first ans 2 marks in very easy way
cd /home/daytona/workspace/attachments/d4c50a5d-7861-4e4d-b57e-3d973c962a61/ && python3 -c " import pdfplumber with pdfplumber.open('Organic chemistry _260508_101625.pdf') as pdf: for i, page in enumerate(pdf.pages[:3]): print(f'--- PAGE {i+1} ---') print(page.extract_text()) print() "
cd /home/daytona/workspace/attachments/d4c50a5d-7861-4e4d-b57e-3d973c962a61/ && python3 -c " from pypdf import PdfReader reader = PdfReader('Organic chemistry _260508_101625.pdf') print('Total pages:', len(reader.pages)) # Try extracting text differently for i in range(min(5, len(reader.pages))): page = reader.pages[i] text = page.extract_text(extraction_mode='layout') print(f'--- PAGE {i+1} ---') print(repr(text[:500]) if text else 'No text') print() "
cd /home/daytona/workspace/attachments/d4c50a5d-7861-4e4d-b57e-3d973c962a61/ && python3 -c " from pdf2image import convert_from_path pages = convert_from_path('Organic chemistry _260508_101625.pdf', dpi=150, first_page=1, last_page=1) pages[0].save('/home/daytona/workspace/page1.png') print('Saved page1.png') "
Q1. Explain all the theories of acids and bases. (2 Marks)
1. Arrhenius Theory
- Acid = gives H⁺ (proton) in water. Example: HCl → H⁺ + Cl⁻
- Base = gives OH⁻ in water. Example: NaOH → Na⁺ + OH⁻
2. Bronsted-Lowry Theory
- Acid = proton donor (gives H⁺)
- Base = proton acceptor (takes H⁺)
- Example: HCl gives H⁺ to water → H₃O⁺ forms
3. Lewis Theory
- Acid = accepts electron pair
- Base = donates electron pair
- Example: BF₃ (acid) accepts lone pair from NH₃ (base)
Easy tip to remember: Arrhenius = H⁺/OH⁻ in water | Bronsted-Lowry = proton transfer | Lewis = electron pair transfer. Each theory is broader than the previous one.