from Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology, 4th South Asia edition write a 2 mark short answer Explain Bohr's effect. Enumerate the factors that shift the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve to the right.
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I have all the content needed directly from Guyton and Hall. Here is the 2-mark short answer:
Bohr Effect and Rightward Shift of the Oxyhaemoglobin Dissociation Curve
Bohr Effect:
The Bohr effect refers to the shift of the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve to the right and downward in response to increases in blood CO2 and H+ (decreased pH). As blood passes through the tissues, CO2 diffuses from tissue cells into the blood, raising PCO2 and increasing H2CO3 and H+ concentration. This forces O2 away from haemoglobin, delivering increased amounts of O2 to the tissues. The opposite occurs in the lungs - CO2 diffuses out into the alveoli, reducing PCO2 and H+, shifting the curve to the left and upward, allowing greater O2 binding to haemoglobin and thus greater O2 transport to the tissues. (Guyton and Hall, p. 526)
Factors That Shift the Oxyhaemoglobin Dissociation Curve to the Right:
- Decreased pH (increased H+ / acidosis)
- Increased CO2 concentration (increased PCO2)
- Increased blood temperature
- Increased 2,3-biphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG) concentration
(Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, Chapter 41)
Note: A rightward shift indicates reduced affinity of haemoglobin for O2 at any given PO2 (increased P50), which facilitates O2 unloading to the tissues. All four factors listed above are typically present during exercise or in metabolically active tissues, collectively ensuring enhanced O2 delivery where it is most needed.
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