This medical illustration consists of two diagrams identifying brain regions frequently associated with microstructural tissue alterations in patients with Type 1 (T1DM) and Type 2 (T2DM) diabetes mellitus. The left diagram shows a lateral view of the human brain, highlighting two major white matter tracts: the Superior Longitudinal Fasciculus (SLF) in red and the Inferior Longitudinal Fasciculus (ILF) in green, with an orange arrow indicating the Cerebellum. The right diagram provides a coronal section of the brain with orange arrows labeling several key internal structures: the Corpus Callosum (superior midline), Corona Radiata, Thalamus (deep gray matter), Hippocampus (medial temporal lobe), and the Internal and External Capsules (white matter pathways). The diagrams serve an educational purpose by mapping common neuroanatomical sites of diabetic impact on brain integrity, relevant for clinical neurology and radiology students studying the long-term metabolic complications of diabetes on the central nervous system.

This diagnostic visualization features a 3D glass-brain model displaying white matter tracts reconstructed using diffusion MRI fiber tractography. The image highlights neuroanatomical structures within the translucent cortical shell to illustrate associations with polygenic scores for cognition. Three key tracts are color-coded based on nominal statistical significance: the inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus (IFOF) is shown in dark blue, extending horizontally from the frontal to the occipital pole; the medial lemniscus is highlighted in bright green at the level of the brainstem/pons; and the posterior thalamic radiation is depicted in yellow, branching through the posterior subcortical regions toward the visual cortex. Non-significant background tracts are rendered in a pale light-blue. This anatomical diagram serves to demonstrate the spatial distribution of white matter microstructural integrity and its correlation with genetic determinants of cognitive performance, providing a visual representation of how specific fiber pathways across different regions of the brain relate to genomic data in a population-based study.

Anatomical diagram and diagnostic images of a non-human primate brain (rhesus macaque), specifically displaying fractional anisotropy (FA) maps derived from diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). The image shows multiple sagittal and axial brain slices with colored regions of interest (ROIs) identifying key white matter tracts. Midline structures include the genu of the corpus callosum (GCC, green), body of the corpus callosum (BCC, yellow), and fornix (FX, red). Lateralized tracts include the anterior limb of the internal capsule (ALIC-R/L, orange and green), posterior limb of the internal capsule (PLIC-L/R, red and cyan), external capsule (EC-L, blue), sagittal striatum (SS-R, red), stria terminalis (ST-R, green), superior temporal gyrus white matter (STG-WM-L, blue), and cerebral peduncles (CP-R/L, red and magenta). This educational visual illustrates the localization of neuroanatomical structures used to study microstructural white matter changes in a simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) model of neuroHIV and the effects of antiretroviral therapy (cART).

An anatomical diagram from the IIT Human Brain Atlas v.5.0 illustrating major white matter fiber bundles. The visualization is organized into a grid categorized by functional white matter types: Association, Projection, Cerebellum, Brainstem, and Commissural. Each specific tract is represented by teal-colored streamlines overlaid on a semi-transparent gray 3D brain model, shown from two perspective views to indicate spatial trajectory. Association fibers, such as the Arcuate Fasciculus (AF) and Cingulum (C), demonstrate curvilinear paths connecting cortical regions within the same hemisphere. Projection fibers, including the Corticospinal Tract (CST) and Frontopontine Tract (FPT), exhibit vertical orientations connecting the cortex to subcortical structures. Cerebellar and brainstem sections show localized pathways like the Superior Cerebellar Peduncle (SCP) and Medial Lemniscus (ML). Commissural tracts, such as the Corpus Callosum (CC) and Anterior Commissure (AC), show interhemispheric connectivity. This diagram serves as a neuroanatomical reference for white matter connectivity, tractography, and neuroimaging atlas interpretation.

A pathophysiology diagram illustrating the mechanisms of post-stroke spasticity (PSS) involving the corticospinal tract (CST) and the spinal stretch reflex arc. The diagram is divided into three main levels: the brain, the spinal cord, and the effector muscle. In the brain, an ischemic stroke is depicted, leading to CST axonal injury, represented by solid red lines transitioning into a dashed red line to signify disrupted descending signals. At the spinal cord level, the diagram shows the interaction between the damaged CST and the lower motor neurons. The stretch reflex arc is highlighted, featuring Ia sensory fibers from the muscle spindle synapsing onto an alpha-motor neuron in the anterior horn. A '+' sign next to the alpha-motor neuron and the stretch reflex indicates abnormal hyperexcitability and hyperreflexia due to the loss of descending inhibitory control from the CST. The pathway concludes at the skeletal muscle, where increased muscle tone (+) is indicated, leading to the clinical manifestation of post-stroke spasticity. The illustration serves as an educational tool for neurology and physical medicine, demonstrating the upper motor neuron lesion model.

Educational neuroanatomical diagram and MRI composite illustrating the dorsal column-medial lemniscus (DCML) system. The visual uses a side-by-side comparison of ex vivo (left) and in vivo (right) high-resolution 7-T MR images to trace the somatosensory pathway. Red lines represent the trajectory of second-order neurons from the brainstem to the thalamus. Key structures are color-coded: the gracile and cuneate fasciculi are highlighted in orange at the caudal medulla; the gracile and cuneate nuclei are in green, marking the site of first-order synapse. The internal arcuate fibers are shown decussating before forming the medial lemniscus, which is highlighted in yellow across axial slices of the medulla, pons, and midbrain. Yellow arrows in the oblique sagittal and coronal brainstem views indicate the ascending trajectory of the medial lemniscus. The pathway terminates at the ventral posterolateral (VPL) nucleus of the thalamus, highlighted in green on coronal sections. This infographic serves as a diagnostic and anatomical reference for tracing epicritic sensation and conscious proprioception pathways.

A pathophysiology diagram illustrating the ascending sensory pathways from the periphery to the cerebral cortex. The schematic uses a coronal section of the human brain, brainstem, and spinal cord to trace three major systems: the auditory-lateral lemniscal system (solid orange line), the dorsal column-medial lemniscus system (solid black line), and the anterolateral system (dashed black line). The auditory pathway is traced from the ear through the auditive nerve, cochlear nucleus, superior olivary complex, lateral lemniscus, and inferior colliculus, relaying through the medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus to the auditory cortex. Somatosensory pathways are traced from receptor endings in the finger through the dorsal root ganglion to the spinal cord. The dorsal column system ascends ipsilaterally before decussating in the medulla (medial lemniscus) and relaying via the thalamus to the somatosensory cortex. The anterolateral system decussates at the spinal level before ascending. This visual summarizes the functional neuroanatomy required for sensory reactivity, commonly assessed in electroencephalography (EEG) clinical evaluations.

This medical illustration depicts the afferent auditory pathway and the neural generators of the auditory brainstem response (ABR). The diagram follows the sequential ascent of sound signals from the peripheral receptor to the cerebral cortex. The pathway initiates at the Auditory Nerve (I), proceeding to the Cochlear Nuclei (II) in the brainstem. The signal continues through the Superior Olive (III), ascends via the Lateral Lemniscus (IV), and reaches the Inferior Colliculus (V) in the midbrain. From the midbrain, the pathway is shown projecting to the Thalamus (medial geniculate nucleus) and finally to the primary Auditory Cortex located on the superior temporal gyrus. The top portion of the figure includes a coronal cross-section of the brain to contextualize the cortical and subcortical destinations. The diagram is designed for educational purposes in neurology and otolaryngology, illustrating the hierarchical processing stages involved in auditory perception and clinical diagnostic testing like ABR.