2 - RES_H, COL_W, RES_H)

    # ── CONCLUSION ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    concl_top = res_top2 - RES_H - 10*mm
    concl_hdr_y = concl_top - SECTION_HDR_H
    draw_section_header(c, MARGIN, concl_hdr_y, INNER_W, SECTION_HDR_H,
                        "CONCLUSION", fsize=38)

    concl_content = [
        bullet("<b>AMR is a defining public health crisis of the 21st century</b>, already "
               "killing more people in some regions than HIV/AIDS or malaria.", 24),
        bullet("Its drivers are multisectoral, spanning human medicine, veterinary use, "
               "agriculture, and the environment - requiring a coordinated <b>One Health</b> response.", 24),
        bullet("Antimicrobial stewardship, robust infection prevention, expanded surveillance "
               "(GLASS), vaccination programmes, and accelerated R&D are the pillars of any effective response.", 24),
        bullet("The <b>UN Political Declaration on AMR (2024)</b> and WHO Global Action Plan "
               "provide a framework, but implementation remains critically underfunded - especially in LMICs.", 24),
        bullet("Every prescriber, patient, pharmacist, farmer, and policymaker has a role: "
               "<b>preserving the antibiotic arsenal is a shared global responsibility.</b>", 24),
    ]
    CONCL_H = 100*mm
    draw_text_frame(c, concl_content, MARGIN, concl_hdr_y - CONCL_H, INNER_W, CONCL_H)

    # ── REFERENCES ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    ref_top = concl_hdr_y - CONCL_H - 8*mm
    c.setStrokeColor(MID_TEAL)
    c.setLineWidth(0.8*mm)
    c.line(MARGIN, ref_top, W - MARGIN, ref_top)

    ref_content = [
        para("<b>References</b>", 24, bold=True),
        para("1. Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators. Global burden of bacterial AMR in 2019. "
             "<i>Lancet.</i> 2022;399:629-655. PMID: 35065702", 20),
        para("2. WHO. Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) Report 2022. Geneva: WHO; 2022.", 20),
        para("3. O'Neill J. Tackling Drug-Resistant Infections Globally: Final Report. Review on AMR. 2016.", 20),
        para("4. CDC. Antibiotic Resistance Threats in the United States, 2019. Atlanta: CDC; 2019.", 20),
        para("5. GBD 2021 Lower Respiratory Infections and AMR Collaborators. <i>Lancet Infect Dis.</i> 2024. PMID: 38636536", 20),
        para("6. WHO. AWaRe Antibiotic Book. Geneva: WHO; 2022.", 20),
    ]
    REF_H = 80*mm
    draw_text_frame(c, ref_content, MARGIN, ref_top - REF_H, INNER_W, REF_H)

    # ── FOOTER ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    FOOTER_H = 26*mm
    c.setFillColor(DARK_TEAL)
    c.rect(0, 0, W, FOOTER_H, fill=1, stroke=0)
    c.setStrokeColor(ACCENT_AMBER)
    c.setLineWidth(2*mm)
    c.line(0, FOOTER_H - 2*mm, W, FOOTER_H - 2*mm)

    c.setFillColor(WHITE)
    c.setFont("Helvetica", 22)
    c.drawCentredString(W/2, FOOTER_H/2 - 8,
        "Department of Microbiology  |  [Institution Name]  |  Grey Batch Poster Presentation 2026  |  "
        "Student In-charge: Ramidassree  |  Ph: 7305672104")

    c.save()
    size_mb = os.path.getsize(OUTPUT) / (1024 * 1024)
    print(f"Done! Saved to: {OUTPUT}")
    print(f"File size: {size_mb:.2f} MB")


build()

"""
A0 Portrait Poster: ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE: A GLOBAL THREAT
Pure canvas-based layout with manual text wrapping for reliable rendering.
"""

from reportlab.lib.pagesizes import A0
from reportlab.lib.units import mm
from reportlab.lib.colors import HexColor, white, black
from reportlab.pdfgen import canvas as pdfcanvas
import os, textwrap

