Detailed endodontic diagnostic aids diagram showing: Electric Pulp Tester (EPT) probe on tooth, Cold test with CO2 snow/ethyl chloride spray, Heat test with heated gutta percha stick, Percussion test with finger/instrument, Palpation test, Transillumination, Selective anesthesia, Test cavity. Each method labeled with brief description. Clean educational medical illustration style with color coding.

Classification of pulp and periapical diseases flowchart diagram. Pulp diseases: Normal Pulp, Reversible Pulpitis (hyperemia), Irreversible Pulpitis (acute/chronic/hyperplastic/internal resorption/calcification), Pulp Necrosis. Periapical diseases: Normal Periapex, Symptomatic/Asymptomatic Apical Periodontitis, Acute/Chronic Apical Abscess, Condensing Osteitis, Phoenix Abscess. AAE classification format. Educational dental diagram with color-coded boxes and arrows.

Cross-section diagram of a tooth showing zones of a periapical lesion with labeled layers: Zone of Necrosis (center - bacteria and necrotic tissue), Zone of Contamination (polymorphonuclear leukocytes), Zone of Irritation (macrophages, osteoclasts - active bone resorption), Zone of Stimulation (fibroblasts, collagen fibers - periapical granuloma boundary). Tooth root shown above with pulp necrosis. Clean anatomical educational illustration.

Step-by-step diagram of root canal treatment (RCT) procedure showing: 1) Access cavity preparation with high-speed bur, 2) Working length determination with K-file and apex locator, 3) Biomechanical preparation (step-back technique showing files 15-40), 4) Irrigation with NaOCl syringe, 5) Canal drying with paper points, 6) Obturation with gutta percha and sealer - lateral compaction technique showing spreader placement, 7) Final radiograph showing filled canals. Each step numbered and labeled. Professional dental educational illustration.

Obturation techniques comparison diagram for endodontics showing four techniques side by side: 1) Cold Lateral Compaction - showing master cone, spreader, accessory cones placement sequence; 2) Warm Vertical Condensation (Schilder technique) - showing heated plugger, downpack and backfill; 3) Thermoplasticized Gutta Percha (Obtura system) - showing injectable GP being injected; 4) Carrier-based obturation (Thermafil) - showing carrier with GP coating being inserted. Each technique with cross-section view of filled canal. Clean dental education diagram.

Working length determination methods diagram for endodontics: 1) Ingle's method - showing radiographic technique with file in canal, formula: Working Length = Estimated length - (Apparent length - Actual canal length on radiograph); 2) Apex locator diagram showing electronic device connected to file in canal with lip clip completing circuit, display showing 0.0 at apical constriction; 3) Tactile method; 4) Average length table for different teeth. Buccal object rule (SLOB rule) diagram showing tube shift technique for locating canals in mesiodistal direction. Educational dental diagram.