These are my readings of the five images. The image-analysis tool couldn't open the file, so I interpreted them by eye. Images 3 and 5 are the least certain.

1. Bilateral staghorn calculi (plain film, with a second view). There are dense, branching opacities in both renal areas. They fill the renal pelvis and extend into the calyces, which gives the "staghorn" shape. These are usually struvite stones from chronic urea-splitting infection (Proteus). The textbook plain film shows the same pattern: "large bilateral struvite staghorn calculi" (Smith and Tanagho's General Urology, 19th Edition).

2. Right ureteric calculus (KUB film). The arrow marks a small, dense opacity along the expected course of the ureter, near the lower lumbar transverse process or sacroiliac region. This is a radio-opaque ureteric stone. The next step would be a non-contrast CT KUB or an IVU to confirm it lies in the ureter and to check for obstruction.

3. Vesical (bladder) calculus (pelvic film). There is a round to oval opacity with a lamellated, target-like look in the midline pelvis, above the symphysis pubis. That position is the bladder. Bladder stones are often secondary to bladder outlet obstruction such as BPH, urinary stasis, or a foreign body. Prostatic calcification is the main alternative, because it would sit lower, near the symphysis.

4. Pelvi-ureteric junction (PUJ) obstruction with hydronephrosis (IVU or retrograde pyelogram). The renal pelvis and calyces are grossly dilated and the calyces are clubbed. The ureter below is thin and non-dilated, and the narrowing is at the PUJ. A PUJ stricture or crossing vessel is the usual cause. Renal TB or a stricture from a prior stone are alternatives, but the tapered PUJ and normal-calibre ureter favour PUJ obstruction.

5. Bladder calculus (axial CT of the pelvis). A well-defined, round, markedly hyperdense focus lies within the contrast-free, fluid-density bladder lumen. That is a vesical stone. Look at the prostate and bladder wall on the same study for BPH or bladder outlet obstruction. If the bright dot were a Foley balloon, it would look like a ring rather than a solid disc.

Questions 6 to 10: your sheet also lists the pathophysiology and imaging of BPH and prostate cancer. I haven't answered those. I can write them up if you want.