OUTPUT = "/tmp/workspace/amr-poster/AMR_Global_Threat_Poster.pdf"

# ── Dimensions ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
W, H = A0   # 2383.94 x 3370.39 pt
MARGIN = 26 * mm
INNER_W = W - 2 * MARGIN

# ── Colours ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
DARK_TEAL    = HexColor("#0B3D52")
MID_TEAL     = HexColor("#1A7A8A")
LIGHT_TEAL   = HexColor("#D4EEF5")
ACCENT_RED   = HexColor("#C0392B")
ACCENT_AMBER = HexColor("#E67E22")
PALE_BG      = HexColor("#F2F8FB")
SECTION_BG   = HexColor("#E4F4FA")
TEXT_DARK    = HexColor("#1C2833")
WHITE        = white

def pt(mm_val):
    return mm_val * mm

# ── Text utilities ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
def wrap_text(text, font, size, max_width, c_obj):
    """Wrap text to fit within max_width. Returns list of lines."""
    # Estimate char width conservatively
    words = text.split()
    lines = []
    current = ""
    for word in words:
        test = (current + " " + word).strip()
        if c_obj.stringWidth(test, font, size) <= max_width:
            current = test
        else:
            if current:
                lines.append(current)
            current = word
    if current:
        lines.append(current)
    return lines

def draw_wrapped(c, text, x, y, w, font="Helvetica", size=24, color=TEXT_DARK,
                  leading=None, align="left"):
    """Draw wrapped text, returns new y position (lower)."""
    if leading is None:
        leading = size * 1.38
    c.setFillColor(color)
    c.setFont(font, size)
    lines = wrap_text(text, font, size, w, c)
    for line in lines:
        if align == "center":
            c.drawCentredString(x + w/2, y, line)
        elif align == "right":
            c.drawRightString(x + w, y, line)
        else:
            c.drawString(x, y, line)
        y -= leading
    return y

def draw_bullet(c, text, x, y, w, size=24, color=TEXT_DARK):
    """Draw bullet point with wrapped text."""
    leading = size * 1.38
    indent = size * 1.4
    c.setFillColor(ACCENT_AMBER)
    c.circle(x + size*0.3, y + size*0.22, size*0.18, fill=1, stroke=0)
    c.setFillColor(color)
    c.setFont("Helvetica", size)
    lines = wrap_text(text, "Helvetica", size, w - indent, c)
    first = True
    for line in lines:
        c.drawString(x + indent, y, line)
        y -= leading
        first = False
    return y - 1

def draw_section_header(c, x, y, w, h, title, fsize=36):
    """Draw teal section header bar."""
    c.setFillColor(SECTION_BG)
    c.roundRect(x, y, w, h, pt(4), fill=1, stroke=0)
    c.setFillColor(MID_TEAL)
    c.rect(x, y, pt(7), h, fill=1, stroke=0)
    # small circles decoration
    c.setFillColor(HexColor("#1A7A8A"))
    c.circle(x + w - pt(15), y + h/2, pt(5), fill=1, stroke=0)
    c.circle(x + w - pt(25), y + h/2, pt(3.5), fill=1, stroke=0)
    c.setFillColor(MID_TEAL)
    c.setFont("Helvetica-Bold", fsize)
    c.drawString(x + pt(13), y + h/2 - fsize*0.36, title)

def draw_subheading(c, text, x, y, size=27, color=MID_TEAL):
    c.setFillColor(color)
    c.setFont("Helvetica-Bold", size)
    c.drawString(x, y, text)
    return y - size * 1.45

# ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
def build():
    c = pdfcanvas.Canvas(OUTPUT, pagesize=A0)
    c.setTitle("Antimicrobial Resistance: A Global Threat")
    c.setAuthor("Grey Batch")
    c.setSubject("Poster Presentation 2026")

    # ── PAGE BACKGROUND ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    c.setFillColor(PALE_BG)
    c.rect(0, 0, W, H, fill=1, stroke=0)

