Ischaemic heart diseases, rheumatic heart diseases, arrhythmias, infective endocarditis, hiv, anatomy of coronary arteries, cardiac catheterization, hypertension, basics of angiography, pneumonia, tb, cardiac output, silent ischaemia, acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease, gastritis, apd, peptic ulcer diseas, acute gastroenteritis, hepatitis, hepatic failure, alcoholic liver disease, dengue, malaria, anemia, thrombocytopenia, fluid electrolyte imbalance, acid base abnormalities, pulmonary edema, acute ling injury, acute respiratory syndrome, sepsis, multi organ failure, multi organ dysfunction syndrome coronary angioplasty peripheral angioplasty mitral valvoplasty pulmonary and aortic valvoplasty make two laws and 5 saqs question paper
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Paramedical
Here is a comprehensive Paramedical Examination Question Paper covering all the topics you listed. I have structured it as 2 Long Answer Questions (LAQs) and 5 Short Answer Questions (SAQs).
PARAMEDICAL SCIENCES — INTERNAL MEDICINE & CARDIAC CARE
Model Question Paper
Time: 3 Hours | Maximum Marks: 70
Instructions: Answer all questions. Draw diagrams wherever applicable.
SECTION A — LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS (LAQ)
(Attempt ANY 2 | 10 Marks Each)
LAQ 1 — Cardiovascular & Interventional Cardiology (10 Marks)
(a) Describe the anatomy of coronary arteries with a labelled diagram. Explain the pathophysiology of Ischaemic Heart Disease (IHD), including silent ischaemia. (4 marks)
(b) What is cardiac catheterization? Describe the procedure step-by-step, including patient preparation, access site, and post-procedure care by the cath lab paramedic. (3 marks)
(c) Write short notes on any ONE of the following interventional procedures: (3 marks)
- Coronary angioplasty (PTCA) with stenting
- Mitral valvoplasty (PTMC) — Inoue balloon technique
- Pulmonary / Aortic valvoplasty
LAQ 2 — Multi-System Disorders & Critical Care (10 Marks)
(a) Define Sepsis. Explain the progression from Sepsis → Multi-Organ Dysfunction Syndrome (MODS) → Multi-Organ Failure (MOF). Outline the role of a paramedic in early identification and management using the SOFA score. (4 marks)
(b) Compare and contrast Acute Lung Injury (ALI) and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS). Include Berlin definition criteria, pathophysiology, and ventilator management principles. (3 marks)
(c) A 55-year-old male with history of alcohol use presents with jaundice, ascites, and confusion. (3 marks)
- Identify the likely diagnosis.
- Discuss Alcoholic Liver Disease and Hepatic Failure — causes, clinical features, and nursing/paramedic management priorities.
SECTION B — SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (SAQ)
(Attempt ALL 5 | 6 Marks Each = 30 Marks)
SAQ 1 — Cardiac Disorders
(a) What is Rheumatic Heart Disease (RHD)? State the Jones criteria for diagnosis of Acute Rheumatic Fever and describe the common valvular lesions seen in RHD. (3 marks)
(b) Classify cardiac arrhythmias. Describe the ECG features and management of Atrial Fibrillation and Ventricular Tachycardia. (3 marks)
SAQ 2 — Infections & Tropical Diseases
(a) Describe the pathophysiology, complications, and paramedic monitoring in Infective Endocarditis. State the Duke's criteria. (3 marks)
