Appendicular skeleton all bones with image leveling

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Appendicular Skeleton - Complete Overview with Images

The appendicular skeleton consists of 126 bones in the upper and lower limbs (extremities). These are divided into two girdles and their associated free limb bones.

- Gray's Anatomy for Students; Imaging Anatomy Vol. 3, Bones, Joints, Vessels and Nerves

Overview: Axial vs. Appendicular

The skeleton divides into:

Axial skeleton (80 bones) - skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum
Appendicular skeleton (126 bones) - all four limbs

UPPER LIMB (64 bones total - 32 per side)

1. Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle - 4 bones (2 per side)

Bone	Count	Notes
Clavicle	2	"Collarbone"; only bony connection between upper limb and axial skeleton
Scapula	2	Triangular flat bone; includes glenoid cavity, acromion, coracoid process, spine of scapula

2. Arm (Brachium) - 2 bones (1 per side)

Bone	Count	Key Landmarks
Humerus	2	Head, anatomic neck, surgical neck, greater & lesser tubercles, intertubercular groove, deltoid tuberosity, radial groove, capitulum, trochlea, medial & lateral epicondyles, olecranon fossa

Humerus - labeled anatomy showing anterior and posterior views with head, anatomic neck, surgical neck, greater & lesser tubercles, deltoid tuberosity, radial groove, capitulum, trochlea, and epicondyles

THIEME Atlas of Anatomy - The right humerus, anterior (a) and posterior (b) views

3. Forearm (Antebrachium) - 4 bones (2 per side)

Bone	Count	Key Landmarks
Radius	2	Head (articular fovea, articular circumference), neck, radial tuberosity, shaft, styloid process of radius, dorsal tubercle (Lister's tubercle)
Ulna	2	Olecranon, trochlear notch, coronoid process, radial notch, ulnar tuberosity, shaft, styloid process of ulna, head of ulna

Radius and Ulna - anterior (a) and posterior (b) views with full labeled anatomy

THIEME Atlas of Anatomy - Right radius and ulna, anterior and posterior views

4. Wrist (Carpals) - 16 bones (8 per hand)

Arranged in two rows of 4 bones each:

Row	Bones (lateral to medial)	Mnemonic
Proximal row	Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform	She Looks Too Pretty
Distal row	Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate	To Touch Carla's Hand

Functional column organization:

Scaphoid (radial) column - Scaphoid, Trapezium, Trapezoid
Lunate (central) column - Lunate, Capitate
Triquetral (ulnar) column - Triquetrum, Hamate (Pisiform = sesamoid in FCU tendon)

Carpal bones of the right hand with all 8 carpals labeled, plus three-column functional arrangement

THIEME Atlas of Anatomy - Carpal bones showing scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, trapezoid, trapezium, capitate, and hamate

5. Hand Bones - 38 bones (19 per hand)

Segment	Bones	Count per hand
Metacarpals	Metacarpals I-V	5
Phalanges of thumb (digit 1)	Proximal + Distal	2
Phalanges of fingers (digits 2-5)	Proximal + Middle + Distal (x4)	12
Total per hand		19

Thumb has 2 phalanges; fingers have 3 phalanges each.

LOWER LIMB (62 bones total - 31 per side)

1. Pelvic (Hip) Girdle - 2 bones

Bone	Count	Notes
Hip bone (Os coxae)	2	Each fuses from 3 parts - ilium, ischium, pubis - fusing at the triradiate cartilage (complete fusion by ~25 years). Together they form the pelvis

The three components of the hip bone:

Ilium - largest, forms the iliac crest, ASIS, AIIS, greater sciatic notch
Ischium - forms the ischial tuberosity ("sitting bone"), ischial spine
Pubis - forms the pubic symphysis anteriorly, pubic tubercle

2. Thigh - 2 bones (1 per side)

Bone	Count	Key Landmarks
Femur	2	Longest bone in body. Head (articulates with acetabulum), neck (neck-shaft angle ~122°, anteversion ~10-15°), greater & lesser trochanters, intertrochanteric line (anterior) & crest (posterior), shaft with linea aspera, medial & lateral condyles, patellar surface
Patella	2	Largest sesamoid bone; embedded in quadriceps tendon; protects the knee joint

3. Leg (Crus) - 4 bones (2 per side)

Bone	Count	Key Landmarks
Tibia	2	Medial & lateral condyles, intercondylar eminence, tibial plateau, tibial tuberosity (patellar ligament attachment), anterior border ("shin"), medial malleolus
Fibula	2	Head, neck, shaft, lateral malleolus (forms lateral wall of ankle mortise)

4. Ankle (Tarsals) - 14 bones (7 per foot)

Bone	Notes
Talus	Articulates with tibia/fibula above (ankle mortise); transmits entire body weight to foot
Calcaneus	Largest tarsal bone; forms the heel; calcaneal tuberosity for Achilles tendon
Navicular	Medial side; articulates with head of talus
Cuboid	Lateral side; articulates with calcaneus
Medial cuneiform
Intermediate cuneiform
Lateral cuneiform

Bones of the right foot - medial view showing talus (head, neck, body), calcaneus, navicular, cuboid, cuneiform, metatarsals and phalanges

THIEME Atlas of Anatomy - Right foot, medial view showing all tarsal bones, metatarsals, and phalanges

5. Foot Bones - 38 bones (19 per foot)

Segment	Bones	Count per foot
Metatarsals	Metatarsals I-V	5
Phalanges of great toe (digit 1)	Proximal + Distal	2
Phalanges of toes (digits 2-5)	Proximal + Middle + Distal (x4)	12
Total per foot		19

Great toe has 2 phalanges; lateral 4 toes have 3 phalanges each (same pattern as hand).

Complete Count Summary

Region	Bones per side	Total (both sides)
Pectoral girdle (clavicle + scapula)	2	4
Arm - humerus	1	2
Forearm - radius + ulna	2	4
Carpals (wrist)	8	16
Metacarpals	5	10
Phalanges (hand)	14	28
Upper limb total	32	64
Pelvic girdle (hip bone)	1	2
Thigh - femur + patella	2	4
Leg - tibia + fibula	2	4
Tarsals (ankle)	7	14
Metatarsals	5	10
Phalanges (foot)	14	28
Lower limb total	31	62
APPENDICULAR TOTAL	63	126

Bone Classification in the Appendicular Skeleton

Type	Examples
Long bones	Humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia, fibula, metacarpals, metatarsals, phalanges
Short bones	Carpals (wrist), tarsals (ankle)
Flat bones	Scapula
Irregular bones	Hip bone (os coxae)
Sesamoid bones	Patella (largest sesamoid), pisiform

Sources: Gray's Anatomy for Students; THIEME Atlas of General Anatomy and Musculoskeletal System; Imaging Anatomy Vol. 3 - Bones, Joints, Vessels and Nerves; Miller's Review of Orthopaedics 9th Ed.

Facial bones all with images leveling

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