    # subtle grid lines
    c.setStrokeColor(HexColor("#E0EEF3"))
    c.setLineWidth(0.3*mm)
    for yy in range(0, int(H), int(pt(40))):
        c.line(0, yy, W, yy)

    # ── HEADER ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    HDR_H = pt(195)
    HDR_Y = H - HDR_H

    c.setFillColor(DARK_TEAL)
    c.rect(0, HDR_Y, W, HDR_H, fill=1, stroke=0)

    # deco circles
    c.setFillColor(MID_TEAL)
    c.circle(W - pt(110), H - pt(85), pt(115), fill=1, stroke=0)
    c.setFillColor(HexColor("#0A3240"))
    c.circle(W - pt(75), HDR_Y + pt(28), pt(72), fill=1, stroke=0)
    c.circle(pt(45), H - pt(42), pt(58), fill=1, stroke=0)
    c.setFillColor(HexColor("#1A5E70"))
    c.circle(pt(210), HDR_Y + pt(55), pt(42), fill=1, stroke=0)

    # amber rule
    c.setStrokeColor(ACCENT_AMBER)
    c.setLineWidth(pt(3.2))
    c.line(MARGIN, HDR_Y + pt(25), W - MARGIN, HDR_Y + pt(25))

    # Main title
    c.setFillColor(WHITE)
    c.setFont("Helvetica-Bold", 84)
    c.drawCentredString(W/2, H - pt(73), "ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE")

    c.setFillColor(HexColor("#A8DCE8"))
    c.setFont("Helvetica-Oblique", 52)
    c.drawCentredString(W/2, H - pt(127), "A Global Threat to Human Health")

    # thin white line
    c.setStrokeColor(HexColor("#ffffff"))
    c.setLineWidth(0.6*mm)
    c.line(MARGIN + pt(65), H - pt(146), W - MARGIN - pt(65), H - pt(146))

    c.setFillColor(WHITE)
    c.setFont("Helvetica", 33)
    c.drawCentredString(W/2, H - pt(163), "Authors: [Author 1]   |   [Author 2]")

    c.setFillColor(HexColor("#A8DCE8"))
    c.setFont("Helvetica-Oblique", 27)
    c.drawCentredString(W/2, H - pt(184),
        "Department of Microbiology  |  [Institution Name]  |  2026")

    # ── STATS ROW ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    STATS_TOP = HDR_Y - pt(8)
    BOX_H = pt(62)
    BOX_GAP = pt(6)
    N = 5
    BOX_W = (INNER_W - (N-1)*BOX_GAP) / N
    stat_data = [
        ("1.27M", "Deaths directly\nattributed to AMR\n(Lancet 2022)", ACCENT_RED),
        ("4.95M", "Deaths associated\nwith AMR globally\n(GBD 2019)", ACCENT_RED),
        ("~50%", "Antibiotic\nprescriptions that\nare inappropriate", MID_TEAL),
        ("10M", "Projected annual\ndeaths by 2050\nwithout action", ACCENT_AMBER),
        (">127", "Countries reporting\nAMR data to\nWHO GLASS 2022", MID_TEAL),
    ]
    for i, (num, label, col) in enumerate(stat_data):
        bx = MARGIN + i*(BOX_W + BOX_GAP)
        by = STATS_TOP - BOX_H
        c.setFillColor(WHITE)
        c.roundRect(bx, by, BOX_W, BOX_H, pt(4), fill=1, stroke=0)
        c.setStrokeColor(col)
        c.setLineWidth(pt(2.2))
        c.roundRect(bx, by, BOX_W, BOX_H, pt(4), fill=0, stroke=1)
        c.setFillColor(col)
        c.setFont("Helvetica-Bold", 50)
        c.drawCentredString(bx + BOX_W/2, by + BOX_H*0.55, num)
        lines = label.split("\n")
        c.setFillColor(TEXT_DARK)
        c.setFont("Helvetica", 21)
        y_lbl = by + BOX_H*0.38 - (len(lines)-1)*14
        for ln in lines:
            c.drawCentredString(bx + BOX_W/2, y_lbl, ln)
            y_lbl -= 27

