References

1. Ergonomic Risk Assessment in Smartphone Users (RULA/REBA-based)

1. Namwongsa S, Puntumetakul R, Neubert MS, Chaiklieng S, Boucaut R. Ergonomic risk assessment of smartphone users using the Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) tool. PLoS One. 2018;13(8):e0203394. [PMID key reference — widely cited in ergonomic smartphone studies]
2. Namwongsa S, Puntumetakul R, Neubert MS, Boucaut R. Factors associated with neck disorders among university student smartphone users. Work. 2018;61(3):367–378.

2. Smartphone Addiction & Musculoskeletal Pain in Students

1. İnal Ö, Serel Arslan S. Investigating the effect of smartphone addiction on musculoskeletal system problems and cognitive flexibility in university students. Work. 2021;68(1). PMID: 33427713
2. Sirajudeen MS, Alzhrani M, Alanazi A. Prevalence of upper limb musculoskeletal disorders and their association with smartphone addiction and smartphone usage among university students in Saudi Arabia during COVID-19 pandemic — a cross-sectional study. Healthcare (Basel). 2022;10(12). PMID: 36553897
3. Sirajudeen MS, Alzhrani M, Alanazi A. Prevalence of text neck posture, smartphone addiction, and its association with neck disorders among university students in Saudi Arabia during COVID-19 pandemic. PeerJ. 2022. PMID: 36540801
4. Ahmed S, Mishra A, Akter R, Mitra DK. Smartphone addiction and its impact on musculoskeletal pain in neck, shoulder, elbow, and hand among college-going students: a cross-sectional study. Bull Fac Phys Ther. 2022;27:5.
5. Torkamani MH, Mokhtarinia HR, Vahedi M. Relationships between cervical sagittal posture, muscle endurance, joint position sense, range of motion and level of smartphone addiction. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2023;24(1). PMID: 36690958
6. Özalp M, Güven M. The impact of smartphone addiction and posture on the prevalence of hand pain among university students. BMC Public Health. 2025. PMID: 41126133
7. Elvan A, Cevik S, Vatansever K. The association between mobile phone usage duration, neck muscle endurance, and neck pain among university students. Sci Rep. 2024. PMID: 39209955

3. Smartphone Addiction Specifically in Physiotherapy/Allied Health Students

1. Soliman Elserty N, Ahmed Helmy N, Mohmed Mounir K. Smartphone addiction and its relation to musculoskeletal pain in Egyptian physical therapy students. Eur J Physiother. 2020;22(2):70–78.
2. Krishnan KS, Deka K, Nayak MM, Pranathi TNVSL, Shetty U. Prevalence of smartphone behavioral addiction and musculoskeletal pain among health professions students. Discover Social Science and Health. 2025. Springer — includes physiotherapy, medical, and dentistry students; SAS-SV + Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire used
3. Walankar PP, Kemkar M, Govekar A. Musculoskeletal pain and risk factors associated with smartphone use in university students. Indian J Occup Environ Med. 2021;25(4). PMID: 35197674

4. Screen Time and Musculoskeletal Pain (Young Adults / Medical Students)

1. Deivendran G, Kanagaraj TS, Leelabai BS. Association between screen time and musculoskeletal pain among young adults: a cross-sectional study from SRM Medical College, Tamil Nadu. J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2025;Apr–Jun. PMID: 40860003
2. Mokhtarinia HR, Torkamani MH, Farmani N. Smartphone addiction prevalence, patterns of use, and experienced musculoskeletal discomfort during COVID-19 in a general Iranian population. BMC Public Health. 2024. PMID: 38212749
3. Heidarimoghadam R, Mortezapour A, Ghasemi F. Musculoskeletal consequences in cyber-addicted students — a ROC curve analysis for prioritizing risk factors. J Res Health Sci. 2020. PMID: 32814697

5. Smartphone Addiction Measurement Tools

1. Kwon M, Lee JY, Won WY, et al. Development and validation of a Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS). PLoS One. 2013;8(2):e56936. (Original SAS scale — essential reference)
2. Kwon M, Kim DJ, Cho H, Yang S. The Smartphone Addiction Scale: development and validation of a short version for adolescents. PLoS One. 2013;8(12):e83558. (SAS-SV — most used short version)

6. Ergonomic Tools Used in Smartphone Studies

1. McAtamney L, Corlett EN. RULA: a survey method for the investigation of work-related upper limb disorders. Appl Ergon. 1993;24(2):91–99. (RULA original — required if using RULA)
2. Hignett S, McAtamney L. Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA). Appl Ergon. 2000;31(2):201–205. (REBA original — required if using REBA)

7. Smartphone Addiction — Mental Health & Background

1. Nikolic A, Bukurov B, Kocic I. Smartphone addiction, sleep quality, depression, anxiety, and stress among medical students. Front Public Health. 2023. PMID: 37744504
2. Yașarer Ö, Mete E, Kaygusuz Benli R. Association between smartphone addiction and myofascial trigger points. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2024. PMID: 38561699

Key Tools to Mention in Your Study