(b) Write notes on Dengue fever — WHO classification, warning signs, the concept of plasma leakage, and fluid management guidelines. (3 marks)
SAQ 3 — Respiratory & Renal System
(a) Define Pulmonary Oedema. Classify it as cardiogenic vs non-cardiogenic. Describe the emergency management steps and the role of the paramedic/CCT technician in the ICU. (3 marks)
(b) Differentiate between Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) and Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) based on KDIGO criteria. State indications for emergency renal replacement therapy (dialysis). (3 marks)
SAQ 4 — Gastrointestinal & Haematological Disorders
(a) Write a note on Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) — types (gastric vs duodenal), H. pylori role, complications, and triple therapy regimen. Also briefly differentiate Gastritis from APD (Acid Peptic Disease). (3 marks)
(b) A 30-year-old woman presents with pallor and easy bruising. Her CBC shows Hb 7 g/dL and platelet count 30,000/µL. Discuss the differential diagnosis, workup, and management of Anaemia and Thrombocytopenia in this case. (3 marks)
SAQ 5 — Metabolic, Infectious & HIV
(a) Discuss Fluid, Electrolyte Imbalance and Acid-Base Abnormalities — classify each and give two clinical examples. State the ABG interpretation steps used at the bedside. (3 marks)
(b) Write notes on HIV — WHO clinical staging, opportunistic infections, and the role of the paramedic in ART adherence counselling and universal precautions. Also briefly state how Malaria and Hepatitis (B & C) are managed in an outpatient Cath Lab/CCT setup with respect to infection control. (3 marks)
SECTION C — SPOT / VIVA TOPICS (For Oral/Practical Exam Reference)
The following topics may be asked as 2-mark viva questions or spot identifications:
- Basics of angiography (fluoroscopy, contrast media, radiation safety)
- Peripheral angioplasty — indications and access sites
- Cardiac output — Fick's principle and thermodilution method
- Pneumonia — CURB-65 score and CXR findings
- Tuberculosis — RNTCP/NTEPclassification and DOTS therapy
- Acute Gastroenteritis — ORS composition and WHO rehydration protocol
- Hypertension — JNC / ACC-AHA classification and hypertensive emergency management
MARKING SCHEME SUMMARY
| Section | Questions | Marks per Q | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| LAQ (Section A) | 2 | 10 | 20 |
| SAQ (Section B) | 5 | 6 | 30 |
| Practical/Viva | — | — | 20 |
| Total | 70 |
Key Points for Paramedical Students:
- Focus on bedside monitoring, patient preparation, and post-procedure care - not just theoretical definitions.
- Learn normal reference values (BP, HR, SpO2, ABG, CBC, RFT, LFT) by heart.
- For interventional cardiology topics (angioplasty, valvoplasty), understand the role of the scrub tech / CCT technician specifically.
- For infectious diseases (HIV, TB, Malaria, Hepatitis), always include infection control and biomedical waste management in your answers.
This paper covers all 40+ topics you listed. Let me know if you want:
- Model answers for any specific question
- A separate MCQ paper from these topics
- This paper formatted as a downloadable Word/PDF document
Make only 2 laws and 5 saqs from all given reference
PARAMEDICAL SCIENCES — INTERNAL MEDICINE & CARDIAC CARE
Question Paper
Time: 3 Hours | Maximum Marks: 70
Instructions: Answer all sections. Draw labelled diagrams wherever applicable.
