1 1 --- 2 2 title: "Robbins & Kumar Basic Pathology (Robbins Pathology)" 3 3 isbn: "9780323790185" 4 4 block: 5 5 5 total_blocks: 8 6 6 prev_block: ./9780323790185_block4.md 7 7 next_block: ./9780323790185_block6.md 8 8 pages: "438-555" 9 9 --- 10 10 11 11 12 12 13 13 14 14

	Males: 13.2–16.6 g/dL	Females: 11.6–15.0 g/dL
Hemoglobin, blood	Males: 13.6–16.6 g/dL	Femole: is the oxygen-carrying molecule in red cells. The hemoglobin molecule is a tetramer that iron in the first year of life contains a two-to-three chains and two g/dL globins. Glucose residue at position 6 of g-globin has a valine residue instead of a phenylalanine residue at the hemoglobin site resulting in sickling of red cells. Polymerization for this results in the sickle cell trait, which is usually asymptomatic. Hemoglobin proteins with a cysteine at position 6 are sickle cell hemoglobin.
Hemoglobin, S (HbS)	Absent	HbS has a Hbs- to valine residue and homology to the hemoglobin g-globin. HbS tends to aggregate and hydrolyze in sickle cells.
Heparin, pF4 IgG antibody	Absent	HbS particles are present in the sickle cell and 45% of total hemoglobin patients to heparin-related, between 3% (PF4) and approximately 20% in some initially to heparin-related patients.
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), serum	≥122e-2/22-U/L	HbS antibodies activate up to 5-10 days after therapy initiation. These patients are at risk for venous and arterial thrombosis while at the test is sensitive (98%-100%), specificity is limited. Not all anti-PF4 antibodies activate or deplete platelets.
Lymhocyte count, blood	0.95–3.07 × 10⁹/L	Lactate dehydrogenase is an enzyme that is present in almost all cells. High concentrations are present in the liver, muscle, and kidney; moderate concentrations are present in red cells, serum (LDH levels are increased) in conditions associated with cell damage (e.g., myocardial infarction, liver disease, hemolytic anemia, pulmonary embolism), and with certain cancers (e.g., metastatic melanoma, lymphoma).
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH)^a	26.5–34.0 μg/L	Lymphocytes are a subset of white blood cells that includes T cells, B cells, and NK cells. Lymphocytes are the most plentiful blood type in young children, and the second most plentiful WBC type (after neutrophils) in healthy adults. The most important causes of significant lymphocyte volume-related infectious, autoimmune diseases, and lymphoma leukemias include viral lymphocytes, leukemia, lymphoma, and leukemia infections (especially HIV), immunosuppressive therapy, medications, leptospirosis, tuberculosis, and other defined by syndromes.
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)^a	36.5–40.0%	MCH is a measure of the average quantity of hemoglobin per red cell. It is calculated by dividing hemoglobin concentration by the red cell volume (MCV) and 10/red cell count. MCH and MCV is low, MCH is also low. When MCH is low, the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood is reduced. The most common causes of low MCH is iron [... Output truncated due to length. 9977 tokens/36317 characters removed ...]