---

FIRST BNYS - HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY II (821506)

COMPLETE UNIT-WISE QUESTION BANK (2015–2025)

---

UNIT 1: MUSCLE PHYSIOLOGY

Essay Questions

• List the various changes taking place during muscular contraction. Write the properties of nerve fibres. (Apr 2016, Oct 2021)
• Explain the different parts and functions of the cerebellum. Write note on cerebellar lesions. (May 2017, Mar 2021)
• Write about the types, pathways, and physiology of pain. (Oct 2017)
• Write about Electrical changes during Muscular contraction. (Oct 2022)
• Write in detail about the electron microscopic structure of skeletal muscle and the molecular mechanism of muscular contraction. (Mar 2023)
• Mechanism of muscle contraction and add a note on neuromuscular junction. (Sep 2023)
• Mechanism of Muscle contraction and add a note on Neuro Muscular junction. (Oct 2019)

Write Notes

• Changes during muscular contraction. (Oct 2017, Jan 2024)
• Properties of skeletal muscle. (May 2017, May 2019)
• Excitation-Contraction-Coupling. (Aug 2016)
• Excitation contraction coupling. (Jan 2025)
• Neuromuscular Junction. (Apr 2015, Oct 2015, Aug 2016, Mar 2021, Oct 2021, Mar 2023, Sep 2023, Jan 2024, Jan 2025, Jul 2025)
• Classification and properties of muscle / Classification and properties of nerve fibers. (Oct 2019, Jul 2025)
• Properties of Smooth muscle. (May 2022)
• Note on structure of Skeletal muscle / Write in detail about structure of Skeletal muscle. (Mar 2022, Aug 2024)
• Note on type Contraction of Muscle. (May 2022)
• Sarcotubular system. (Oct 2022, Jan 2025)
• Various changes during muscular contraction. (Jan 2025)
• Myelination of nervous system. (Jul 2025)
• Receptors and its classification. (Jul 2025)

Short Answers

• Neuromuscular Junction / Sarcolemma. (Apr 2015)
• Sarcolemma. (Apr 2015, Jan 2025)
• Fatigue. (Apr 2015)
• Spike Potential / Define spike potential. (Apr 2015, Oct 2015, May 2022, Aug 2024)
• Define Tetanus. (Oct 2015)
• Neuromuscular Junction. (Oct 2015)
• Sarcomere. (Aug 2016, Mar 2021, Sep 2023, Jan 2025, Jul 2025)
• Acetylcholine. (Aug 2016, Mar 2021)
• Neurotransmitters / Name 4 Neurotransmitters. (Oct 2015, May 2017, May 2019, Oct 2018, Jan 2025)
• What are muscle proteins? / Name the Muscle Proteins. (Oct 2017, Oct 2022)
• Isotonic contraction. (May 2018)
• End plate potential. (May 2018, Aug 2024)
• Classification of Muscle. (Oct 2018)
• Properties of Reflex. (Oct 2018)
• Action Potential. (May 2019, Sep 2023)
• Saltatory conduction. (May 2019)
• Power stroke. (May 2019)
• Types of muscle contraction. (May 2019)
• Starlings law of Muscle / Define Starling's law of muscle. (Oct 2022, Aug 2024)
• Rheobase. (Oct 2022, Aug 2024)
• Name the different stages of Spermatogenesis. (Oct 2022) (see Reproductive section)
• What are cross bridges? (Jan 2024)
• What is rigour? (Jan 2024)
• What is stimulus? (Jan 2024)
• What is chronaxie? (Jan 2024, Aug 2024)
• Types of Troponin. (Mar 2023)
• What is synaptic delay? (Mar 2023)
• Define proprioreceptors. (Aug 2024)
• Define Rheobase. (Aug 2024)
• What is called end plate potential? (Aug 2024)

