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Detailed explain with answers to write in exam
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Finding Sources
Finding Sources
Finding Sources
Finding Sources
Finding Sources
Finding Sources
Finding Sources
Finding Sources
Finding Sources
Finding Sources
All answers are written above. Here is a quick reference guide to what was covered:
Quick Reference: All Questions Answered
| # | Question | Key Points to Remember |
|---|---|---|
| Q1a | Gram +ve vs Gram -ve differences | Thick vs thin peptidoglycan, outer membrane, LPS, teichoic acids |
| Q1b | Automation in bacterial ID | VITEK-2, MALDI-TOF, BACTEC blood culture, benefits |
| Q1c | Drug susceptibility testing | Kirby-Bauer DDST, MIC (broth dilution, E-test), MBC, automated |
| Q2a | Active vs Passive immunity | Mechanism, memory, duration; HBIG + vaccine for HBV PEP |
| Q2b | BMW management | Categories, colour coding, sharps disposal rules, never recap needles |
| Q2c | HICC strategic planning | Composition, standard precautions, PEP protocol, vaccination policy |
| Q3 | CSSD role | Decontamination, sterilization methods, CI/BI quality control, storage |
| Q4 | Lab Dx of Leptospirosis | DFM, EMJH culture, PCR (week 1), MAT + IgM ELISA (week 2+) |
| Q5 | Type 1 Hypersensitivity | IgE-mast cell-FcεRI, sensitization vs elicitation, mediators, clinical features |
| Q6 | Pathogenesis of Enteric Fever | 5-step: ingestion → M cells → 1° bacteremia → 2° bacteremia → re-invasion/ulceration |
| Q7 | Infective Endocarditis | NBTE → bacteremia → vegetation; Duke criteria; blood culture 3 sets |
| Q8 | Malignant Tertian Malaria lab Dx | Thick/thin smear (ring forms, banana gametocytes), RDT (HRP2/pLDH), PCR |
| Q9 | ELISA -ve in window period | No antibodies yet; use 4th gen ELISA (p24 Ag) or PCR |
| Q10 | Paired serum samples | 4-fold rise in titre = active infection; rules out past exposure |
| Q11 | SPS and resins in blood cultures | SPS = anticoagulant + inhibits complement/phagocytes; Resins = neutralize antibiotics |
| Q12 | Slide culture for fungi | Preserves intact conidial morphology for definitive species ID |
| Q13 | PCR +ve ≠ active infection | Dead DNA persists, latency, colonization, lab contamination |
| Q16 | Bacteremia vs Septicemia | Bacteria in blood (lab) vs bacteria + SIRS (clinical syndrome) |
| Q17 | Agglutination vs Precipitation | Particulate Ag vs soluble Ag; examples - Widal vs Ouchterlony |
| Q18 | Informed Consent | Disclosure, comprehension, voluntariness, competence; autonomy principle |
| Q19 | Cold Sterilization | ETO, glutaraldehyde, H2O2 plasma (STERRAD), gamma irradiation |
| Q20 | Care Bundles | CLABSI, VAP, CAUTI, SSI bundles - all elements together |
| MCQ 1 | Dark field stop | d - dark-field microscopy for live organisms |
| MCQ 4 | Assertion-Reasoning | (a) Both true, R explains A - cellulose absorbs H2O2 |
| MCQ 5 | Transport medium for cholera | (a) Alkaline peptone water |
| MCQ 6 | BSL for Rickettsia/Typhus | (c) BSL-3 |
Important diagrams to draw in exam: Gram +ve vs Gram -ve cell wall, Type I hypersensitivity (mast cell degranulation), P. falciparum ring forms and banana gametocyte, enteric fever pathogenesis flowchart, BMW colour coding.
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