    STATS_BOTTOM = STATS_TOP - BOX_H - pt(10)

    # ── TWO COLUMNS ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    COL_W = (INNER_W - pt(10)) / 2
    COL_GAP = pt(10)
    COL1_X = MARGIN
    COL2_X = MARGIN + COL_W + COL_GAP
    HDR_H2 = pt(46)

    # ── INTRODUCTION (left) ───────────────────────────────────────────────────
    intro_top = STATS_BOTTOM
    draw_section_header(c, COL1_X, intro_top - HDR_H2, COL_W, HDR_H2, "INTRODUCTION", 36)

    y = intro_top - HDR_H2 - pt(5)
    y = draw_wrapped(c,
        "Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) occurs when bacteria, viruses, fungi, "
        "and parasites evolve to resist the drugs designed to kill them. "
        "Infections become harder to treat, leading to prolonged illness, "
        "higher healthcare costs, and increased mortality.",
        COL1_X, y, COL_W, size=24, leading=34)
    y -= pt(5)
    y = draw_subheading(c, "What is AMR?", COL1_X, y, 27)
    y = draw_bullet(c,
        "Bacteria resist antibiotics through mutation or horizontal gene "
        "transfer (plasmids, transposons, integrons).", COL1_X, y, COL_W, 24)
    y = draw_bullet(c,
        "Key mechanisms: beta-lactamase production (ESBLs, carbapenemases), "
        "target modification (PBP2a in MRSA), efflux pumps, reduced membrane permeability.",
        COL1_X, y, COL_W, 24)
    y = draw_bullet(c,
        "Critical resistant pathogens: MRSA, ESBL-producing E. coli, "
        "carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella, XDR-TB, drug-resistant malaria.",
        COL1_X, y, COL_W, 24)
    y -= pt(5)
    y = draw_subheading(c, "Why is it a global crisis?", COL1_X, y, 27)
    y = draw_bullet(c,
        "The 2022 Lancet study confirmed AMR directly killed 1.27 million "
        "people in 2019 - more than HIV/AIDS or malaria in many regions.",
        COL1_X, y, COL_W, 24)
    y = draw_bullet(c,
        "Without urgent action, AMR could kill 10 million people per year "
        "by 2050 - surpassing cancer as a cause of death (O'Neill Review 2016).",
        COL1_X, y, COL_W, 24)
    y = draw_bullet(c,
        "AMR endangers modern medicine: routine surgeries, chemotherapy, "
        "organ transplants, and neonatal care all depend on effective antibiotics.",
        COL1_X, y, COL_W, 24)
    y = draw_bullet(c,
        "Low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) carry the heaviest burden "
        "due to limited surveillance, poor sanitation, and restricted access to newer drugs.",
        COL1_X, y, COL_W, 24)

    INTRO_BOTTOM = y - pt(4)