---

UNIT 2: NERVOUS SYSTEM - SPINAL CORD & TRACTS

Essay Questions

• Describe the origin, course termination and functions of pyramidal tract. Write a note on Upper Motor lesions. (Mar 2022)
• Pyramidal tract its function and lesion. (Jul 2025)

Write Notes

• Origin and termination of Ascending tracts. (Oct 2015, Mar 2021)
• Explain Anterior Spinothalamic Tract. (Oct 2015, Mar 2021, May 2022, Aug 2024)
• List of descending tracts of spinal cord. Write detail about pyramidal tracts. (Aug 2016)
• Lateral spinothalamic tract. (May 2017)
• Ventral spinocerebellar tract. (Oct 2017)
• Brown-Sequard Syndrome. (Oct 2017, Oct 2021, Mar 2022, Aug 2024)
• Brown Sequard syndrome / Brown sequard syndrome. (Apr 2015, Oct 2015, May 2017 short, Oct 2018, Jan 2025 short, Jul 2025 short)
• Corticospinal tract. (Oct 2018)
• Pyramidal tract and its lesion. (May 2019)
• Upper and lower motor neuron and its lesion. (Oct 2019)
• Pathway of Pain / Pain pathway. (Oct 2018, May 2019, Oct 2019 ─ under pain, Oct 2022, Jan 2024)
• Tabes dorsalis. (May 2018)
• Note on Lower Motor neuron lesions. (Oct 2022)

Short Answers

• Brown Sequard Syndrome. (Apr 2015, Jul 2025)
• Syringomyelia. (May 2017, Oct 2019)
• Babinski sign / Babinski's sign. (Apr 2016, Oct 2021, Oct 2022, Jan 2024)
• Clonus. (Mar 2022)
• What is Somatic pain? (Mar 2022)
• Lumbar puncture. (Oct 2022)
• Define Brown sequard syndrome. (Jan 2025)

---

UNIT 3: NERVOUS SYSTEM - BRAIN (CEREBRUM, CEREBELLUM, BASAL GANGLIA, HYPOTHALAMUS, THALAMUS)

Essay Questions

• Name the hypothalamic nuclei, explain the functions and lesions of hypothalamus. (May 2018)
• Explain in detail about Limbic System. Enumerate the functional anatomy, connections and functions. (May 2022)
• Explain in detail about physiology of reticular formation and add a note on EEG. (Mar 2023)
• Explain in detail about hypothalamo-hypophyseal axis. (Jan 2025)

Write Notes

• Functions of thalamus / Functions of Thalamus. (Apr 2015, Oct 2015, Mar 2021, Mar 2023, Jan 2025, Jul 2025)
• Extra Pyramidal Tract. (Apr 2015)
• Physiology of Sleep. (Apr 2015, Oct 2015, May 2017, Aug 2016, May 2019, Oct 2019, Mar 2021, Mar 2023, Sep 2023, Jul 2025)
• Reticular formation of brain / Reticular formation. (Oct 2018, May 2017)
• Motor areas of cerebral cortex. (May 2018)
• Memory and its classification. (Oct 2018, Jan 2025)
• Body temperature and its regulation. (May 2019)
• Function and lesion of Hypothalamus. (May 2019, Oct 2019, Jan 2024, Sep 2023, Jul 2025)
• Function and lesion of Basal Ganglion / Basal ganglia. (May 2019, Aug 2024, May 2017, Jul 2025 male sex hormones in its place - no, basal ganglia separate)
• Basal ganglia. (May 2017, May 2019, May 2022, Aug 2024)
• Functions of Frontal lobe. (Oct 2022, Jan 2024)
• Smell pathway / Olfactory pathway. (May 2019, Oct 2022)
• Neuroglial cells / Define neuroglia / Astrocytes. (May 2018, May 2019, Mar 2022)
• Sympathetic nervous system. (Oct 2018)

