CARDIOLOGY – LONG QUESTIONS 🟥 2025 1. a) Define hypertriglyceridemia and classify it according to fasting serum triglyceride levels. [2] b) Describe the genetic and secondary causes of hypertriglyceridemia, citing key molecular mechanisms. [3]c) Describe the role of coronary calcium scoring and CT angiography. [5] 2. a) Explain the Frank-Starling mechanism of the heart and its clinical relevance in heart failure. [5] b) Describe the determinants of cardiac output and their regulation. [5] 3. a) Write about viral myocarditis. [5] b) Write a note on Takotsubo cardiomyopathy. [5] 4. a) What are the causes of dilated cardiomyopathy? [3] b) Discuss the diagnosis and management of dilated cardiomyopathy. [2+5] 2024 5. a) Enumerate the causes of secondary Hypertension. [3] b) Outline the approach to a patient with resistant HTN. [7] 6. a) Define asymptomatic LV dysfunction (ASLVD) and its pathogenesis. [1+3] b) Outline the protocol for its screening. [3] c) Discuss the role of SGLT2 inhibitors and devices therapy in ASLVD. [3] 7. a) Iatrogenic injuries during Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. [5] b) Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors. [5] 8. a) Sudden cardiac death: Definition, risk factors and secondary preventions. [1+2+2] b) Describe management of inflight medical events on commercial airlines. [5] 9. a) Describe the causes of Atrial Fibrillation (AF). [3] b) Discuss the strategies of management of AF. [4] c) Outline the recent advances on Pulsed Field Ablation system for AF. [3] 2023 10. Discuss the etiology, clinical & electrocardiograph features, and management of hyperkalemia. [3+3+4] 11. a) What is re-entry? Explain and discuss with diagrams the role of re-entry in cardiac arrhythmias. [5] b) Describe the management of atrial fibrillation. [5] 12. What are acute coronary syndromes? Discuss the management and complications of ST elevation myocardial infarction. 13. Classify angiotensin receptor blockers. Discuss their mechanism of action, indications and side effects. 2022 14. a) Pathogenesis of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. [5] b) Pathophysiology and management of orthostatic hypotension. [5] 15. Classify cardiomyopathies and list its genetic aetiology. How will you evaluate these patients and differentiate between them on the basis of clinical features? 16. Discuss the risk factors, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary thromboembolism.