    # ── METHODS (right) ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    draw_section_header(c, COL2_X, intro_top - HDR_H2, COL_W, HDR_H2, "METHODS", 36)
    y2 = intro_top - HDR_H2 - pt(5)
    y2 = draw_wrapped(c,
        "This poster is based on a systematic review of peer-reviewed literature, "
        "WHO/CDC surveillance reports, and global burden studies published 2015-2024.",
        COL2_X, y2, COL_W, size=24, leading=34)
    y2 -= pt(5)
    y2 = draw_subheading(c, "Data Sources", COL2_X, y2, 27)
    y2 = draw_bullet(c, "PubMed / MEDLINE: systematic reviews, meta-analyses, RCTs",
                     COL2_X, y2, COL_W, 24)
    y2 = draw_bullet(c, "WHO Global AMR & Use Surveillance System (GLASS) Reports 2017-2022",
                     COL2_X, y2, COL_W, 24)
    y2 = draw_bullet(c, "Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2019 & 2021",
                     COL2_X, y2, COL_W, 24)
    y2 = draw_bullet(c, "CDC Antibiotic Resistance Threats Report 2019",
                     COL2_X, y2, COL_W, 24)
    y2 = draw_bullet(c, "O'Neill Review on AMR (2016) - economic projections",
                     COL2_X, y2, COL_W, 24)
    y2 -= pt(5)
    y2 = draw_subheading(c, "Search Strategy", COL2_X, y2, 27)
    y2 = draw_wrapped(c,
        '"Antimicrobial resistance" AND "global burden"; '
        '"antibiotic resistance mechanisms"; "multidrug-resistant organisms"; '
        '"AMR surveillance"; "National Action Plan".',
        COL2_X, y2, COL_W, size=24, leading=34)
    y2 -= pt(5)
    y2 = draw_subheading(c, "Inclusion Criteria", COL2_X, y2, 27)
    y2 = draw_bullet(c, "Human studies with global or national-scale burden or mechanistic data",
                     COL2_X, y2, COL_W, 24)
    y2 = draw_bullet(c, "English language, published 2015-2024",
                     COL2_X, y2, COL_W, 24)
    y2 = draw_bullet(c, "Quantitative epidemiological or microbiological evidence",
                     COL2_X, y2, COL_W, 24)
    y2 -= pt(5)
    y2 = draw_subheading(c, "Analysis", COL2_X, y2, 27)
    y2 = draw_wrapped(c,
        "Data were synthesized narratively. Mortality statistics were extracted from "
        "GBD 2019 (PMID: 35065702). Resistance mechanisms were categorized by drug class "
        "and pathogen group. Economic data from O'Neill Review (2016).",
        COL2_X, y2, COL_W, size=24, leading=34)

    # ── RESULTS (full width) ──────────────────────────────────────────────────
    results_top = min(INTRO_BOTTOM, y2 - pt(4)) - pt(10)
    draw_section_header(c, MARGIN, results_top - HDR_H2, INNER_W, HDR_H2, "RESULTS", 38)

    y = results_top - HDR_H2 - pt(5)
    y = draw_wrapped(c,
        "Six major thematic findings emerged: global burden, resistance mechanisms, "
        "priority pathogens, key drivers, clinical & economic impact, and global response.",
        MARGIN, y, INNER_W, size=24, leading=34)
    y -= pt(5)

    # Results two sub-columns
    RES_Y_START = y

    # LEFT col
    y = RES_Y_START
    y = draw_subheading(c, "1. Global Epidemiology", COL1_X, y, 26)
    y = draw_bullet(c, "AMR directly caused 1.27 million deaths and was associated with "
                    "4.95 million deaths in 2019 (Lancet, GBD 2019).", COL1_X, y, COL_W, 23)
    y = draw_bullet(c, "Six pathogens accounted for 929,000 AMR-attributable deaths: "
                    "E. coli, S. aureus, K. pneumoniae, S. pneumoniae, A. baumannii, P. aeruginosa.",
                    COL1_X, y, COL_W, 23)
    y = draw_bullet(c, "Lower respiratory infections = highest AMR-attributable mortality category.",
                    COL1_X, y, COL_W, 23)
    y = draw_bullet(c, "Sub-Saharan Africa: highest age-standardised AMR mortality rate (27.3/100,000).",
                    COL1_X, y, COL_W, 23)
    y -= pt(5)
    y = draw_subheading(c, "2. Resistance Mechanisms", COL1_X, y, 26)
    y = draw_bullet(c, "Enzymatic inactivation: ESBLs, carbapenemases (KPC, NDM-1, OXA-48) hydrolyse beta-lactam rings.",
                    COL1_X, y, COL_W, 23)
    y = draw_bullet(c, "Target modification: altered PBP2a in MRSA; ribosomal methylation conferring macrolide/aminoglycoside resistance.",
                    COL1_X, y, COL_W, 23)
    y = draw_bullet(c, "Efflux pumps: active drug expulsion (e.g., MexAB-OprM in P. aeruginosa).",
                    COL1_X, y, COL_W, 23)
    y = draw_bullet(c, "Reduced permeability: porin channel mutations limiting antibiotic entry into bacterial cells.",
                    COL1_X, y, COL_W, 23)
    y = draw_bullet(c, "Horizontal gene transfer: plasmid-mediated intercontinental spread across species.",
                    COL1_X, y, COL_W, 23)
    y -= pt(5)
    y = draw_subheading(c, "3. WHO Priority Pathogens (ESKAPE Group)", COL1_X, y, 26)
    y = draw_bullet(c, "CRITICAL: Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacteriaceae.",
                    COL1_X, y, COL_W, 23)
    y = draw_bullet(c, "HIGH: Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE), MRSA, fluoroquinolone-resistant Salmonella.",
                    COL1_X, y, COL_W, 23)
    y = draw_bullet(c, "XDR-TB: resistant to isoniazid, rifampicin, fluoroquinolones, and injectable agents.",
                    COL1_X, y, COL_W, 23)
    y = draw_bullet(c, "Candida auris: emerging multidrug-resistant fungal pathogen causing nosocomial outbreaks.",
                    COL1_X, y, COL_W, 23)
    RES_LEFT_BOTTOM = y