Short Answers

• Proprioceptors. (May 2017)
• Satiety center / What is Satiety centre? (May 2017, Mar 2022)
• Broca's area / Define broca's area. (Oct 2017, Aug 2024)
• Motion sickness. (Oct 2017)
• Chorean. (May 2018)
• Petit mal epilepsy. (May 2018)
• What is Anosognosia? (Aug 2016, Mar 2021, Jan 2025)
• Electro encephalogram / Waves of EEG. (Oct 2019, Jul 2025)
• Name the sleep disorders. (Mar 2022)
• What is Stereognosis? (May 2019)
• What is Satiety centre? (Mar 2022)
• Narcolepsy / Define narcolepsy. (Oct 2017, Aug 2024)
• Types of sleep. (May 2017, Jan 2025)
• Hypothalamus-hypophyseal system. (May 2019)
• Function of Cerebral cortex. (Oct 2019)
• Lesion of cerebellum. (Oct 2019)
• Schwann cells. (Mar 2023, Jan 2024)

---

UNIT 4: SPECIAL SENSES - VISION

Essay Questions

• Draw and explain visual pathway. Explain the effects of lesions at different levels of the visual pathway. (Aug 2016, Aug 2024)
• Describe in detail the photochemical mechanism of Vision and mechanism of dark adaptation. (Mar 2022)

Write Notes

• Visual Pathway / course of the visual pathway. (Apr 2015, Apr 2016, Oct 2021)
• Errors of Refraction / Refractive errors. (Apr 2015, May 2017, Oct 2019, May 2022, Sep 2023)
• Define Accommodation. Write detail about accommodation reflex and its Pathway. (Apr 2016, Oct 2021, Aug 2024)
• Colour blindness and test for colour blindness. (Oct 2018, Sep 2023)
• Colour blindness. (May 2022)
• Note on Colour blindness. (May 2022)
• Define adaptation in Eye. (Oct 2022)

Short Answers

• Errors of Refraction. (Apr 2015)
• Protanopia. (Apr 2015)
• Draw a neat labelled diagram of the visual pathway. (Oct 2015)
• What is 'blind spot' / What is Blind spot. (Oct 2015, Mar 2022, Aug 2024)
• Dichromatism. (Apr 2016, Oct 2017, Oct 2021, Sep 2023, Jan 2024)
• Nystagmus. (Aug 2016, Mar 2021, May 2017, Mar 2023, Sep 2023)
• Glaucoma. (Aug 2016, Mar 2021, Mar 2023, Jan 2025)
• Accommodation reflex. (Oct 2017)
• Field of vision. (Oct 2017)
• Optic chiasm / Optic chiasma. (Apr 2016, May 2018, Oct 2021)
• Cataract. (May 2018)
• Colour blindness. (Oct 2019)
• Light adaptation. (Oct 2019)
• What is presbyopia? (Mar 2022)
• Vitreous humor. (Oct 2022)
• Exophthalmos. (Oct 2022)
• What is Trichromatism? (Mar 2023)
• Functions of rods and cones / Functions of rods and cons. (Apr 2016, Oct 2021, Sep 2023)
• Hypermetropia. (Jul 2025)
• Circulation of tears. (Oct 2019)
• Structure of Eye. (Mar 2023 - write notes)

---

UNIT 5: SPECIAL SENSES - HEARING & VESTIBULAR

Essay Questions

• Explain in detail about the mechanism of hearing and add a note on hearing tests. (Oct 2015, Mar 2021)
• Mechanism of Hearing. (May 2018)

Write Notes

• Tests for hearing / Test of Hearing / Theories of hearing. (Aug 2016, Mar 2022, Oct 2021, Jan 2024, Sep 2023)
• Auditory pathway. (Mar 2023)
• Mechanism of Hearing / Explain the Mechanism of Hearing. (Oct 2018, Oct 2019, Oct 2022, Jan 2025, Jul 2025)
• Functions of vestibular apparatus / Functions of Inner Ear. (Apr 2015, May 2018, Aug 2024)
• Functions of Middle ear. (Mar 2022)

