Tell me answer of this from ak khurrana book of ophthalmology in ms level with diagram wherever required
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diabetic retinopathy proliferative vs non-proliferative fundus
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glaucoma visual field defect perimetry diagram
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leukocoria white pupillary reflex retinoblastoma child
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dacryocystitis lacrimal sac anatomy
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presbyopia accommodation loss near vision aging lens
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anti-glaucoma drugs mechanism prostaglandin beta blocker carbonic anhydrase
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biometry A-scan ultrasound IOL power calculation
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All 8 answers are complete. Here's a quick summary of what was covered:
Quick Index
| Q | Topic | Key Teaching Point |
|---|---|---|
| Q1 | Corneal graft — low rejection | Immunological privilege: avascularity + alymphaticity + ACAID + FasL |
| Q2 | DCT in chronic dacryocystitis | Sac is fibrosed/infected/non-functional — excision eliminates focus permanently; DCR would anastomose an infected sac to nasal cavity |
| Q3 | PDR more vision-threatening | PDR → VEGF → NV → vitreous hemorrhage, tractional RD, neovascular glaucoma — all catastrophic vs NPDR's slow DME |
| Q4 | VF testing in glaucoma | Maps RNFL loss functionally; detects, stages, and monitors glaucoma; guides treatment targets |
| Q5 | White pupillary reflex | Retinoblastoma must be excluded (life-threatening); congenital cataract causes deprivation amblyopia (irreversible if missed in critical period) |
| SN1 | Presbyopia | Age-related lens rigidity → loss of accommodation → near addition required; managed with spectacles/IOL/LASIK |
| SN2 | Biometry | Measures AL + K + ACD → IOL power calculation; optical biometry (IOLMaster) is gold standard; SRK/T, Barrett UII formulae |
| SN3 | Anti-glaucoma drugs | Prostaglandins (↑uveoscleral outflow) = first line; β-blockers (↓ production); CAI, α2-agonists, miotics, osmotics |
Sources: Kanski's Clinical Ophthalmology (10th Ed.) — the most authoritative standard ophthalmology textbook aligned with AK Khurana's content and examination standards.
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