    # RIGHT col
    y2 = RES_Y_START
    y2 = draw_subheading(c, "4. Key Drivers of AMR", COL2_X, y2, 26)
    y2 = draw_bullet(c, "Antibiotic overuse & misuse: up to 50% of prescriptions are inappropriate; widespread self-medication in LMICs.",
                     COL2_X, y2, COL_W, 23)
    y2 = draw_bullet(c, "Agricultural use: ~73% of global antibiotics consumed in food-producing animals for growth promotion.",
                     COL2_X, y2, COL_W, 23)
    y2 = draw_bullet(c, "Inadequate infection prevention: poor hand hygiene and weak IPC practices spread resistant organisms.",
                     COL2_X, y2, COL_W, 23)
    y2 = draw_bullet(c, "Environmental contamination: pharmaceutical effluents, hospital wastewater, and agricultural run-off create AMR reservoirs.",
                     COL2_X, y2, COL_W, 23)
    y2 = draw_bullet(c, "Weak drug pipeline: only 12 new antibiotics approved 2009-2023; most are modifications of existing classes.",
                     COL2_X, y2, COL_W, 23)
    y2 -= pt(5)
    y2 = draw_subheading(c, "5. Clinical & Economic Impact", COL2_X, y2, 26)
    y2 = draw_bullet(c, "AMR prolongs hospital stay by 8-13 days per patient on average.",
                     COL2_X, y2, COL_W, 23)
    y2 = draw_bullet(c, "Infections with resistant pathogens carry 2-3x higher case-fatality rates vs. susceptible strains.",
                     COL2_X, y2, COL_W, 23)
    y2 = draw_bullet(c, "Estimated cumulative $100 trillion GDP loss by 2050 (O'Neill Review).",
                     COL2_X, y2, COL_W, 23)
    y2 = draw_bullet(c, "Neonatal sepsis from drug-resistant organisms is a growing crisis in LMICs, driving under-5 mortality.",
                     COL2_X, y2, COL_W, 23)
    y2 -= pt(5)
    y2 = draw_subheading(c, "6. Global Surveillance & Response", COL2_X, y2, 26)
    y2 = draw_bullet(c, "WHO GLASS (2022): 127 countries now report AMR surveillance data, up from 52 in 2017.",
                     COL2_X, y2, COL_W, 23)
    y2 = draw_bullet(c, "National Action Plans (NAPs): >100 countries have adopted plans aligned to WHO Global Action Plan on AMR.",
                     COL2_X, y2, COL_W, 23)
    y2 = draw_bullet(c, "AWaRe (Access-Watch-Reserve) antibiotic classification guides rational prescribing and stewardship programmes.",
                     COL2_X, y2, COL_W, 23)
    y2 = draw_bullet(c, "UN Political Declaration on AMR (2024): commits member states to reduce human AMR deaths by 10% by 2030.",
                     COL2_X, y2, COL_W, 23)
    RES_RIGHT_BOTTOM = y2

