Give me 7 marker answers from standard textbooks for the following: 1. Floppy infant 2.hydrocephalus and microcephaly 3.neonatal sepsis 4neural tube defects 5.delayed puberty and precocious puberty 6.pediatric shock
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All six topics have been answered from standard textbooks. Here is a quick summary guide:
Quick Reference - What Each Answer Covers:
| Topic | Key Points for 7 Marks |
|---|---|
| 1. Floppy Infant | Definition + clinical recognition (vertical/horizontal suspension tests) + 6-category anatomical classification (cerebral/spinal/myopathic/neuropathic/NMJ/combined) with key examples + distinguishing central vs. peripheral hypotonia + investigations |
| 2. Hydrocephalus + Microcephaly | Hydrocephalus: CSF dynamics + communicating vs. non-communicating + age-related features + causes + treatment. Microcephaly: definition (OFC >2SD below mean) + microcephaly vera features + causes (Zika, fetal alcohol, chromosomal, TORCH) + pathogenesis + clinical features |
| 3. Neonatal Sepsis | Definition + early-onset vs. late-onset comparison table + signs/symptoms + causative organisms (GBS, E. coli, Listeria, enteroviruses) + investigations + management (ampicillin + gentamicin empirically) |
| 4. Neural Tube Defects | Two pathogenic mechanisms + folate prevention (70% reduction) + AFP screening + 5 types with features (spina bifida occulta, meningocele, myelomeningocele, anencephaly, encephalocele) + associated conditions (Arnold-Chiari, hydrocephalus) |
| 5. Delayed + Precocious Puberty | Precocious: definition by sex/age + central (GnRH-dependent) vs. pseudo-puberty (GnRH-independent) causes. Delayed: definition + CDGP + hypogonadotropic (Kallmann, systemic disease) + hypergonadotropic (Turner, Klinefelter) causes + key investigations |
| 6. Pediatric Shock | Types of shock table + septic shock pathophysiology + clinical features (hypotension is a LATE sign in children) + qSOFA scoring + 4 pillars of management (access/fluids/antibiotics within 1 hour/vasopressors) + monitoring response |
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