SECTION A — LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS (LAQ)
(2 Questions | 10 Marks Each = 20 Marks)
LAQ 1 (10 Marks)
(a) Describe the anatomy of coronary arteries with a neat labelled diagram. Explain the pathophysiology of Ischaemic Heart Disease (IHD) and define silent ischaemia with its clinical significance. (4 marks)
(b) What is cardiac catheterization? Describe the step-by-step procedure including patient preparation, vascular access, contrast use, and post-procedure monitoring by the cath lab paramedic. (3 marks)
(c) Write short notes on coronary angioplasty (PTCA). Describe the basics of angiography including fluoroscopy, contrast media, and radiation safety precautions for the cath lab team. (3 marks)
LAQ 2 (10 Marks)
(a) Define sepsis. Explain the sequential progression from sepsis to Multi-Organ Dysfunction Syndrome (MODS) and Multi-Organ Failure (MOF). Describe the role of the paramedic in early identification using SOFA score criteria. (4 marks)
(b) Compare Acute Lung Injury (ALI) and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) using Berlin definition criteria. Add a note on pulmonary oedema — cardiogenic vs non-cardiogenic — and its emergency management in the ICU setting. (3 marks)
(c) Discuss hypertension — ACC/AHA classification, hypertensive emergency vs urgency, target organ damage, and first-line management principles. Also state the role of cardiac output measurement (Fick's principle) in haemodynamic monitoring. (3 marks)
SECTION B — SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (SAQ)
(5 Questions | 6 Marks Each = 30 Marks)
SAQ 1 — Cardiac & Valvular Disorders (6 Marks)
(a) Define Rheumatic Heart Disease. State Jones criteria for Acute Rheumatic Fever and list the common valvular lesions. Describe mitral valvoplasty (PTMC) — indications, Inoue balloon technique, and paramedic role. (3 marks)
(b) Classify cardiac arrhythmias. Give ECG features and management of Atrial Fibrillation. Add brief notes on infective endocarditis — Duke's criteria, causative organisms, and complications. (3 marks)
SAQ 2 — Respiratory & Renal System (6 Marks)
(a) Describe pneumonia — classification (CAP/HAP), CURB-65 scoring, CXR findings, and antibiotic management. Distinguish from pulmonary tuberculosis — NTEP classification, sputum AFB, and DOTS therapy. (3 marks)
(b) Differentiate Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) from Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) based on KDIGO staging criteria. State indications for emergency dialysis and the paramedic's monitoring responsibilities in a renal patient. (3 marks)
SAQ 3 — Gastrointestinal & Hepatic Disorders (6 Marks)
(a) Write notes on Peptic Ulcer Disease — gastric vs duodenal ulcer, role of H. pylori, complications (perforation, bleeding), and triple therapy regimen. Briefly differentiate gastritis from Acid Peptic Disease (APD). (3 marks)
(b) Discuss Hepatitis B and C — modes of transmission, serological markers (HBsAg, anti-HCV), complications, and antiviral therapy. Add a note on alcoholic liver disease and hepatic failure — causes, clinical features (asterixis, jaundice, ascites), and paramedic management priorities. (3 marks)
SAQ 4 — Tropical Infections, HIV & Haematology (6 Marks)
(a) Describe Dengue fever — WHO classification (dengue with/without warning signs, severe dengue), plasma leakage mechanism, thrombocytopenia, and fluid resuscitation guidelines. Compare with malaria — P. falciparum complications and artemisinin-based therapy. (3 marks)
(b) Write notes on HIV — WHO clinical staging, common opportunistic infections, ART regimen, and universal precautions for paramedics. Also discuss anaemia and thrombocytopenia — classification, CBC interpretation, and transfusion thresholds used in clinical practice. (3 marks)
SAQ 5 — Metabolic, Fluid & Electrolyte Disorders (6 Marks)
(a) Classify fluid and electrolyte imbalances. Describe hyponatraemia and hyperkalaemia — causes, clinical features, ECG changes, and emergency correction. Explain the steps of bedside ABG interpretation with two clinical examples of acid-base abnormalities (metabolic acidosis and respiratory alkalosis). (3 marks)
(b) Write notes on acute gastroenteritis — causative organisms, WHO oral rehydration solution (ORS) composition, and IV rehydration protocol. Discuss peripheral angioplasty and pulmonary/aortic valvoplasty — indications, access sites, procedural steps, and post-procedure paramedic care. (3 marks)
MARKS DISTRIBUTION SUMMARY
| Section | No. of Questions | Marks Each | Total Marks |
|---|---|---|---|
| Section A — LAQ | 2 | 10 | 20 |
| Section B — SAQ | 5 | 6 | 30 |
| Practical / Viva | — | — | 20 |
| Grand Total | 70 |
All 40+ topics from your reference list are covered across these 7 questions. Let me know if you need:
- Model answers for any specific question
- An MCQ paper from the same topics
- This paper as a downloadable Word or PDF file
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