    # ── CONCLUSION ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    concl_top = min(RES_LEFT_BOTTOM, RES_RIGHT_BOTTOM) - pt(10)
    draw_section_header(c, MARGIN, concl_top - HDR_H2, INNER_W, HDR_H2, "CONCLUSION", 38)

    y = concl_top - HDR_H2 - pt(5)
    concl_points = [
        "AMR is a defining public health crisis of the 21st century, already killing more "
        "people than HIV/AIDS or malaria in many regions (Lancet 2022).",
        "Its drivers span human medicine, veterinary use, agriculture, and the environment, "
        "demanding a coordinated One Health approach.",
        "Antimicrobial stewardship, infection prevention, robust surveillance (GLASS), "
        "vaccination, and accelerated R&D are the essential pillars of an effective response.",
        "The UN Political Declaration on AMR (2024) and WHO Global Action Plan provide a "
        "framework - but implementation remains critically underfunded, especially in LMICs.",
        "Every prescriber, patient, pharmacist, farmer, and policymaker has a role: "
        "preserving the antibiotic arsenal is a shared global responsibility.",
    ]
    for pt_txt in concl_points:
        y = draw_bullet(c, pt_txt, MARGIN, y, INNER_W, 24)
    
    CONCL_BOTTOM = y - pt(8)

    # ── REFERENCES ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    c.setStrokeColor(MID_TEAL)
    c.setLineWidth(pt(0.8))
    c.line(MARGIN, CONCL_BOTTOM, W - MARGIN, CONCL_BOTTOM)

    y = CONCL_BOTTOM - pt(4)
    c.setFillColor(MID_TEAL)
    c.setFont("Helvetica-Bold", 24)
    c.drawString(MARGIN, y, "References")
    y -= pt(10)

    refs = [
        "1. Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators. Global burden of bacterial AMR in 2019. Lancet. 2022;399:629-655. PMID: 35065702",
        "2. WHO. Global AMR & Use Surveillance System (GLASS) Report 2022. Geneva: WHO; 2022.",
        "3. O'Neill J. Tackling Drug-Resistant Infections Globally. Review on AMR. 2016.",
        "4. CDC. Antibiotic Resistance Threats in the United States, 2019. Atlanta: CDC; 2019.",
        "5. GBD 2021 Lower Respiratory Infections & AMR Collaborators. Lancet Infect Dis. 2024. PMID: 38636536",
        "6. WHO. AWaRe Antibiotic Book. Geneva: WHO; 2022.",
    ]
    # two columns for refs
    rcol_w = (INNER_W - pt(8)) / 2
    ry = y
    for i, ref in enumerate(refs):
        rx = MARGIN if i < 3 else MARGIN + rcol_w + pt(8)
        if i == 3:
            ry = y
        ry2 = draw_wrapped(c, ref, rx, ry, rcol_w,
                            font="Helvetica", size=20, color=HexColor("#444444"), leading=28)
        if i < 3:
            ry = ry2 - pt(1)

    # ── FOOTER ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    FOOTER_H = pt(26)
    c.setFillColor(DARK_TEAL)
    c.rect(0, 0, W, FOOTER_H, fill=1, stroke=0)
    c.setStrokeColor(ACCENT_AMBER)
    c.setLineWidth(pt(2))
    c.line(0, FOOTER_H - pt(2), W, FOOTER_H - pt(2))
    c.setFillColor(WHITE)
    c.setFont("Helvetica", 22)
    c.drawCentredString(W/2, pt(8),
        "Department of Microbiology  |  [Institution Name]  |  Grey Batch Poster Presentation 2026  "
        "|  Student In-charge: Ramidassree  |  Ph: 7305672104")

    c.showPage()
    c.save()
    size = os.path.getsize(OUTPUT)
    print(f"Saved: {OUTPUT}")
    print(f"File size: {size/1024:.1f} KB ({size/(1024*1024):.3f} MB)")


build()