Short Answers

• Name the auditory ossicles. (Oct 2015)
• What is ageusia? (Oct 2015)
• Rennie's test / Renne's test. (Oct 2017)
• Audiometry / Explain audiometry. (Apr 2016, Oct 2021, Sep 2023)
• Type of Deafness. (May 2022)
• What is chronaxie? (Mar 2023)
• Taste buds. (Jul 2025)

---

UNIT 6: SPECIAL SENSES - TASTE & SMELL

Write Notes

• Pathway for taste / Note on taste pathway / Taste pathway. (Oct 2017, Mar 2022, Aug 2024)
• Olfactory pathway / Smell pathway. (May 2019, Oct 2022)

Short Answers

• What is ageusia? (Oct 2015)
• Taste buds. (Jul 2025)

---

UNIT 7: CEREBROSPINAL FLUID & REFLEXES

Essay Questions

• Methods of collection of clinical significance of Cerebro Spinal fluid. (Jan 2024)

Write Notes

• Cerebrospinal Fluid / Functions of Cerebro Spinal Fluid / CSF. (Apr 2015, Oct 2015, Aug 2016, Mar 2021, May 2022, Mar 2022, Jan 2025, Jul 2025)
• Cerebro spinal fluid its formation, circulation and function. (Oct 2019)
• Draw the components of reflex Arc / Reflex Arc. (Oct 2015, Mar 2021, Sep 2023, Jan 2024)
• Properties of Reflexes. (Mar 2022)
• Draw the components of reflex Arc and explain. (Jan 2024)

Short Answers

• Reflex Arc. (Apr 2015, Oct 2019)
• Properties of Reflex. (Oct 2018)
• Choroid plexus. (May 2022)
• Stretch reflex. (Mar 2023)
• Law of projection. (Mar 2023)

---

UNIT 8: NERVE PHYSIOLOGY & SYNAPSE

Write Notes

• Synapse and its function. (Oct 2017, Oct 2018, May 2019, Mar 2022)
• Mode and action of steroid hormones. (Oct 2017)
• Mode and action of protein hormone. (May 2018)
• Mechanism of hormones / Mechanism of actions of hormones on Target cells. (May 2018, Oct 2022)
• Classification and properties of nerve fibers. (Oct 2019)
• Note on classification of Synapse. (Mar 2022)
• Neuromuscular junction. (throughout - see Unit 1)

Short Answers

• Neurotransmitters / Name 4 Neurotransmitters. (Oct 2015, May 2017, Oct 2018)
• Kinins. (Aug 2016, Mar 2021)
• Synapse. (May 2019)
• Neurons. (Oct 2018)
• What are Astrocytes? (Mar 2022)
• What is synaptic delay? (Mar 2023)
• Schwann cells. (Mar 2023, Jan 2024)

---

UNIT 9: ENDOCRINOLOGY - THYROID & PARATHYROID

Essay Questions

• Explain the functions and regulation of Thyroid Hormone. (Apr 2015)
• Describe the synthesis, storage, functions and regulation of secretion of thyroid hormone. (Apr 2016, Oct 2021)
• Describe the synthesis, secretion, storage, release, transport, functions and regulation of thyroid hormones. (May 2017)
• Enlist the hormones secreted by the thyroid gland. Explain the functions and regulations of its hormones. (May 2019)
• Explain the functions, storage, synthesis, secretion and regulation of thyroid hormone. (Sep 2023)
• Explain the functions, storage, synthesis, secretion and regulation of Parathyroid. (Jan 2025)

Write Notes

• Actions of calcitonin and regulation of calcitonin secretion. (Apr 2016, Oct 2021)
• Stages in synthesis of thyroid hormone. (May 2018)
• Regulation of blood calcium level. (Oct 2017)
• Actions of Parathormone / Functions of Parathormone. (Mar 2023, May 2022)
• Function and applied physiology of thyroid hormones. (Jul 2025)

