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Full form of SIDA and NTEP

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SIDA Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency full form NTEP National Tuberculosis Elimination Programme full form

SIDA - Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (a Swedish government agency, under the Foreign Ministry, that funds/supports international development programs, including India's TB program historically).
NTEP - National Tuberculosis Elimination Programme (India's national program for TB control; renamed from RNTCP - Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme - in December 2019, reflecting the shift in goal from "control" to "elimination" of TB by 2025).
So in your notes: SIDA supported/is linked to NTEP (TB), matching what you've written.
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Explain these both

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1. Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion (WHO, 1986, Ottawa, Canada)

The Ottawa Charter is the foundational WHO document on health promotion, produced at the First International Conference on Health Promotion. It defines health promotion as "the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health."
Three basic strategies (principles) for health promotion:
  • Advocate - for health, to create the essential conditions favorable for health
  • Enable - all people to achieve their full health potential, reducing inequities in health
  • Mediate - between different sectors of society (government, health, social, economic) in pursuit of health
Five priority action areas (the "swirl" in your diagram):
  1. Build healthy public policy - health placed on the agenda of policymakers in all sectors, not just the health sector (e.g. taxation, legislation, fiscal policy)
  2. Create supportive environments - socio-ecological approach to health; safe, stimulating, satisfying living and working conditions
  3. Strengthen community action - empowering communities to set priorities, make decisions, plan strategies for their own health (community participation)
  4. Develop personal skills - health education and life skills so people can make informed choices and cope with chronic illness/injury; through schools, homes, workplaces
  5. Reorient health services - shift the health sector's focus beyond curative/clinical services toward health promotion, and toward the needs of the whole person
This is a classic PSM exam topic - remember it as "3 strategies + 5 action areas" wrapped inside the swirl logo, all sitting within the outer ring, "Build Healthy Public Policy," which is the base action area.

2. Exceptions to Hardy-Weinberg Law (Genetic Equilibrium)

The Hardy-Weinberg law states that in an infinitely large, randomly-mating population with no evolutionary pressures, allele and genotype frequencies remain constant (in equilibrium) generation after generation (p² + 2pq + q² = 1).
Your notes correctly note: violating these assumptions causes genetic frequency to change/make society constantly variable (i.e., drives evolution). The exceptions/assumptions that must be violated for allele frequencies to change are:
  1. Small and dynamic (non-infinite) populations - in small populations, chance alone can shift allele frequencies significantly (this overlaps with genetic drift)
  2. Non-random mating - e.g., assortative mating, inbreeding, consanguinity - people don't pick mates purely at random, so genotype frequencies deviate from HW expectations
  3. Mutations - new alleles are introduced or lost, changing allele frequency directly
  4. Gene outflow / inflow and genetic drift:
    • Gene flow (migration) - movement of alleles into or out of a population changes local allele frequencies
    • Genetic drift - random fluctuation in allele frequency due to chance, especially significant in small populations
  5. Migration - listed separately in your notes, essentially the same concept as gene flow - individuals moving between populations carry alleles with them, altering frequencies in both the source and destination populations
Additional classic exception usually included in textbooks (not marked in your notes but worth knowing): Natural selection - differential survival/reproduction of genotypes changes allele frequencies across generations. All these forces together are the mechanisms of evolution - which is precisely why Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is used as the "null hypothesis" of population genetics: if a population's observed genotype frequencies deviate from HW-predicted ones, one of these five forces (mutation, non-random mating, gene flow/migration, genetic drift, or natural selection) is likely acting on it.
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