Low back pain causes etiology biomechanics signs symptoms clinical examination investigation treatment physiotherapy rehabilitation all details with appropriate illustrative diagrams
"low back pain"[MeSH Terms] AND "guidelines"[pt]
"low back pain" AND "rehabilitation" AND "exercise therapy"
lumbar spine anatomy disc herniation diagram
lumbar dermatomes nerve roots L4 L5 S1 sciatica
physiotherapy exercises low back pain rehabilitation core strengthening
straight leg raise test Lasegue sign clinical examination lumbar
lumbar MRI disc degeneration spondylosis spinal stenosis
lumbar spine anatomy vertebrae disc annulus fibrosus nucleus pulposus facet joint
McKenzie method extension exercise lumbar back pain prone press-up
cauda equina syndrome red flags back pain neurological emergency
- Definition & Epidemiology — prevalence, risk factors, burden
- Anatomy & Biomechanics — lumbar spine structures, disc mechanics, pain-generating mechanisms
- Etiology & Classification — mechanical (97%) vs. serious/non-mechanical causes with differential diagnosis flowchart
- Pathobiology — spondylosis cascade, disc degeneration, genetic factors
- Signs & Symptoms — acute vs. chronic LBP, radiculopathy patterns, neurogenic claudication, root-level neurology table
- Red Flags — cauda equina syndrome, fracture, malignancy, infection — with a full table from Bailey & Love
- Clinical Examination — inspection, palpation, ROM, neurology, special tests (SLR/Lasègue, FABER, FADIR, Femoral stretch, Slump, Waddell's signs) with images
- Investigations — imaging indications, MRI vs. CT, labs, EMG/NCS
- Treatment — pharmacologic (NSAIDs, muscle relaxants, duloxetine, opioids), interventional (epidural injections, RFA), surgery criteria
- Physiotherapy & Rehabilitation — McKenzie method, core stabilisation programme (staged), aerobic exercise, Pilates, aquatic therapy, resistance training, ergonomics, integrative therapies, psychosocial rehabilitation, and a 5-phase rehabilitation staging protocol