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1 List any two cause of renal calculi 2 Define aki 3What is cushing symdrome

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renal calculi acute kidney injury Cushing syndrome definitions causes

  1. Any two causes/risk factors of renal calculi (kidney stones):
    • Low fluid intake or dehydration, causing concentrated urine.
    • High urinary calcium or oxalate, such as with a high-oxalate diet or certain metabolic disorders.
      Kidney stones are deposits of minerals and salts that form in the kidneys, as described by the Mayo Clinic overview.
  2. Definition of AKI:
    Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a sudden reduction in kidney function occurring over hours to days, causing a rise in blood creatinine and/or reduced urine output. It may lead to accumulation of waste products and disturbances of fluid, electrolytes, and acid-base balance.
  3. Cushing syndrome:
    Cushing syndrome is a group of signs and symptoms caused by prolonged exposure to excessive cortisol (a glucocorticoid hormone). It may result from long-term steroid therapy or excess cortisol production by the body. Common features include central weight gain, rounded face, high blood pressure, diabetes, muscle weakness, and purple stretch marks.
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