Short Answers

• Dwarfism / What is Dwarfism. (Aug 2016, Oct 2017, Mar 2021, Oct 2022, Jan 2025)
• Graves disease / What is gravis disease. (Aug 2016, Mar 2021, Sep 2023)
• Coupling reaction of thyroid gland / coupling reactions of thyroid gland. (May 2018, Aug 2024)
• Osteoporosis. (Apr 2016, Oct 2021)
• Difference between cretinism and dwarfism. (Mar 2022)
• What is Goitre? (May 2022)
• Exophthalmos. (Oct 2022)
• Acromegaly. (Oct 2022, Jul 2025)

---

UNIT 10: ENDOCRINOLOGY - PITUITARY & GROWTH HORMONE

Essay Questions

• Explain in detail about hypothalamo-hypophyseal axis. (Jan 2025)

Write Notes

• Functions of posterior pituitary hormones. (Oct 2017, Oct 2019)
• Enumerate the hormones secreted by anterior pituitary gland. (Mar 2023)
• Note on Growth hormone. (Mar 2022, Jan 2024)
• Function of Antidiuretic hormone. (May 2022)

Short Answers

• Gigantism. (Apr 2015)
• Virilism / What is Virilism. (Apr 2015, Mar 2022)
• Normal sugar level-fasting and postprandial. (Oct 2017)
• Hypothalamus-hypophyseal system. (May 2019)
• Hormones secreted by heart. (May 2017)
• Releasing Hormones of Hypothalamus. (Oct 2018)
• Acromegaly. (Oct 2022, Jul 2025)
• Melatonin. (May 2022)
• Simmond disease. (May 2022)
• Sheehan Syndrome. (May 2022, Jan 2024)

---

UNIT 11: ENDOCRINOLOGY - ADRENAL GLAND & PANCREAS

Essay Questions

• Enlist the hormones secreted by the pancreas. Explain the functions and regulations of insulin. (Oct 2017)
• Hormones of adrenal gland, its secretion function and lesion. (Oct 2018)
• Classify the hormones secreted by adrenal cortex. Explain the action and regulation of secretion of cortisol. (May 2022)

Write Notes

• Functions of Glucocorticoids. (Aug 2016)
• Functions of beta cells of Pancreas. (Oct 2015, Mar 2021)
• Endocrine function of Pancreas. (May 2019)
• Renin Angiotensin Mechanism. (May 2019)
• Cushing Syndrome. (Oct 2018)
• Note on actions of adrenaline and noradrenaline. (Mar 2022)
• Difference between actions of Adrenalin and Noradrenalin. (Oct 2022)

Short Answers

• Normal sugar level-fasting and postprandial. (Oct 2017)
• Secretion of adrenal medulla. (May 2018)
• Name the Hormones of Adrenal medulla. (May 2022, Jan 2024)
• Function of Prostaglandin. (May 2019)
• What is Dwarfism? (Oct 2022)

---

UNIT 12: REPRODUCTIVE PHYSIOLOGY - MALE

Essay Questions

• Write in detail about function of testes and spermatogenesis and composition of semen. (Jan 2024)
• Explain in detail about Spermatogenesis stages. Add a note on semen and its composition. (May 2019)

Write Notes

• Explain about Spermatogenesis. (Aug 2016)
• Functions of testis / Functions of testes. (Oct 2015, Oct 2017, Mar 2021, Sep 2023)
• Physiology of reproduction. (May 2018)
• Functions of testosterone in adult life. (Apr 2016, Oct 2021, Aug 2024)
• Composition of Semen. (May 2018, May 2019, Mar 2023)
• Explain about the composition of semen. (Aug 2024, Jul 2025)
• Male sex hormones and its function. (Jul 2025)
• Explain functions of spermatogenesis. (Mar 2021)

Short Answers

• Cryptorchidism. (Apr 2015, Aug 2016, Mar 2021, Sep 2023)
• Vasectomy. (Aug 2016, Mar 2021, Jan 2025)
• Properties of Semen. (Apr 2015)
• Oligozoospermia. (Apr 2016, Oct 2021)
• Functions of seminiferous tubules. (May 2018)
• Spermatogenesis. (Oct 2018)
• Testosterone. (Oct 2018)
• Gonads. (May 2019)
• Fertilization / Define fertilization. (Oct 2018, Aug 2024)
• Name the different stages of Spermatogenesis. (Oct 2022)
• Composition of semen. (Oct 2021, May 2022, Jan 2025, Jul 2025)

---

UNIT 13: REPRODUCTIVE PHYSIOLOGY - FEMALE

Essay Questions

• Define Menstrual Cycle. Explain the Ovarian changes during the Menstrual cycle. (Apr 2015)
• Menstrual cycle and its changes in the ovaries and uterus and add a note on physiology of pregnancy. (Oct 2015)
• Describe uterine changes occurring during menstrual cycle. Add a note on hormonal regulation of the menstrual cycle. (Aug 2016)
• Menstrual Cycle its stages and Hormonal regulation. (Oct 2019)
• Give an account of Menstrual cycle and explain the hormonal regulations of menstrual cycle. (Oct 2022)
• Define Menstrual Cycle. Explain the various phases in Menstrual cycle with its hormonal regulation. (Jul 2025)
• Explain in detail about Ovarian cycle its events and hormonal regulation. (Oct 2018)

Write Notes

• Regulation and secretion of ovarian hormones. (May 2017)
• Uterine changes during menstrual cycle. (May 2017)
• Ovarian changes during menstrual cycle / Ovarian cycle. (Apr 2016, May 2018, Oct 2021, Jan 2024, Sep 2023)
• Physiology of lactation / Lactation. (Apr 2016, May 2017, Oct 2019, Oct 2021, Jan 2025)
• Define ovulation. Process and hormonal regulation of ovulation. (Apr 2016, Oct 2021)
• Development of corpus luteum, functions and fate of corpus luteum. (Apr 2016, Oct 2021)
• Milk ejection reflex. (Aug 2016, Sep 2023)
• Female sex hormones / What are the Female sex hormones and their actions. (Oct 2018, May 2022, Aug 2024, Jul 2025)
• Physiology of lactation. (Oct 2019)
• Write a note on Oogenesis. (Oct 2022)
• Process of Ovulation. (Mar 2023)

Short Answers

• Infertility. (Apr 2016, Oct 2021)
• Functions of oxytocin / Explain the functions of Oxytocin. (Oct 2015, Apr 2016, May 2017, Oct 2021, Sep 2023, Jan 2025, Jul 2025)
• Define ovulation. (Oct 2015)
• Menopause / Define Menopause. (May 2017, May 2022, Mar 2023, Sep 2023, Jul 2025 LH surge)
• LH surge. (Jul 2025)
• Test for Ovulation. (Oct 2019)
• What is parturition? (Jan 2024)
• Changes takes place during puberty. (Jul 2025)
• Melatonin. (May 2022)
• Sheehan Syndrome. (May 2022)

---

UNIT 14: SYNAPSE, PAIN & GENERAL NEUROPHYSIOLOGY

Essay Questions

• Explain in detail about the types of synapses and their structure and properties of neurotransmitters. (Aug 2024)

Write Notes

• Synapse and its function. (Oct 2017, Oct 2018)
• Pain pathway / Pathway of Pain. (Oct 2018, May 2019, Oct 2022, Jan 2024)
• Note on classification of Synapse. (Mar 2022)
• Neuroglial cells. (May 2019)

Short Answers

• Benefits of pain sensation. (Apr 2016, Oct 2021)
• Synapse. (May 2019)
• What is Somatic pain? (Mar 2022)

---

MOST REPEATED TOPICS (Exam Priority)

---